standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 1 relation here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | virtual reality in art history teaching Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | practice-report Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: practice-report | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | What the study measures is what students and faculty say on a rating scale, not any learning outcome. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the educational claims made from this study: the outcome recorded is perceived usefulness reported by students and faculty on a Likert scale, so it is a measure of opinion about the technology rather than of learning | limitations[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Half the surveyed students did not want the technology used in their other courses. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the enthusiasm reported here as support for wider adoption: only half of the polled group said they would like to see such experiences integrated into other coursework | limitations[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | What the existing literature covers is attributed to what was affordable, not to what was found. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the state of the VR-in-education literature: its limitations and range are attributed to the budgetary and technological constraints faced by previous educators, so absence of evidence in an area reflects cost rather than a negative finding | limitations[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The field is stated to have limited understanding of how the technology affects any specific learning outcome. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: a claim that VR enhances learning: the paper states there is | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | control groups shown only text, pictures and PowerPoint slides, but taken through the SAME SEQUENCE OF EVENTS as the virtual-reality group Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the novelty and structure of the session rather than the virtual reality - same sequence, same duration, different medium · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | virtual reality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: virtual reality | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | immersive realities Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: immersive realities | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | perceived usefulness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: perceived usefulness | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | Likert scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Likert scale | concepts[3] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | learning outcomes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: learning outcomes | concepts[4] | the paper's words | |
| senses | educational benefit - AS PERCEIVED USEFULNESS: what the surveys collect is how useful students and faculty judge the technology to be compared with other media, which is the quantity every result in this paper is about Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | adoption - DRIVEN BY HARDWARE COST AND AVAILABILITY, not by evidence of effect: the paper traces both the field's slow uptake and the shape of its literature to budget and equipment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | resistance to a new teaching technology - AS A RECURRING PATTERN, not a fact about VR: the chalkboard after 1801 and the magic lantern in the nineteenth century met the same reaction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | replicates → prior VR-in-education studies (Apostolellis & Bowman, 2014; Cheung et al. 2013; Huang, Rauch & Liaw, 2010; Rizzo et al. 2006; Hussein & Nätterdal, 2015) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | perceived usefulness —operationalised-as→ Likert scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: perceived usefulness · Likert scale | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Likert scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Likert scale | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Roughly three quarters of the surveyed students said the VR assignment helped them learn, and only three of the twenty-three disagreed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Three quarters of students judged the VR experience more useful for learning the assigned topic than reading about it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Every faculty respondent rated classroom use of VR as moderately to extremely useful. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | All faculty but one found locating applications relevant to their field neutral to extremely difficult. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Seven of the eight faculty respondents rated the Oculus Quest 2 headset extremely easy to use. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The preliminary survey showed students are aware of VR but inexperienced with it, already own the phones or tablets needed to run it, want it in their education for career reasons, yet will not spend their own money on a headset. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Student enthusiasm was bounded: despite reporting learning benefits, only half wanted VR experiences carried over into their other courses. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Getting started was not a barrier for students, with 83% rating launching the assigned application neutral or easy. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | virtual reality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: virtual reality | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | digital immigrants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: digital immigrants | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | "buy rather than build" strategy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: "buy rather than build" strategy | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | assignments using VR Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: assignments using VR | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | perception of usefulness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: perception of usefulness | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | likelihood to use this technology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: likelihood to use this technology | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | demographic data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: demographic data | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 74% / 3 (12%) of 23 — share of students who felt VR assisted their learning versus the number who disagreed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 75% — share of students finding the VR experience more useful than reading about the topic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 65% — share of students who would recommend the VR activity to other students Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 46 (35.9%) / 33 (24.7%) of 128 — preliminary-survey respondents who were moderately familiar with VR versus not familiar at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 106 of 128 — students who owned no VR headset at all, against small counts owning Cardboard, Rift, PlayStation VR and Quest models Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 23 (17 + 6) — students who answered the course survey, split into undergraduates and graduate students Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 78% / 81% — share of the student course-survey sample identifying as female and as white Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 12 — faculty representatives targeted for the faculty survey, two from each school across the university Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.