10⁹ into 109. The quotes are reproduced exactly as the extraction left them and have NOT been repaired — the meaning of such a code point belongs to the one PDF it came from, and guessing it would produce a clean, confident, unverifiable quote.standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
This record holds no relations between concepts. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | short-term memory localisation in mouse neocortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | calcium-imaging Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: calcium-imaging | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Wide-field signals are bulk population signals that may be confounded by non-neuronal fluorescence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every signal reported: Quotation withheld (AS WELL AS POTENTIALLY CONFOUNDED BY NON-NEURONAL FLUORESCENCE CHANGES, WHICH NEEDS TO BE CONTROLLED FOR) | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Only layer 2/3 was studied; other layers may behave differently Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the laminar reach of the conclusions: THIS STUDY FOCUSED ON LAYER 2/3 NEURONS, WHEREAS OTHER LAYERS MAY CONTRIBUTE DIFFERENTLY TO TASK-RELATED PROCESSES | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The identity of the posterior activation spot is uncertain and may include neighbouring areas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the anatomical identity of the posterior activation: GIVEN THE VARIABILITY AMONG ANIMALS ... THE OBSERVED ACTIVATION SPOT MAY ALSO ENCOMPASS ADJACENT POSTERIOR AREAS SUCH AS LATEROMEDIAL VISUAL CORTEX OR POSTRHINAL CORTICES | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The proposed what/where pathway interpretation is not directly tested here Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the what/where pathway interpretation: ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS DIRECTLY TESTING EACH PATHWAY WILL BE NEEDED TO SUBSTANTIATE THESE IDEAS | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The measurement is a bulk signal, and the authors state they cannot exclude having missed intermingled subpopulations averaged out within it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the absence of task-relevant activity in an area of these maps: the signal is a bulk population measure and the authors state intermingled subpopulations could be averaged out within it | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The grouping variable the entire result rests on is, in some sessions, assigned by a substitute measure whose accuracy is stated as 75%. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the active/passive trial labels in this study: in sessions without usable body-camera images they were predicted from a z-axis focus drop, reported at 75% accuracy against the camera | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The independent variable is changed by the manipulation. Strategy is treated as what determines where short-term memory sits, but optogenetic silencing of the site induces strategy switches that persist across days and appear in non-perturbation trials. The paper reports this as a result rather than as a threat, and it is the correct reading - but it means strategy and site are mutually determining, not one prior to the other, and the title states only one direction. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[6] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Two thresholds on the same movement signal do different jobs: one splits trials into active and passive by movement during the sensation period, the other discards trials with movement in the first second of the delay as noisy. The grouping rule and the exclusion rule read the same measure, so which trials survive is not independent of which class they were assigned to. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[7] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| controls | a set of control experiments on the imaging signal itself Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: autofluorescence and non-calcium-related intrinsic signals as the source of the measured activity · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| controls | control imaging targeted at the near-midline M2 area, which lies close to the superior sagittal sinus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: hemodynamic signal as the source of the activity patterns, in the one location where a blood vessel makes it most likely · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| controls | training two wild-type mice - carrying no GCaMP - on the same task and imaging them awake and performing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: autofluorescence, by running the whole experiment in animals that cannot produce the signal of interest · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | cellular-resolution imaging run alongside the wide-field measurement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the possibility that the bulk population signal is not driven by the layer 2/3 cell bodies it is interpreted as reflecting · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[3] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| controls | four experiments on the light delivery, including shining light on cortex not expressing ArchT in the same mice - one record for the set, quoting the sentence that reports the outcome Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: light disturbance itself as the cause of the behavioural effect, and establishes that the effect requires the right population at the right time · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | short-term memory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: short-term memory | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | behavioral strategy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: behavioral strategy | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | wide-field Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: wide-field | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | activeness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: activeness | concepts[3] | 0.85 | the paper's words |
| concepts | quiet trials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: quiet trials | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | M2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: M2 | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | z-axis drop in focus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: z-axis drop in focus | concepts[6] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| senses | location of short-term memory - NOT A SINGLE SITE: medio-frontal on active trials and lateral posterior on passive ones, so the answer is conditional on the animal's strategy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | behavioral strategy - an experimental grouping made from the animal's own conduct: engaging the body toward the approaching texture, or passively awaiting the touch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | active versus passive trial - operationalised by thresholding body movement during the sensation period, so the class is fixed by a cut on a continuous measure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | delay period - AS ANALYSED, NOT AS RUN: restricted to `quiet trials` in which the mouse did not move for at least the first second, with traces truncated at the first movement thereafter. THIS IS A CONTROL, NOT A CONFOUND - the classes are defined by movement during the SENSATION period, and the delay analysis is made movement-free on purpose so that the persistent activity cannot be motor activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | replicates → Chen et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2015 (choice encoding in posterior sensory areas) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → Chen et al., 2013, 2016 (timing of hit/CR discrimination) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → Guo et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015 (frontal areas including ALM as the site of short-term memory) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Leavitt et al., 2017 (sustained activity encoding working memory is not fully distributed) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | F statistic with 95% confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Kolmogorov-Smirnov test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | support vector machine with cross-validation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | label-shuffling permutation test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: label-shuffling permutation test | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | principal component analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: principal component analysis | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ROC analysis / area under the curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ROC analysis / area under the curve | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation coefficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation coefficient | content_tags.statistics[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Bonferroni correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Bonferroni correction | content_tags.statistics[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Which cortical area held the delay-period memory depended on the mouse's behavioural strategy: persistent activity sat medio-frontally (M2) on active trials but in a lateral posterior area on passive trials. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The posterior whisker areas encoded the animal's choice soon after touch under both strategies, so the strategy difference appeared only later, during the delay. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Optogenetically silencing M2 or area P lowered task performance only in trials run with the strategy that area supports, and left the other strategy unaffected. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Silencing M2 and area P together significantly reduced performance in all four VGAT-ChR2 mice, to levels not significantly different from the expert threshold. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | One passive mouse switched its strategy from passive to active in the perturbation sessions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The two memory sites hold different content: the motor-sensory index was positive in M2 (activity grouped by the upcoming action) and negative in area P (activity grouped by the past texture). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | On passive trials a classifier restricted to frontal-cortex pixels was at chance distinguishing hit from correct-rejection trials. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Discrimination performance (d') correlated positively with how actively a mouse used its whiskers (r = 0.6). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | activeness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: activeness | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | active versus passive trial Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: active versus passive trial | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | motor-sensory index (MSI) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: motor-sensory index (MSI) | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | posterior area P Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: posterior area P | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | layer 2/3 neuronal activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: layer 2/3 neuronal activity | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | d-prime Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: d-prime | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | body movement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: body movement | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 16 and 82% — range of activeness (percentage of hit trials with body movement at texture touch) across the eight imaged mice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 60-88% — accuracy of the classifier separating hit from correct-rejection delay maps, across mice and both strategies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 48.5 ± 4.2 and 50.4 ± 3.8 — classifier accuracy after shuffling trial labels, i.e. the chance baseline for active and passive trials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | r = 0.6 — correlation between a session's activeness and the mouse's d-prime discrimination performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 6.9 ± 0.3 weeks — training time needed before imaging, across the eight mice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 1.2-4.5 s — range of enforced delay durations mice could withhold licking for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 2.89° ± 0.36° vs. 0.95° ± 0.14° — whisking envelope around texture arrival on active versus passive trials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 30 — total adult male mice used across imaging, control and optogenetic experiments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.