Cognitive Load in Solving Mathematics Problems: Validating the Role of Motivation and the Interaction Among Prior Knowledge, Worked Examples, and Task Difficulty

Cognitive Load in Solving Mathematics Problems: Validating the Role of Motivation and the Interaction Among Prior Knowledge, Worked Examples, and Task Difficulty Gupta Zheng

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Cognitive Load in Solving Mathematics Problems: Validating the Role of Motivation and the Interaction Among Prior Knowledge, Worked Examples, and Task Difficulty 2020 European Journal of STEM Education 10.20897/ejsteme/9252 gupta2020-cognitive-load-in-solving-mathemat gupta2020-cognitive-load-in-solving-mathemat.txt, the project's staged copy bf914a2f88322379d84069bd5333d5e752f69b2a open-access psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive load in mathematical problem solving Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms When extraneous load is suppressed, working memory resources are freed and become available to the germane and intrinsic load involved in solving the problem Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms High extraneous load consumes the limited working memory resources, leaving too few for germane load, which is why extraneous load lowers both germane load and the felt probability of success Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. No significant three-way interaction was obtained for cognitive load, which the authors attribute to participants' unfamiliarity with the cognitive-load categories on the self-report questionnaire. what this limits: the cognitive-load analysis specifically: THE FAILURE TO OBTAIN A SIGNIFICANT THREE-WAY INTERACTION BY COGNITIVE LOAD INDICATES THAT MORE WORK IS NEEDED Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The study is underpowered. what this limits: every null in the paper: ANOTHER LIMITATION IS THE POWER OF THE STUDY Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Using the tri-split method to define high- and low-prior-knowledge groups discarded the middle third and may have weakened statistical power; a larger sample is needed. what this limits: the prior-knowledge grouping: THE CURRENT STUDY USED THE TRI-SPLIT METHODS IN DEFINING HIGH- AND LOW PRIOR KNOWLEDGE LEARNERS WHICH COULD WEAKEN THE POWER - the middle third is discarded and the groups are constructed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The construct does not order the outcome it is used to explain, and the paper says so in both directions. what this limits: reading a cognitive-load score as a predictor of performance: the paper states high load does not necessarily produce low performance and low load does not guarantee good performance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The whole construct is measured by asking learners, on a single ten-item self-report instrument. what this limits: the cognitive-load values in this study: all three types are scored from one 10-item self-report questionnaire on a 0-10 Likert scale Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The design compares immediate effects only, and the authors name retention and transfer as what was not examined. what this limits: these results as evidence about learning: the study explored immediate effects, with retention and transfer named as future work Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a control condition whose learners studied the same problems WITHOUT worked examples, against a group shown half the examples first eliminates: time on the problems, and exposure to the problem material, as the explanation of the difference - both groups meet the same problems, and only the worked examples differ · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive load cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intrinsic cognitive load intrinsic cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extraneous cognitive load extraneous cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive load - AS MEASURED: three subscales of one ten-item self-report questionnaire, intrinsic on items 1-3, extraneous on 4-6, germane on 7-10 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intrinsic cognitive load - defined by the difficulty of the material itself, which the paper says CANNOT be changed or altered Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extraneous cognitive load - defined by the instructional design rather than by the material: load caused by improper design such as redundant information Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → expertise reversal effect findings of Kalyuga (2007), Kalyuga et al. (1998) and Pollock et al. (2002) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Sweller, Van Merriënboer and Paas (1998) hypothesis of a negative relationship between extraneous and germane cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intrinsic cognitive load —is-a→ cognitive load intrinsic cognitive load cognitive load strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extraneous cognitive load —is-a→ cognitive load extraneous cognitive load cognitive load strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cronbach's alpha Cronbach's alpha Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Wilks' Lambda Wilks' Lambda Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. effect size effect size Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-significance statistical-significance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. biserial correlation biserial correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard deviation standard deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A significant three-way interaction between prior knowledge, worked example and task difficulty was found on posttest performance, but none was found on any type of cognitive load. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Low-prior-knowledge learners scored higher with full-worked examples while high-prior-knowledge learners scored higher with completion-worked examples, an expertise reversal pattern. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Germane cognitive load was significantly positively correlated with learners' interest in the task. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Extraneous and germane cognitive load were negatively correlated, confirming the predicted trade-off between them. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Task difficulty produced significant differences in intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load but not in germane cognitive load. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. High- and low-prior-knowledge learners differed significantly in intrinsic and germane cognitive load but not at all in extraneous cognitive load. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Intrinsic cognitive load correlated positively with anxiety and with perceived challenge, and negatively with perceived probability of success. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Prior knowledge and worked-example type interacted significantly on germane cognitive load. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intrinsic cognitive load intrinsic cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extraneous cognitive load extraneous cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. germane cognitive load germane cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. expertise reversal effect expertise reversal effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. task difficulty task difficulty Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. completion-worked example completion-worked example Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. tri-split method tri-split method WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: Liu and Reed (1994) proposed - THE EVIDENCE FOR THIS ROW ATTRIBUTES THE WORK TO SOMEBODY ELSE. The cited name is the subject of a result verb and the sentence carries no first-person marker, so the finding, quantity or definition is the CITED author's rather than this record's. The claim is true and the quote is verbatim - what is wrong is whose result the corpus says it is. Nothing edited, nothing withdrawn: the row is marked so a page can name the source. Where the record is a commentary or review, its claim relations layer usually already names the paper being discussed - the record knows at one layer and forgets at another. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. production/solution step method production/solution step method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. worked example worked example Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. task difficulty (easy vs. difficult) task difficulty (easy vs. difficult) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. domain prior knowledge (high vs. low) domain prior knowledge (high vs. low) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive load cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. performance performance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. One hundred and sixty — Number of participants recruited for the study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F1, 107 = 4.61, p < .05, ŋ2 = .04 — F-statistic, p-value and effect size for the three-way interaction on posttest performance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. r = .264, p < .01 — Correlation between germane cognitive load and interest Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. r = -.264, p < .01 — Correlation between extraneous and germane cognitive load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. n = 55, m = 10.564, SD = 1.808 — Size and pretest mean/SD of the high-prior-knowledge group after the split (low group was n = 60, m = 3.458) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t(1,26) = 1.98, p = .05, 2-tailed — Test statistic for low-prior-knowledge learners doing better on the posttest with full- than completion-worked examples Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cronbach’s Alpha = .89 — Item reliability of the final algebra problem set in the pilot study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 23.25 — Mean age of the participants, with a standard deviation of 6.01 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/9252.