Equivalent inter- and intramodality long-term priming: Evidence for a common lexicon for words seen and words heard

Equivalent inter- and intramodality long-term priming: Evidence for a common lexicon for words seen and words heard Lukatela Eaton Moreno Turvey

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Equivalent inter- and intramodality long-term priming: Evidence for a common lexicon for words seen and words heard 2007 Memory & Cognition 10.3758/bf03193315 lukatela2007-equivalent-inter-and-intramodality lukatela2007-equivalent-inter-and-intramodality.txt, the project's staged copy 4a1d18085ecde73342a8675075dbb444eda8b343 open-access cognitive-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them null-result Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cross-modal long-term word priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Mixing study modalities within subjects pulls attention toward modality-specific processing and away from word phonology, so at test the stems whose modality matches the prime are the ones completed - manufacturing the apparent intramodal advantage. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Study-to-test carryover runs simultaneously along two dimensions - modality-independent lexical access, which yields the priming, and modality-dependent sensory analysis, which yields the overall performance difference between seeing and hearing. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Priming transfers through activation of a word's phonology, a code common to the word seen and the word heard, so its magnitude is unaffected by which sense delivered the prime. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paper says it cannot say precisely why its results diverge from the conventional finding. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The between-subjects design alone does not explain the contradiction with prior work, since other between-subjects studies did not find equivalence. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The account offered for the within-subjects asymmetry found in Experiment 3 is described as tentative. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an 'identical study' step established that the orientation at study was the same whether words were experienced visually or aurally eliminates: that a cross-modality difference is a difference in how the word was ENCODED rather than in the modality itself · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. experimental and baseline words were randomly interleaved at test eliminates: that the effect is a block or order effect rather than an item effect · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intramodality intramodality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. amodal lexicon amodal lexicon Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. common lexicon common lexicon Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. long-term priming long-term priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. TWO HYPOTHESES BUILT ON AN EFFECT, AND THE EFFECT TURNS OUT TO BE THE DESIGN: `Quotation withheld` Five experiments matching study activities, controlling phonological consistency and moving modality between subjects find `Equal magnitudes`. Kirsner1986, merged earlier today, reports intermodal priming `to a lesser extent than by intramodal` and reasons from it - the corpus now holds the record that builds on the asymmetry and the record that dissolves it, twenty-one years apart Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE CONTROL THAT MAKES IT AN ARTEFACT CLAIM RATHER THAN A FAILED REPLICATION: `A within-subjects experiment yielded the conventional intramodality advantage.` The old effect comes back when the old design is used. That is the strongest form this argument can take: not `we did not find it` but `here is the feature of the design that produces it, and here it is switched back on`. Compare erb2019, where removing a confound removed one of two effects - same logic, opposite direction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE CONCLUSION NAMES BOTH THE STORE AND THE ROUTE: `Quotation withheld` Not merely that the two lexicons are one, but that what reaches it is phonology either way - which is why the experiments controlled whether words were `phonologically consistent`. A positive mechanism offered alongside the negative result, and it is testable: inconsistent words should behave differently, which the paper then examines Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND IT IS THE FOURTH RECORD TODAY WHERE THE INSTRUMENT IS PART OF THE PHENOMENON. Finkbeiner2011: the prime-classification task's difficulty decides what counts as subliminal. erb2019: associative-priming overlap decides whether a congruency sequence effect is control. eckstein2007: which awareness test you use decides whether the prime was seen. Here: whether modality is manipulated within or between subjects decides whether the lexicons look separate. Four paradigms, one shape, and not one of them is a critique paper - all four are ordinary empirical papers that had to clear the ground first Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Morton (1979), hypothesis of separate visual and auditory lexicons Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Pilotti, Gallo, and Roediger (2000, Experiment 3) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Brown et al. (1991), on design-dependence of modality effects Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Priming from a different study modality equalled priming from the same modality, with stem completion, fragment completion and perceptual identification at test. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors conclude that one amodal lexicon serves words seen and words heard, and that implicit word memory rests on modality-independent phonological processing. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Experiment 1 showed equal inter- and intramodal priming, contrary to the standard observation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Experiment 2 found auditory-to-visual and visual-to-auditory transfer equal to each other, and auditory-to-auditory transfer equal to visual-to-visual transfer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The within-subjects design of Experiment 3 favoured same-modality over cross-modality transfer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Priming magnitude in fragment completion did not depend on study modality, but overall fragment completion did. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Level of processing at study did not affect long-term priming, suggesting the study tasks involved the lexicon alike. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. identical study identical study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. modal homogeneity modal homogeneity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. incidental study incidental study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. indirect test indirect test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. gestural phonology gestural phonology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. study modality study modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming condition priming condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stem completion stem completion about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spelling-sound consistency spelling-sound consistency about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ratio of unstudied to studied words at test ratio of unstudied to studied words at test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. .45 / .18 — Experiment 1, visual study-visual test: proportion of stems completed for primed words versus unprimed words Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. .44 / .10 — Experiment 1, auditory study-visual test: proportion of stems completed for primed words versus unprimed words Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. .38 vs .30 (baseline .15) — Experiment 3 (within-subjects design): primed stem completion for visual-to-visual versus auditory-to-visual, against the unprimed baseline Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 6% — size of the auditory-to-auditory advantage over visual-to-auditory in Experiment 5, which was tested separately Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 3.2 of the 26 — average number of critical primed words a participant could recall in the post-test memory check of Experiment 5 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 5:1 — ratio of unstudied to studied words on the test list, set to keep participants unaware of the study-test link Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 85% — share of Experiment 5 participants who said there was a connection between the three tasks Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Forty — number of undergraduates in Experiment 1, ten per group Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 86 — size of the base word pool from which critical, study-filler and test-filler words were drawn Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193315.