Priming in a shape task but not in a category task under continuous flash suppression

Priming in a shape task but not in a category task under continuous flash suppression Hesselmann Darcy Ludwig Sterzer

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Priming in a shape task but not in a category task under continuous flash suppression 2016 Journal of Vision 10.1167/16.3.17 hesselmann2016-priming-in-a-shape-task-but-not-in hesselmann2016-priming-in-a-shape-task-but-not-in.txt, the project's staged copy 4396e0a47fc80db9544af9bf1b6d88c95bd0b0b9 open-access cognitive-psychology

the paper's own words

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them null-result Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. unconscious priming under continuous flash suppression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms The task set tunes unconscious processing: a category task desensitizes the pathways coding prime elongation while a shape task, needing only attention to basic visual features, sensitizes them and so lets the priming effect emerge status: the paper's own words: Speculative Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Attentional sensitization by task set raises the sensitivity of task-relevant pathways and lowers that of task-irrelevant ones, which is the process offered for why priming appears in one task and not the other Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The width/length ratio distribution differed across categories and was not modelled as a random effect, so it may have driven the shape-task priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Primes also appeared as visible targets, so stimulus-response mapping cannot be excluded as an explanation of the priming effects. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The null result may partly reflect sampling and low statistical power. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. How low- and high-level information modulates the shape-task priming effect is unresolved. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a forced-choice discrimination test on the invisible stimuli, with FOUR PARTICIPANTS EXCLUDED for performing above chance eliminates: that the stimuli were not actually invisible - a priming effect claimed as unconscious when those subjects could in fact see the prime · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the assignment of response keys was counterbalanced across participants eliminates: that the effect is a motor or hand preference rather than a categorisation effect · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. CFS CFS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. shape task shape task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. category task category task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A NULL AND AN EFFECT IN ONE SENTENCE, WHICH IS WHY THE NULL CANNOT BE DISMISSED: `we found evidence for priming in a shape task, but none for priming in a category task, when prime stimuli were rendered invisible using CFS.` The corpus's second powered priming null after bamberger2024, and a stronger one - there the whole result was a null and the authors had to name reasons the manipulation might have failed. Here the null is HALF OF A WITHIN-PAPER CONTRAST: same primes, same suppression, same subjects, and the other task showed the effect. A failed manipulation cannot produce that Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE CONCLUSION IS A RESTRICTION ON A METHOD THE FIELD HAS BEEN EXPANDING: `Quotation withheld.` The introduction records that CFS has been called a `game changer` for its `seemingly unlimited potential to present various kinds of visual stimuli unconsciously`. This paper is the counter-pressure, and the corpus should hold the claim and its limit together rather than one of them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THEY DECLINE TO OVER-READ THE POSITIVE HALF, WHICH IS RARER THAN REPORTING THE NULL: `Quotation withheld.` The effect they DID find does not fit the obvious account. Most records in this corpus defend their surviving result; this one reports that its own is unexplained - which is what makes the null beside it credible Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE MECHANISM OFFERED IS MARKED AS SPECULATION INSIDE ITS OWN SENTENCE: `SPECULATIVELY, the category task might have DESENSITIZED perceptual pathways related to the processing of prime elongation and thus diminished category-by-shape priming; by contrast, the shape task - requiring only attention to basic visual features - SENSITIZED perceptual pathways.` Attentional sensitization as a TASK-SET effect (Kiefer 2012). If it holds, every masked-priming null in the literature is conditional on the task used to measure it - which would make the measurement instrument part of the phenomenon, and is the strongest version of what this corpus keeps finding one record at a time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Almeida et al. (2014) elongation-based category priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Almeida et al. (2008), Almeida et al. (2010) and Sakuraba et al. (2012) tool-priming effects Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Gayet et al. (2014) feature-level account of interocular suppression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. CFS —causes→ priming CFS priming direction on the measure: no-change · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'no-change' ON THE CATEGORY TASK, AND THE SHAPE TASK IS THE CONTROL THAT MAKES IT MEAN SOMETHING. The same quote carries both halves: priming survives suppression in one task and not the other. Recording only the surviving half would say CFS leaves priming intact; recording only the null would say it abolishes it; both are wrong and the sentence says so. The measure-construct ambiguity does not arise - the measured quantity and the construct move together - but the direction gap does: the direction is conditioned on the task, and there is no way to say that on an edge. Weight 0.9. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. shape task —contrasted-with→ category task shape task category task strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE CONTRAST IS THE RESULT. Not two tasks compared for their own sake - the difference between them IS the finding, because it is what turns a null into evidence about the level of representation that survives suppression rather than evidence about the experiment. Weight 0.95: explicit in the quote and it is the paper's title. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repeated-measures ANOVA repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. power analysis power analysis about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. effect size effect size about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. binomial test binomial test about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interquartile range (outlier rule) interquartile range (outlier rule) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard deviation standard deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard error of the mean standard error of the mean about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Correction, 18 September 2026: only '=' and '+' were repaired. In this quote the '6' in 'mean 6 SEM' is ± (mean ± SEM) and still prints wrongly. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In Experiment 1 neither elongated tool primes nor elongated animal primes speeded categorization of elongated tool targets relative to nonelongated animal primes; the 5 ms and 4 ms differences ran in the predicted direction but were not significant. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In Experiment 2 the category task again showed no elongation-based priming, and this time the reaction-time differences ran opposite to the predicted direction. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Correction, 18 September 2026: the '¼' in this quote was NOT repaired, because the minus sign after it did not survive extraction and prints as '(cid:3)': 't(26) ¼ (cid:3)0.01' is t(26) = −0.01, and 't(26) ¼ (cid:3)0.82' is t(26) = −0.82. (Read from the sentence; we hold no PDF of this paper.) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. With the same stimuli and the same observers, a shape-discrimination task did produce priming: shape-congruent primes speeded responses to elongated tool targets, with a reversed and less robust difference for nonelongated tool targets. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Across both experiments there is no support for unconscious category-by-shape priming under CFS, but suppressed prime shape does affect shape discrimination of tool targets. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The primes were genuinely invisible: forced-choice category discrimination of primes rated invisible was at chance level, 48.87% in Experiment 1. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Correction, 18 September 2026: the '¼' in this quote was NOT repaired, because the minus sign after it did not survive extraction and prints as '(cid:3)': 't(22) ¼ (cid:3)1.41' is t(22) = −1.41. (Read from the sentence; we hold no PDF of this paper.) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Correlations between prime-target orientation difference and reaction time were slightly larger for tool than for animal targets (p = 0.043). about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Correction, 18 September 2026: the '¼' in this quote was NOT repaired, because the minus sign after it did not survive extraction and prints as '(cid:3)': 'r ¼(cid:3)0.042' is r = −0.042. (The same printed character is a minus sign in this paper's other sentences, where the sense requires one; we hold no PDF of this paper.) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The pattern is read as evidence that stimuli suppressed by CFS are represented only as features and coarse feature configurations, not at a category or semantic level. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Participants may have performed a shape discrimination (elongated vs nonelongated) rather than the instructed category discrimination. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. continuous flash suppression (CFS) continuous flash suppression (CFS) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dorsal CFS bias dorsal CFS bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. elongated stimuli elongated stimuli about this quote: RULED, NOT PREVIOUSLY ADJUDICATED. This quote carries an unmapped font glyph and was not covered by the 2026-08-25 ruling, which reached only rows flagged with glyph damage. The same reasoning applies and the same decision follows: THE QUOTE IS NOT EDITED. The unmapped characters are the ones carrying the claim, and no code-to-character table is possible - in one sentence of this corpus the same code is '=' once and 'tau' twice. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job, costed and refused (0 of 114 appendable; a per-record re-stage fixes 21 and breaks 223). Three sibling rows were found ALREADY ruled under this same pass and are untouched. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nonelongated stimuli nonelongated stimuli about this quote: RULED, NOT PREVIOUSLY ADJUDICATED. This quote carries an unmapped font glyph and was not covered by the 2026-08-25 ruling, which reached only rows flagged with glyph damage. The same reasoning applies and the same decision follows: THE QUOTE IS NOT EDITED. The unmapped characters are the ones carrying the claim, and no code-to-character table is possible - in one sentence of this corpus the same code is '=' once and 'tau' twice. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job, costed and refused (0 of 114 appendable; a per-record re-stage fixes 21 and breaks 223). Three sibling rows were found ALREADY ruled under this same pass and are untouched. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. task instruction task instruction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. subjective visibility rating subjective visibility rating Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime contrast prime contrast Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. low-level image properties low-level image properties Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. target elongation target elongation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N = 23 — Participants retained in Experiment 1 after exclusions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N = 27 — Participants retained in Experiment 2 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 640 trials — Total trials per participant in the Experiment 1 main session, 32 per condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.27 ± 0.03 — Michelson contrast of the suppressed primes in Experiment 1, mean and SEM value source note: The value is written with the paper's own symbol (±). Our copy of the text prints it as a '6' ('0.27 6 0.03 (mean 6 SEM)'), because the maths characters in the source file were mis-mapped when the text was extracted. We hold no PDF of this paper: the ± is read from the sentence itself, which gives the figure as a mean and its standard error ('mean 6 SEM'). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 11 and −12 ms — Size of the facilitatory and the reversed shape-priming effects in the shape task WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: ignificant RT differences (8–12 ms) reported by Almeida et al. (2014). - THE RESULT OR THE NUMBER IS THE CITED WORK'S. Read, not swept - the trailing-citation shape is about 55% precise and the main clause is what decides it. Second reading pass over the 25 candidates left after 2026-08-25 11:39: 9 marked, 16 refused. the 8-12 ms range is Almeida et al. (2014)'s, quoted as the yardstick this paper's 11 and 12 ms are measured against. · about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:3). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. · value source note: The value is written with a minus sign. Our copy of the text prints '(cid:3)' ('11 and (cid:3)12 ms'). We hold no PDF of this paper, and the character alone does not settle the sign: the same printed character is a minus in this paper's other sentences where the sense requires one, and an earlier sentence in the same paragraph names the two effects as a facilitatory one and 'a reversed (albeit not robust) RT difference' - so the second figure is the reversed, negative one. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 7.58% — Share of correct trials discarded as reaction-time outliers under the interquartile-range rule in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 48% — Proportion of participants excluded on awareness checks in the study being replicated, against 15% and 7% in these two experiments Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N = 22 — Sample size the a priori power analysis called for, at dz = 0.55 and 80% power about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1167/16.3.17.