Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association: national cross sectional study

Yongze Li, Di Teng, Xiaoguang Shi, Guijun Qin, Yingfen Qin, Huibiao Quan, Bingyin Shi, Hui Sun, Jianming Ba, Bing Chen, Jianling Du, Lanjie He, Xiaoyang Lai, Yanbo Li, Haiyi Chi, Eryuan Liao, Chao Liu, Libin Liu, Xulei Tang, Nanwei Tong, Guixia Wang, Jin‐an Zhang, Youmin Wang, Yuanming Xue, Li Yan, Jing Yang, Lihui Yang, Yongli Yao, Zhen Ye, Qiao Zhang, Lihui Zhang, Jun Zhu, Mei Zhu, Guang Ning, Yiming Mu, Jiajun Zhao, Weiping Teng, Zhongyan Shan · BMJ · 2020 · epidemiology · 10.1136/bmj.m997 · record li2020-prevalence-of-diabetes-recorded-in
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. 2026-08-23 schema-0.3 pass: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node. Update, 11 September 2026: title completed from Crossref (https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m997); it had been cut at 150 characters by an internal tool 'display_name[:150]',

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Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 14 concept tags on this paper, all 14 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria World Health Organization (WHO) criteria The increase in prevalence the new diagnostic criteria one reading diabetes Inner Mongolia Guizhou province the Tibetan ethnic group the Han ethnic group prenatal exposure to famine the risk of hyperglycaemia urban areas rural areas total diabetes prediabetes HbA 1c province a definitional difference reported as a number instead of a caveat every historical comparison names the criteria it holds fixed two biases, one direction observational-study

Method, as described: a multistage stratified national survey (TIDE) across all 31 provinces, 2015-2017, with fasting glucose, a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c measured once in each participant

Legend

relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m997. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 4 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 7 · concepts 14 · content_tags 21 · contribution 1 · controls 4 · limitations 5 · mechanisms 11 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 4

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 7 of 7 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	TWO DIAGNOSTIC DEFINITIONS RUN OVER THE SAME 75,880 PEOPLE - the 2018 American Diabetes Association criteria and the World Health Organization criteria, differing by the inclusion of HbA1c, producing 12.8% and 11.2% prevalence from one national survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	what the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes is in mainland China, and how much of the measured rise since 2007 is the disease and how much is the criteria Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	a nationally representative prevalence estimate reported under BOTH criteria from the same participants, with a like-for-like WHO-criteria series back to 2007 and provincial, ethnic and urban-rural breakdowns Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	a disease whose presence is decided by cut-offs on continuous blood measurements, so that the count of people who have it moves when the cut-offs or the assays change Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	observational-study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: observational-study	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	THE SAME PEOPLE, TWO DEFINITIONS, 1.6 PERCENTAGE POINTS APART: `This large national survey indicated that 11.2% OF ADULTS (according to WHO criteria) OR 12.8% OF ADULTS (ADA criteria including the addition of HbA1c) aged 18 and older living in China had diabetes in 2017. Thus the total number of patients with diabetes in mainland China is estimated to be 129.8 MILLION.` One survey, one blood draw, two answers - and on a population this size the gap between them is on the order of eighteen million adults. simonneau2018 moved a threshold and did not estimate who it admitted; this paper simply reports both Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND THE PAPER SAYS THE TREND IS PARTLY THE DEFINITION, IN ITS INTRODUCTION: `The increase in prevalence could also be partially attributable to the new diagnostic criteria, with reduced cut-off points for blood glucose and the addition of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ... The main difference between them is the inclusion of HbA1c in the ADA criteria.` The rise in a disease is stated as partly an artefact of how the disease is defined, by the people measuring the rise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	THE HEADLINE HISTORICAL SERIES CROSSES TWO RULERS MID-WAY: `Quotation withheld` A sixteenfold rise reported across a change of diagnostic criteria, with both criteria named in the same sentence. The paper's own caveat about differing sampling and screening methods follows immediately and is OUTSIDE THIS SPAN - it is separated from this clause by a run of seven citation numbers in the staged text. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND THE LIKE-FOR-LIKE SERIES IS PRINTED SEPARATELY, WHICH IS THE REPAIR: `The weighted prevalence of total diabetes diagnosed by the WHO criteria has been increasing from 9.7% in 2007 and 2010, to 10.4% in 2013, and to 11.2% in this study in 2017 ... The prevalence of prediabetes was 35.2%, which was similar to the 35.7% reported in 2013 with the same ADA diagnostic criteria.` Every comparison in the discussion names which criteria it holds fixed - `under the same WHO diagnostic criteria`, `with the same ADA diagnostic criteria`. That phrase is the whole methodological contribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND THE SURVEY DEFINITION IS NOT THE CLINICAL ONE, WITH THE DIRECTION OF THE ERROR NAMED: `we did not carry out repeat testing in people with abnormal glucose values over time. Quotation withheld` donnelly2019 says a research definition must not guide care; this says the research definition and the clinical one give different answers, and which way Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND A THRESHOLD IS FLAGGED AS IMPORTED FROM ANOTHER POPULATION: `using levels of 6.5% for HbA1c to diagnose diabetes could be controversial since that level was set for the US population. Although geographic disparities might exist in HbA1c LEVELS, A consistent threshold was preferred across the study to enable comparison.` The choice is comparability over local validity, and it is stated as a choice - which is the same trade parks2021 makes for species and polman2011 refuses for CSF status Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND THE GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD DWARFS THE DEFINITIONAL GAP: `Quotation withheld For prediabetes, Yunnan province had the highest prevalence, being three times higher than the lowest prevalence in Anhui province.` 6.2% to 19.9% across provinces against 11.2% versus 12.8% across definitions. Both are real, and only one of them is usually reported as uncertainty Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND THE ETHNIC DIFFERENCES ARE MEASURED AGAINST ONE REFERENCE GROUP: `the prevalence of total diabetes and prediabetes in four ethnic groups was significantly different from that in the Han ethnic group. Quotation withheld.` Han 12.8%, Hui 6.3% - a twofold range inside one country, under one definition, in one survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND A HISTORICAL EXPOSURE IS OFFERED FOR THE AGE GRADIENT: `Quotation withheld Given that the Chinese famine of 1959-61 was among the most severe on record, the affected population comprises those with a current age of 50 and older, who showed a higher prevalence.` The paper adds `Whether or not prenatal exposure to famine affects diabetes remains controversial` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[8]`	0.85	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND THE RURAL RISE IS TWO AND A HALF TIMES THE URBAN ONE, UNDER ONE DEFINITION: `Quotation withheld` `Under the same criteria` is what makes the comparison mean anything, and the paper says it every time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[9]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	AND AWARENESS AND PREVALENCE MOVE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS INSIDE ONE TOTAL: `Although a continuing increase in self-reported diabetes was found, a decrease in the prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes was noted under the same WHO diagnostic criteria ..., suggesting better awareness of diabetes.` The same total can rise while its two components move apart, and only the split shows that the health system changed rather than the disease Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[10]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	ONE READING IS TREATED AS THE DISEASE: `we did not carry out repeat testing in people with abnormal glucose values over time. Quotation withheld` The `what is already known` box says the same of the whole literature: `Such surveys generally use a single reading ..., rather than repeat readings which are typical in clinical practice`. Every national prevalence figure for this disease is computed under a definition nobody uses on a patient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	AND THE SAME IS TRUE OF THE WHOLE SURVEY LITERATURE, IN THE PAPER'S OWN `What is already known` BOX: `Such surveys generally use A single reading of glucose or HbA1c, rather than repeat readings which are typical in clinical practice, where clinical diagnosis is based also on patient symptoms.` Every national prevalence figure for this disease is computed under a definition nobody uses on a patient, and the paper states it as background rather than as its own limitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	AND THE HbA1c CUT-OFF WAS SET ELSEWHERE: `using levels of 6.5% for HbA1c to diagnose diabetes could be controversial since that level was set for the US population.` HbA1c is the ONLY difference between the two criteria, so the entire 1.6-point gap rests on a threshold imported from another population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	AND A SIXTH OF THE COUNTRY IS OUTSIDE THE SAMPLE, IN A DIRECTION THE PAPER NAMES: `non-residents, such as internal migrant workers, who account for more than A SIXTH OF THE NATION'S TOTAL POPULATION and who were more likely to have A LOWER PREVALENCE of diabetes, were not included in the study owing to the study design. These limitations could lead to an overestimation of diabetes in the population.` Both named biases push the same way, and the paper adds them up out loud Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	AND THE COMPARABILITY THAT MAKES THE SERIES WORK IS ITSELF A DESIGN CHOICE: `a similar study design and statistical methods to those used previously make our findings more comparable with historical data. Although lacking a high quality national cohort to estimate the incidence of diabetes, our findings could add value to the assessment of diabetes epidemics.` A series of cross-sections is not an incidence, and the trend is a difference of prevalences rather than a measured flow Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	computing and reporting the prevalence under BOTH the ADA and WHO criteria from the same participants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a reader having to guess how much of a national figure is the definition · outcome: held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	attaching 'under the same WHO diagnostic criteria' or 'with the same ADA diagnostic criteria' to every comparison with an earlier survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a trend that is really a change of definition · outcome: held	`controls[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	keeping one HbA1c threshold across all provinces and ethnicities although it was derived in a different population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: internal incomparability between the study's own subgroups · outcome: partial	`controls[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	naming both known selection biases and their shared direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: an unsigned uncertainty - both the single reading and the excluded migrant workers push the estimate up · outcome: held	`controls[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concepts	The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria	`concepts[0]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	World Health Organization (WHO) criteria Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: World Health Organization (WHO) criteria	`concepts[1]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	The increase in prevalence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: The increase in prevalence	`concepts[2]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	the new diagnostic criteria Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the new diagnostic criteria	`concepts[3]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	one reading Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: one reading	`concepts[4]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	diabetes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: diabetes	`concepts[5]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Inner Mongolia Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Inner Mongolia	`concepts[6]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Guizhou province Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Guizhou province	`concepts[7]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	the Tibetan ethnic group Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the Tibetan ethnic group	`concepts[8]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	the Han ethnic group Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the Han ethnic group	`concepts[9]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	prenatal exposure to famine Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: prenatal exposure to famine	`concepts[10]`	0.85	the paper's words
concepts	the risk of hyperglycaemia Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the risk of hyperglycaemia	`concepts[11]`	0.85	the paper's words
concepts	urban areas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: urban areas	`concepts[12]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	rural areas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: rural areas	`concepts[13]`	0.95	the paper's words
senses	`total diabetes`, ADA 2018 - self-reported diagnosis plus newly diagnosed by fasting glucose >=7.0 mmol/L, two-hour glucose >=11.1 mmol/L, or HbA1c >=6.5% Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	`total diabetes`, WHO - the same, WITHOUT the HbA1c route. `The main difference between them is the inclusion of HbA1c in the ADA criteria` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	`newly diagnosed diabetes` (survey sense) - ONE reading, not the repeat testing of clinical practice: `We categorised one reading as being synonymous with diabetes` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	`prediabetes`, ADA - impaired fasting glucose OR impaired glucose tolerance OR HbA1c 5.7-6.4%, giving 35.2% of Chinese adults Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → the 2007, 2010 and 2013 Chinese national diabetes surveys, whose WHO-criteria series this study continues with a like-for-like estimate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → the historical series that runs from 0.67% in 1980 to 10.9% in 2013 across different criteria and different sampling methods Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → the survey convention of a single reading, which 'may overestimate the prevalence, compared with clinical practice' and is general to the literature Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → the International Diabetes Federation's atlas estimate of 113.9 million adults with diabetes in China, against which this study's 129.8 million is set Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria —distinct-from→ World Health Organization (WHO) criteria Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: 'The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria…' The cleanest natural experiment on a definition in the corpus: same people, same day, same laboratory, two answers - and the paper reports both rather than choosing · the relation stated: the two differ by one route to diagnosis - HbA1c - and that single difference moves the national prevalence from 11.2% to 12.8% in the same participants also in: The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria · World Health Organization (WHO) criteria	`concept_edges[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	the new diagnostic criteria —causes→ The increase in prevalence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'The increase in prevalence…' A causal claim about an epidemiological trend whose cause is a committee. 'Partially' is unquantified here and quantified later by the like-for-like WHO series · the relation stated: part of the measured rise in diabetes is attributed to the criteria themselves - lower cut-offs and the addition of HbA1c - rather than to more disease Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the increase COULD ALSO BE PARTIALLY attributable to the new criteria; hedged. also in: the new diagnostic criteria · The increase in prevalence	`concept_edges[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	one reading —same-as→ diabetes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: 'WE CATEGORISED…' An equivalence asserted for operational reasons and disavowed in the same breath - tagged because the paper states it as its own procedure, with the disavowal in the note. The 'what is already known' box generalises it to the whole survey literature · the relation stated: the survey treats a single abnormal measurement as the disease, and says in the same sentence that this overestimates prevalence against clinical practice Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the paper CATEGORISED one reading as diabetes; operationalised-as would fit better than same-as. also in: one reading · diabetes	`concept_edges[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	Inner Mongolia —contrasted-with→ Guizhou province Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: 'In Inner Mongolia…' Worth holding beside the definitional gap: the national figure of 12.8%, which the paper gives elsewhere, describes no province particularly well, and the choice of criteria moves it by about a tenth of the internal range · the relation stated: prevalence runs from 6.2% to 19.9% across provinces under one definition - a threefold spread against the 1.6-point spread between definitions also in: Inner Mongolia · Guizhou province	`concept_edges[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	the Tibetan ethnic group —distinct-from→ the Han ethnic group Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'Compared with the Han…' Four candidate explanations and no way to separate them in a cross-section, which the paper does not claim to do · the relation stated: Tibetan participants had significantly lower diabetes prevalence than the Han reference group, consistent with an earlier survey also in: the Tibetan ethnic group · the Han ethnic group	`concept_edges[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	prenatal exposure to famine —causes→ the risk of hyperglycaemia Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: 'One study showed…' The paper immediately adds 'WHETHER OR NOT…', so this edge carries a lower weight and its own contradiction · the relation stated: prenatal famine exposure is reported to raise hyperglycaemia risk in two generations, which would place the effect in exactly the cohort now aged 50+ Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but attributed: the span reports what 'one study showed'. also in: prenatal exposure to famine · the risk of hyperglycaemia	`concept_edges[5]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concept_edges	urban areas —contrasted-with→ rural areas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: 'the national…' 'Under the same ADA diagnostic criteria' is the clause that makes the comparison legitimate, and this paper attaches it to every historical comparison it makes · the relation stated: since 2013 prevalence rose by 1% in urban and 2.5% in rural China under unchanged criteria, closing a gap that used to run the other way also in: urban areas · rural areas	`concept_edges[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	11.2% of adults had diabetes by WHO criteria and 12.8% by ADA criteria including HbA1c, about 129.8 million people Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE TREND IS PARTLY THE DEFINITION, SAID BY THE PEOPLE MEASURING IT: `The increase in prevalence could also be partially attributable to the new diagnostic criteria, with reduced cut-off points ... and the addition of HbA1c` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE HEADLINE SERIES CROSSES TWO RULERS: `increased from 0.67% using the WHO criteria in 1980 to 10.9% using the ADA criteria in 2013` - with `different sampling methods and screening procedures` in one clause of caveat Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE HONEST SERIES IS PRINTED SEPARATELY: `diagnosed by the WHO criteria ... 9.7% in 2007 and 2010, to 10.4% in 2013, and to 11.2% in this study in 2017` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE SURVEY DEFINITION IS NOT THE CLINICAL ONE: `We categorised one reading as being synonymous with diabetes, which may overestimate the prevalence, compared with clinical practice` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	using 6.5% HbA1c to diagnose diabetes could be controversial because that level was set for the US population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	diabetes prevalence in Inner Mongolia was three times that in Guizhou Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE TWO COMPONENTS OF THE TOTAL MOVE APART: `a continuing increase in self-reported diabetes ... [and] A decrease in the prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes ... under the same WHO diagnostic criteria` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	excluding internal migrant workers, over a sixth of the population and likely lower in diabetes, could lead to overestimation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	identical except that ADA admits `HbA1c >=6.5%` as a route to diagnosis - `The main difference between them is the inclusion of HbA1c in the ADA criteria` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: total diabetes	`content_tags.definitions[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	35.2% of Chinese adults (33.5% to 37.0%), `similar to the 35.7% reported in 2013 with the same ADA diagnostic criteria` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: prediabetes	`content_tags.definitions[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	1.6 percentage points, which on China's adult population is on the order of eighteen million people; the paper's own headcount is 129.8 million on the ADA figure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	1.5 points of real rise over a decade, against 1.6 points of definitional difference in a single year Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	`Although different sampling methods and screening procedures were used between 1980 and 2013, these data show a remarkable increase` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	and Han 12.8% against Hui 6.3% across five ethnicities Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	excluded for `missing information on sex, age, plasma glucose, or HbA1c` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	most criteria papers change a threshold and describe the change; this one runs both definitions over the same 75,880 people and prints 12.8% and 11.2% side by side. The comparison is internally valid in a way no cross-study comparison can be - same participants, same assays, same day Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: a definitional difference reported as a number instead of a caveat	`content_tags.statistics[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	`under the same WHO diagnostic criteria`, `with the same ADA diagnostic criteria`, `using the WHO criteria in 1980 ... using the ADA criteria in 2013`. The phrase appears wherever two numbers are compared, which is the discipline the corpus's other threshold papers mostly lack Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: every historical comparison names the criteria it holds fixed	`content_tags.statistics[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	the single reading `may overestimate the prevalence` and the excluded migrant workers were `more likely to have a lower prevalence` - so `These limitations could lead to an overestimation of diabetes in the population`. A signed uncertainty, which is rarer than an unsigned one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: two biases, one direction	`content_tags.statistics[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	the single variable that separates the two definitions, at a threshold `set for the US population` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: HbA 1c	`content_tags.variables[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	the two variables that move the prevalence further than the choice of criteria does, and that a single national figure averages away Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: province	`content_tags.variables[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.