standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| unrecordable relation | unhoused_relations | a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 8 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | the published aquaponics literature, read for what would have to be known before a commercial system could be built - and found not to contain it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what stands between aquaponics research and a commercially viable aquaponic farm, across technical, socio-ecological and economic dimensions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | a challenge inventory: for each obstacle the review names what is known, what is missing, and what would have to be measured - the missing half being the larger one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | critique Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | aquaponics - a closed loop in which fish waste feeds plants and the plants clean the water, so that the ecological weakness of each half becomes the other's input Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | the two-step bacterial conversion the whole system rests on: nitroso-bacteria take ammonia to nitrite, nitro-bacteria take nitrite to nitrate, and the nitrate is both far less toxic to the fish and the plants' main nitrogen source Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nitrification | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | two opposing forces act on system pH and one of them wins: nitrate uptake by roots RAISES pH by releasing bicarbonate, nitrification LOWERS it by producing acid, and the acid side has the larger effect, so the system drifts down continuously Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pH drift | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the proposed fix for the drift - dissolved limestone releases hydroxide as it solubilizes, raising pH continuously at a rate set by the flow rate rather than in steps like a dosed buffer Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: carbonate solubilization | mechanisms[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | why the nutrients may be present and unmeasured: in aquaponic water the dissolved solids include organic molecules, and the standard measurements register only the ionic fraction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nutrient lock-up | mechanisms[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | between 30% and 65% of the phosphorus entering as fish feed leaves as solid excretion and is filtered out, and what does dissolve can precipitate with calcium - which is why aquaponic phosphate sits far below the hydroponic recommendation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phosphorus loss to sludge | mechanisms[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the constraint that makes pest management hard: the system's function depends on a living nitrifying biofilm, so pesticides, antibiotics and fungicides are ruled out not by regulation but because they would kill the machinery Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: biofilm dependence | mechanisms[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | only two economic sub-studies exist in the peer-reviewed literature, so the review states plainly that the literature cannot be used to assess economic viability at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and the one integrated comparison it does find has nothing to be compared against Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the design table is built from published systems that often omit the parameters that matter most - fish-to-plant ratio, daily feed input Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | labour costs are excluded from the costings the review reproduces, so the financial picture is partial and the authors say so Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | outside the UVI system there is little large-scale or long-duration literature, and much of what exists is a small-scale replicate of that one design - so the evidence base is narrower than its paper count suggests Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | larger commercial systems do exist and their findings are confidential Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the microorganisms and the chemical and physical mechanisms of solubilization - the step the whole nutrient argument depends on - are not well understood Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | optimal nutrient levels for leafy and fruity vegetables in aquaponics are not established, so there is no target to engineer towards Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the health risk from the broad microflora aquaponics deliberately maintains has not been established either Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[8] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | no general optimum exists - the system must be fitted to local climate, geography and market, which is the review's own limit on how far any of its recommendations travel Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[9] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | printing Rakocy and Lennard's objection - that hydroponic and aquaponic nutrient solutions are not comparable - directly beside the table that compares them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a reader taking the gap between the two columns as a real nutrient deficit, when part of it is an artefact of measuring only the ionic fraction of a solution that carries nutrients in organic form · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | reporting that some aquaponic systems match or beat hydroponic yields DESPITE the lower measured mineral concentrations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the lower concentrations being read as lower performance - the yields are the outcome and they do not follow the concentration table · outcome: held | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | naming which design parameters the published systems fail to report - fish-to-plant ratio, daily feed input - rather than presenting the comparison table as complete Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the table being read as a survey of how these systems were built, when for several of them the two parameters that determine the design are simply absent from the source · outcome: held | controls[2] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| controls | stating that the reproduced costings exclude labour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the break-even and profit figures being read as complete - the review says explicitly that viability can therefore only be partially estimated · outcome: held | controls[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | attaching a caution to Rakocy's finding that basil out-earns lettuce by nearly four times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a single system's crop-choice result being generalised, when the margin depends on a particular domestic market · outcome: held | controls[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | naming one specific unreported variable in a study it otherwise relies on - light intensity, absent from Rakocy et al. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the two systems in the table being treated as comparable on plant yield, when a major determinant of that yield is unrecorded for one of them · outcome: held | controls[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | aquaponics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: aquaponics | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | hydroponics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: hydroponics | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | recirculating aquaculture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: recirculating aquaculture | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | ammonia Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ammonia | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | nitrite Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nitrite | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | nitrate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nitrate | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | nitro-bacteria Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nitro-bacteria | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | pH Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pH | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | nitrification Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nitrification | concepts[8] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | phosphorus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phosphorus | concepts[9] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | electrical conductivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrical conductivity | concepts[10] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | organic molecules Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: organic molecules | concepts[11] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | biofilm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: biofilm | concepts[12] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | pesticides Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pesticides | concepts[13] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | sustainable agriculture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sustainable agriculture | concepts[14] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | water Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: water | concepts[15] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | supply chain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: supply chain | concepts[16] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | conventional agriculture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: conventional agriculture | concepts[17] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | multi-disciplinarity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: multi-disciplinarity | concepts[18] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| unhoused_relations | supply chain → environmental impact Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. LENGTH OF A CHAIN AS A COST MULTIPLIER. The longer the supply chain the more transport, packaging, conservation and labour it needs, up to 79% of retail price in US conventional distribution. 'causes' is right and the ENDPOINT is not a concept in this record - what lengthens is a chain and what grows is a bundle of costs and impacts, and there is no node for the bundle | unhoused_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| unhoused_relations | pesticides → biofilm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. A PROHIBITION, NOT A MEASURED EFFECT. Conventional pesticides cannot be used in aquaponics because they would poison the fish and the nitrifying biofilm the system depends on. 'causes ... reduces' overstates it - nobody applied them and measured a reduction; the relation is that one RULES OUT the other, and the vocabulary has no type for a constraint | unhoused_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| unhoused_relations | electrical conductivity → organic molecules Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. THE MEASUREMENT THAT MISSES ITS OBJECT. Electrical conductivity and aqueous filtration register only nutrients in ionic form, so nutrients locked inside organic molecules are present and unrecorded. This is the exact negati row names: all eight edge types assert a relation HOLDS, and 'X is the measurement that FAILS to see Y' cannot be written. 'operationalised-as' would state the opposite of the truth | unhoused_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| senses | sustainable agriculture - NOT DEFINED BY THIS PAPER. It is taken whole from Lehman et al., as a process that depletes no non-renewable resource essential to agriculture, and extended with Francis et al.'s `designing systems that close nutrient cycles`. Aquaponics then qualifies BY CONSTRUCTION, because closing a nutrient cycle is what it is. The definition is borrowed and the conclusion follows from the borrowing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | nutrient concentration, when an aquaponic solution is compared with a hydroponic one - A MEASUREMENT, NOT A QUANTITY OF NUTRIENT. Electrical conductivity and aqueous filtration see only ions, and aquaponic dissolved solids include organic molecules with nutrients locked inside them. So the aquaponic column reads lower partly because the instrument cannot see what is there - and the authors print the comparison and this objection to it on the same page Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | challenge, the paper's own organising word - IT COVERS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS AND THE review does not separate them. Some challenges are engineering problems with candidate solutions (pH drift, and a lime-bed reactor to fix it). Others are ABSENCES IN THE LITERATURE - two economic studies, no comparison available, parameters unreported. A reader counting `challenges` counts both kinds together Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| senses | decoupled system - THE NAME FOR GIVING UP ON THE COMPROMISE. Fish, plants and nitrifying bacteria have different optimal pH and temperature, and a single loop must sit between them; a decoupled system runs two loops at their own optima and exchanges water periodically. It is presented as an alternative to the trade-off, not as an improvement to it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | zero-discharge recirculating system - AN OBJECTIVE, NOT A DESCRIPTION. The paper says it `should be achievable` on Neori et al.'s authority and immediately says more research is needed on the solubilization it depends on. Nothing in the review reports one running Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → Vermeulen and Kamstra, who found only a marginal cost reduction from aquaponics against RAS and hydroponics run separately Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: the objection is specific and it is about SCOPE, not arithmetic: the costing left out resource scarcity, and rising energy and fertilizer prices are expected to move the margin. The review does not claim the calculation was wrong | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Lehman et al.'s definition of sustainable agriculture as a process that depletes no non-renewable resource essential to agriculture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Francis et al.'s addition that sustainable production means designing systems that close nutrient cycles Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → Rakocy's finding that leafy greens are more profitable than fruity vegetables, and that basil's margin in the UVI system exceeded lettuce's by nearly four times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → Neori et al.'s position that a zero-discharge recirculating system is achievable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: accepted as an objective and immediately made conditional on solubilization research that has not been done | claim_relations[4] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | hydroponics —part-of→ aquaponics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: hydroponics · aquaponics | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | recirculating aquaculture —part-of→ aquaponics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: recirculating aquaculture · aquaponics | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | aquaponics —distinct-from→ hydroponics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: and the difference is the nutrient source: hydroponics needs mineral fertiliser, aquaponics uses the fish water. That is why they are also in a part-of relation - aquaponics contains a hydroponic component but is not one also in: aquaponics · hydroponics | concept_edges[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | nitrification —causes→ pH Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: reduces · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: the winning force - the system drifts acid continuously and must be corrected also in: nitrification · pH | concept_edges[3] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | nitrate —causes→ pH Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: the losing force, in the SAME sentence as the edge above. A schema that could not sign a causal edge would record these two as identical rows
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says root uptake of nitrate raises pH; the endpoint drops 'uptake'. | concept_edges[4] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | ammonia —causes→ nitrite Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.95 | concept_edges[5] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | nitrite —causes→ nitrate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.95 | concept_edges[6] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | aquaponics —causes→ water Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: reduces · strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: the comparison is against conventional agriculture and the paper attaches a condition to it - 'depending on the climatic conditions'
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but aquaponics uses less water; the endpoint drops 'use'. also in: aquaponics · water | concept_edges[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The literature cannot support assessing aquaponics' economic challenges: only two economic sub-studies exist in peer-reviewed work. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the evidence base is narrower than its paper count: outside UVI there is little large-scale or long-duration work, and much of the rest replicates that one design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Larger production systems are studied by private centres and companies whose findings are not always accessible. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Some aquaponic systems report yields similar to or better than hydroponics for some crops despite lower mineral nutrient concentrations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the reason may be measurement: EC and filtration see only ionic nutrients, and aquaponic water carries them inside organic molecules too Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Multi-disciplinarity - the need for economics, finance and marketing expertise - is named the biggest challenge of commercial aquaponics. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Aquaponics trades off fish and plant needs: tilapia and nitrifying bacteria prefer 25-30 °C water, most plants 20-25 °C. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | There is no general optimal system; each must be adjusted to environmental conditions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | aquaponics = an integrated multi-trophic system combining recirculating aquaculture and hydroponics, in which nutrient-enriched fish-tank water grows the plants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: aquaponics | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | sustainable agriculture, borrowed from Lehman et al. = a process that does not deplete any non-renewable resource essential to agriculture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sustainable agriculture | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and extended by Francis et al. to designing systems that close nutrient cycles - which the review immediately notes is a main characteristic of aquaponics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sustainable agricultural production | content_tags.definitions[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | decoupled system = two separate recirculating loops, aquaculture and hydroponic, each at its own optimum, with periodic water exchange between them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: decoupled systems | content_tags.definitions[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | zero-discharge recirculating system = the objective of transforming every added nutrient into plant biomass, stated as achievable and not demonstrated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: zero-discharge recirculating system | content_tags.definitions[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | aquaponics uses under 10% of the water of conventional agriculture, which itself takes about 70% of available freshwater and up to 90% in arid regions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 1 kg of beef takes 5,000-20,000 L of water; the same weight of fish in semi-intensive or extensive aquaculture takes 2,500-375,000 L Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | recirculating aquaculture reuses 95%-99% of its water, down to below 100 L per kg of fish Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 30%-65% of the phosphorus entering as fish feed is filtered out as solid excretion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | aquaponic systems report 1-17 mg/L phosphate-P against a hydroponic recommendation of 40-60 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 80% of the world's oceans are fully exploited or worse; 100 million tonnes of fish a year give 2.5 billion people at least a fifth of their animal protein Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | distribution can reach 79% of the retail price in US conventional food supply Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the system pH target is 6.8-7.0, chosen as the highest value that still prevents ammonia accumulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - the project'S PROVEN CASE, 2026-08-23 22:44) · nitrification efficiency rose linearly by 13% per pH unit between pH 5.0 and 9.0, with ammonium oxidisers most active at 8.2 - one of the inputs to the 6.8-7.0 compromise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. EVIDENCE CORRECTED: RE-GROUNDED - the project'S PROVEN CASE, 2026-08-23 22:44. The old evidence was 'A crucial point…' - verbatim, anchored, correctly cut, and containing NOT ONE of the claim's numbers. The sentence stating the claim is two paragraphs away and is now the evidence. The claim's trailing clause 'one of the inputs to the 6.8-7.0 compromise' refers to a separate sentence and is a CROSS-REFERENCE, not part of what this quote is asked to support. | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the review reports no statistic of its own: every number in it is carried from a cited study into a comparison table, and the tables' most reported value is ND Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
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