Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review

Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review Hutchison

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Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review 2003 Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 10.3758/bf03196544 hutchison2003-is-semantic-priming-due-to-associa hutchison2003-is-semantic-priming-due-to-associa.txt, the project's staged copy 5e2cae7a67dd56df634d75a58781d39864e0c075 open-access cognitive-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Activation spreads from the prime's concept along indirect links to concepts it is not directly associated with, producing mediated priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Participants notice that related pairs predict word targets and check back from target to prime, so relatedness biases the lexical decision after the target has been accessed. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms An auditory prime leaves an echoic trace that survives into target presentation, letting participants integrate or strategically match prime and target and so inflating auditory priming effects. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms In distributed recurrent networks a featurally similar prime leaves the network nearer the target's attractor basin, so it settles into the target pattern in fewer iterations. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The status of several relation types (collocates, episodic relatives, script relations) is left unresolved and needs further experiments. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Restricting the review to published studies leaves the direction of the resulting bias in effect-size estimates unknown. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review cannot say why auditory presentation yields so much larger priming estimates than visual presentation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The available evidence cannot decide whether the associative boost reflects combined lexical and semantic connections or simply greater featural overlap. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE NORMS THE WHOLE LITERATURE RESTS ON ARE CONCEDED NOT TO BE WHAT THEY ARE TAKEN FOR: 'Quotation withheld' This is the review's own instrument being withdrawn mid-argument, and it is what licenses a senses row's verdict on a whole class of studies. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. every target was counterbalanced BOTH ACROSS AND WITHIN subjects so that each appeared in the related, unrelated and neutral conditions eliminates: that a priming effect is an item effect - that the related and unrelated sets simply contain different words · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. association strength association strength Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. feature overlap feature overlap Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. automatic priming automatic priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mediated associates mediated associates Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic matching semantic matching Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus onset asynchrony stimulus onset asynchrony Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic similarity semantic similarity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE ANSWER IS BOTH, AND IT IS NOT A COMPROMISE - IT IS A PARTITION BY STIMULUS CLASS. `Quotation withheld` Then the split: `Quotation withheld` Different stimulus classes, different mechanisms, one label over all of them - which is precisely the condition under which a controlled vocabulary stops being informative Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND IT CATCHES A CLAIM CHANGING MEANING ALONG A CITATION CHAIN, BY HAND. Lucas (2000) cited Hodgson (1991), who cites Neely (1991), for the claim that priming is smaller in pronunciation than in lexical decision. `Quotation withheld such as Cohen's d.` A claim about milliseconds became a claim about effect sizes in two citations, and the meta-analysis built on it. This is the failure the concept-record design exists to make visible, found here by one person reading a chain backwards Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE VERDICT ON A WHOLE CLASS OF STUDIES, STATED WITHOUT SOFTENING: `Quotation withheld` The reason is the confound: associated words tend also to be similar words, so varying association alone varies both. Not `limited`, not `to be interpreted with caution`. A review willing to write that sentence about its own field's standard design is rare enough to be worth the tag on its own Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `dominance` and `association strength` - REPORTED AS INTERCHANGEABLE IN THE LITERATURE, with a citation: `the terms dominance and association strength have been used interchangeably (Lorch, 1982)`. Two measures that a paper arguing about WHICH ONE DRIVES PRIMING needs kept apart. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `similar` - THE MEASURED QUANTITY DEPENDS ON HOW THE EXPERIMENTER DEFINED THE WORD TO THE PARTICIPANT, AND THE PAPER LISTS THAT AS ONE OF FIVE SOURCES OF VARIANCE: `there is no universal method for determining similarity in this task`, and ratings vary on (1) the other words in the norming set, (2) HOW THE RESEARCHER DEFINES SIMILAR FOR THE PARTICIPANTS, (3) presentation order, (4) instructional set, (5) association between the items. THE DEFINITION IS NOT UPSTREAM OF THE MEASUREMENT HERE - IT IS ONE OF ITS INPUTS, named alongside stimulus order. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the CONSCIOUS/UNCONSCIOUS boundary - A THEORETICAL DISTINCTION WITH NO UNIVERSAL OPERATIONAL VALUE: `there is no universal SOA that distinctly separates conscious from unconscious processing, and the SOA necessary to demonstrate automatic priming may vary from task to task`. A THRESHOLD DISPUTE, not a naming one - the two categories are not in doubt and the number that divides them is, so no nomenclature body can repair it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Lucas (2000) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Lucas (2000) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Lucas (2000) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. association strength —causes→ automatic priming association strength automatic priming direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.95 · direction on the measure (stated by the tagger, no quotation): increases · note: HALF OF A CONCLUSION SENTENCE, AND THE OTHER HALF IS THE NEXT EDGE. The span names all three endpoints, so two triples come out of one quote and the note has to say which half each is carrying or a reader gets a partial claim as if it were the whole one. Weight 0.95: it is the review's stated conclusion, both endpoints are named, and 'due to' is unambiguous. The 'both' is the finding - either edge alone reproduces exactly the one-sided reading this paper was written to correct. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. feature overlap —causes→ automatic priming feature overlap automatic priming direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.95 · direction on the measure (stated by the tagger, no quotation): increases · note: The other half. Lucas's (2000) meta-analysis concluded feature overlap was the WHOLE story - 'implies that semantic…' - and this review keeps the mechanism while removing the 'primarily'. A finding preserved and a quantifier withdrawn, which is a shape the schema records only in prose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. association strength —distinct-from→ feature overlap association strength feature overlap strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE EDGE IS A CONFOUND, WHICH IS A STRANGE THING TO BE ABLE TO SAY. 'The second problem…' They are distinct - the whole review depends on that - and in ordinary stimuli they travel together, because words people associate tend also to be words that resemble each other. Weight 0.9 rather than 0.95: the span asserts the distinction only by asserting the difficulty of drawing it. That is real evidence of distinctness and it is weaker than a sentence saying so directly. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span notes the DIFFICULTY of separating the two; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. effect size effect size Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-value p-value Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Automatic semantic priming is produced by both association strength and feature overlap, not by either alone. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Mediated associates (e.g. lion-stripes) give the strongest evidence for automatic purely associative priming, while functional associates, synonyms and antonyms instead support priming based on feature overlap. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Category coordinates and perceptually similar items show no automatic priming when the stimuli are presented visually. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Category coordinates produced only 4 ms of priming in the pronunciation task. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In the standard lexical decision task at long SOA, backward priming (28 ms) was comparable to forward priming (34 ms), and statistically equivalent in every experiment. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Mediated priming is strongest when strategic processing is minimised and disappears when it is encouraged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. LSA similarity of Balota and Lorch's mediated pairs (.20) was significantly higher than when the items were randomly re-paired (.10). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Auditory-presentation studies gave more than twice the effect size of visual ones (d = .51 vs .25). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Published studies averaged an effect size of .35, almost twice the .18 of unpublished studies. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Contrary to Lucas's claim, close inspection of her studies shows that priming from category coordinates is not automatic. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic priming effect semantic priming effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. automatic automatic Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. association strength association strength Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. expectancy generation expectancy generation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. instrument relations instrument relations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. script relations script relations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. attractor basins attractor basins Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic distance semantic distance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Hyperspace Analogue to Language (HAL) Hyperspace Analogue to Language (HAL) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming effect priming effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. RP RP Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. presentation modality presentation modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. association strengths association strengths Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. type of task type of task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. SOA SOA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 31 msec — average priming from category coordinates across studies using the standard lexical decision task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 4 msec — average priming from the same category-coordinate items in the pronunciation task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t(47) 5 4.27, p , .001 — test comparing LSA similarity of mediated pairs (.20) with randomly re-paired controls (.10) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. .51 — mean Cohen's d for the five auditory-presentation studies, against .25 for the visual ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. .35 — unweighted mean effect size of published studies, against .18 for unpublished ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 26 studies (accounting for 116 experiments) — size of the Lucas (2000) meta-analysis that this review re-examines Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. over 6,000 participants — norming sample behind the Nelson et al. (1999) association norms used to recheck every study's stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 160 million words — size of the Usenet corpus from which HAL builds its co-occurrence matrix Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 14 — number of association types into which the author classified each Palermo-Jenkins norm pair, showing association norms are heterogeneous Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196544.