Verbal multiword expressions: Idiomaticity and flexibility

Livnat Herzig Sheinfux, Tali Arad Greshler, Nurit Melnik, Shuly Wintner · Representation and parsing of multiword expressions (Language Science Press) · 2019 · linguistics · 10.5281/zenodo.2579035 · record melnik2019-multiword-expressions
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

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Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
transparency 5 fields · false positives 4 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 36 concept tags on this paper, 33 are grounded in a quoted sentence. 25 carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

multiword expression idiom decomposability transparency corpus multiword expressions verbal idioms paraphrasability figuration cranberry idioms transformational deficiency semantic idiomaticity stringent selectional restrictions canonical form flexibility continuum with idioms exhibiting varying degrees of flexibility categorically classified as either flexible or rigid transparent figurative idioms opaque figurative idioms opaque non-figurative idioms transformations syntactic variations argument structure variations lexical insertions lexical substitutions heTenTen 2014 Corpus Query Language morphological features of words logical operators cast a wide net false positives manual inspection of each result occurrence of all types of variation non-canonical instances ascribe to these meaningless words content interaction between the two dimensions the idiom whose common characterization is rigidity is searched for in a twenty-billion-word corpus, chosen because the earlier corpora were too small to distinguish an idiom that cannot vary from one that is simply too rare for its variants to appear idioms are cross-classified on two dimensions at once - figuration, whether a literal meaning can be pictured, and transparency, whether the route from that picture to the idiomatic meaning can be recovered - in place of the single decomposable/non-decomposable cut queries are written in a corpus query language over morphological features - part of speech, lemma, clitic - combined with logical operators, which the authors call particularly important for casting a wide net over non-canonical word orders, discontinuous elements and morphological inflections a query wide enough to catch variants also returns results that are not instances of the idiom, so each result is inspected by hand to remove the false positives the endpoint is switched from frequency to existence: rather than how often each variation occurs, the study verifies that every type of variation occurs at least once for each idiom argument-structure variation is observable in Hebrew because it is carried by combining one consonantal root with different morphological templates the modifier question is split in two: modifications of all types count as variations, while it is the modifier's semantic SCOPE that can provide evidence about whether idiom parts are assigned individual idiomatic meanings Modern Hebrew corpus-analysis

Method, as described: corpus study

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relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
unrecordable relation	`unhoused_relations`	a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2579035. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 6 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 8 · concepts 33 · content_tags 7 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 9 · mechanisms 7 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 18 · unhoused_relations 8

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 5 of 8 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	Verbal multiword expressions - verbal idioms - and the relation between their semantic properties and the syntactic variation they permit. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	Is the behaviour of idioms an idiosyncratic property of each idiom, or a consequence of more general constraints? Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	Replaces decomposability with an alternative categorization that cross-classifies idioms on two dimensions, figuration and transparency. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	critique Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	idiom flexibility is a continuum rather than a two-way split, with every idiom examined showing some flexibility Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	corpus-analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: corpus-analysis	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the idiom whose common characterization is rigidity is searched for in a twenty-billion-word corpus, chosen because the earlier corpora were too small to distinguish an idiom that cannot vary from one that is simply too rare for its variants to appear	`mechanisms[0]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: idioms are cross-classified on two dimensions at once - figuration, whether a literal meaning can be pictured, and transparency, whether the route from that picture to the idiomatic meaning can be recovered - in place of the single decomposable/non-decomposable cut	`mechanisms[1]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: queries are written in a corpus query language over morphological features - part of speech, lemma, clitic - combined with logical operators, which the authors call particularly important for casting a wide net over non-canonical word orders, discontinuous elements and morphological inflections	`mechanisms[2]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: a query wide enough to catch variants also returns results that are not instances of the idiom, so each result is inspected by hand to remove the false positives	`mechanisms[3]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the endpoint is switched from frequency to existence: rather than how often each variation occurs, the study verifies that every type of variation occurs at least once for each idiom	`mechanisms[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: argument-structure variation is observable in Hebrew because it is carried by combining one consonantal root with different morphological templates	`mechanisms[5]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the modifier question is split in two: modifications of all types count as variations, while it is the modifier's semantic SCOPE that can provide evidence about whether idiom parts are assigned individual idiomatic meanings	`mechanisms[6]`	0.9	the tagger's words
limitations	The study reports no quantitative distribution, because the wide-net queries return false positives that only manual inspection can remove. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any rate or distribution of canonical versus variant forms from this study: the authors state they do not present quantitative data, and why	`limitations[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The generalisation rests on a limited set of Hebrew verbal idioms. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: cross-linguistic or general claims about idiom flexibility: the authors bound the generalisation to a limited set of Hebrew verbal idioms	`limitations[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The criterion under critique is described as impressionistic and circular: flexibility is taken as evidence for the very property meant to predict it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: decomposability as an independent predictor of flexibility: the paper states the diagnosis is prone to circularity with the behaviour it predicts	`limitations[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The originating proposal supplied neither precise definitions of its two categories nor a procedure for telling them apart. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the decomposable/non-decomposable split as an operationalised classification: no definitions or decision procedure were given with it	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	An independent corpus study classifying by paraphrase reported the boundary between the two categories as fuzzy. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the decomposable/non-decomposable assignment as sharp: the study that applied it reports the boundary as fuzzy	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	Two psycholinguistic studies of the same construct disagree on whether speakers can apply it reliably. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: 2026-08-16: A RUNNING HEAD IS SPLICED INTO THE MIDDLE OF THIS QUOTE. The staged extraction of this book chapter interleaves its page furniture - '38 2 Verbal multiword expressions: Idiomaticity…' - into the body text, and this span crosses one occurrence. The quote is an exact substring of the staged file and is NOT a sentence of the paper: the words on either side of the head were never continuous. Read the span with the head deleted. Detected by an internal tool, which finds furniture by repetition rather than by shape; the two shape-based finders all-caps, caption) see neither of this chapter's 35 insertions. · what this limits: speaker agreement as established for decomposability: one study found 75% agreement on most items, another classified only 40% of 171 idioms at that threshold	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The rigidity of the field's standard example is shown to depend on corpus size; variation appears only in a very large corpus. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the canonical rigidity of kick the bucket: variation is attestable only in very large corpora, so earlier rigid classifications may reflect corpus size	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The authors' own prediction about cranberry idioms was not borne out, and they say so. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the transparency/figuration hypothesis as confirmed throughout: the cranberry class behaved opposite to the authors' stated expectation	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	Neither proposed dimension accounts for idiom behaviour on its own; the paper attributes the effect to an interaction. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: transparency or figuration singly as a predictor of flexibility: the paper states neither alone accounts for the behaviour	`limitations[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
controls	the rigidity claim was re-checked against a much larger corpus, enTenTen13 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that the idiom looks rigid only because it is RARE - that its apparent fixedness is an artefact of low frequency in a small corpus · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concepts	decomposability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: decomposability	`concepts[2]`		the paper's words
concepts	transparency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: transparency	`concepts[3]`		the paper's words
concepts	multiword expressions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: multiword expressions	`concepts[5]`		the paper's words
concepts	verbal idioms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: verbal idioms	`concepts[6]`		the paper's words
concepts	paraphrasability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: paraphrasability	`concepts[7]`		the paper's words
concepts	figuration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: figuration	`concepts[8]`		the paper's words
concepts	cranberry idioms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cranberry idioms	`concepts[9]`		the paper's words
concepts	transformational deficiency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: transformational deficiency	`concepts[10]`		the paper's words
concepts	semantic idiomaticity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: semantic idiomaticity	`concepts[11]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	stringent selectional restrictions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stringent selectional restrictions	`concepts[12]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	canonical form Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: canonical form	`concepts[13]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	flexibility Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: flexibility	`concepts[14]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	continuum with idioms exhibiting varying degrees of flexibility Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: continuum with idioms exhibiting varying degrees of flexibility	`concepts[15]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	categorically classified as either flexible or rigid Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: categorically classified as either flexible or rigid	`concepts[16]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	transparent figurative idioms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: transparent figurative idioms	`concepts[17]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	opaque figurative idioms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: opaque figurative idioms	`concepts[18]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	opaque non-figurative idioms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: opaque non-figurative idioms	`concepts[19]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	transformations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: transformations	`concepts[20]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	syntactic variations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: syntactic variations	`concepts[21]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	argument structure variations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: argument structure variations	`concepts[22]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	lexical insertions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: lexical insertions	`concepts[23]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	lexical substitutions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: lexical substitutions	`concepts[24]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	heTenTen 2014 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: heTenTen 2014	`concepts[25]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Corpus Query Language Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Corpus Query Language	`concepts[26]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	morphological features of words Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: morphological features of words	`concepts[27]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	logical operators Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: logical operators	`concepts[28]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	cast a wide net Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cast a wide net	`concepts[29]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	false positives Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: false positives	`concepts[30]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	manual inspection of each result Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: manual inspection of each result	`concepts[31]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	occurrence of all types of variation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: occurrence of all types of variation	`concepts[32]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	non-canonical instances Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: non-canonical instances	`concepts[33]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	ascribe to these meaningless words content Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ascribe to these meaningless words content	`concepts[34]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	interaction between the two dimensions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interaction between the two dimensions	`concepts[35]`	0.95	the paper's words
unhoused_relations	ascribe to these meaningless words content → flexibility Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. Speakers' semantic enrichment of meaningless cranberry words makes the idioms more flexible; the paper's 'consequently' cue is not governed by the causes gate, so this claim remains unhoused.	`unhoused_relations[0]`	0.9	the tagger's words
unhoused_relations	cranberry idioms → idiom Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. Cranberry idioms are one of the three idiom categories; taxonomic-member is absent from the edge registry and the gate does not accept the paper's category cue as is-a.	`unhoused_relations[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
unhoused_relations	Corpus Query Language → morphological features of words Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. CQL targets morphological word features; operates-on is absent from the edge registry.	`unhoused_relations[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
unhoused_relations	Corpus Query Language → logical operators Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. CQL uses logical operators; implemented-with is absent from the edge registry.	`unhoused_relations[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
unhoused_relations	cast a wide net → false positives Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. Wide-net retrieval returns non-idiom false positives; retrieval-tradeoff is absent from the edge registry.	`unhoused_relations[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
unhoused_relations	manual inspection of each result → false positives Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. Manual inspection weeds out false positives; removes is absent from the edge registry.	`unhoused_relations[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
unhoused_relations	very large corpora → non-canonical instances Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. Very large corpora are required to attest rare noncanonical idiom forms; prerequisite-for is absent from the edge registry.	`unhoused_relations[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
unhoused_relations	interaction between the two dimensions → behavior of idioms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. The interaction between transparency and figuration accounts for idiom behavior; accounts-for is absent from the edge registry.	`unhoused_relations[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	decomposability - Nunberg et al.'s sense: an idiom whose meaning, once known, can be distributed among its parts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	transparency - the relation between an idiom's literal and idiomatic meaning, which the source proposal explicitly warns must not be confused with decomposability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	paraphrasability - whether the idiom can be paraphrased by a similarly structured phrase, explicitly distinguished from decomposability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	flexibility - the categorical sense inherited from Nunberg et al., on which an idiom is either transformationally productive or transformationally deficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	flexibility - this paper's sense: a continuum, with idioms exhibiting varying degrees rather than falling into two classes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	figuration - the degree to which the idiom can be assigned a literal meaning that conjures a picture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	Semantic idiomaticity - MWE meaning not systematically derivable from independently used parts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Canonical form - the unvaried idiom form contrasted with meaning-preserving transformations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Idiom flexibility - a continuum of degrees rather than a flexible/rigid binary Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Figuration - availability of a comprehensible literal picture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[9]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Transparency / opacity - recoverability of the motivation connecting literal and idiomatic meanings Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[10]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Syntactic variation - altered configuration with lexical material and grammatical functions preserved Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[11]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Argument-structure variation - remapping arguments or changing valence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[12]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Lexical insertion - non-selected material added inside an idiom Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[13]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Lexical substitution - an idiom component replaced while idiomatic meaning remains Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[14]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Wide-net corpus search - high recall for noncanonical idioms at the cost of false positives Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[15]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Occurrence endpoint - verify each variation type at least once rather than estimate its distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[16]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Transparency-figuration interaction - neither dimension alone accounts for idiom behavior Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[17]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → Nunberg et al. (1994) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHICH PROPERTY DETERMINES FLEXIBILITY, AND THE CHALLENGE IS MOUNTED ON TWO SEPARATE GROUNDS THE PAPER NUMBERS ITSELF: 'first due to the fuzziness of the notion of decomposability, and second, in light of empirical investigations in English and in other languages that revealed flexibility within idioms previously classified as non-decomposable.' One ground is about the criterion being unusable, the other about it being wrong where it is usable - and the replacement offered is a pair of graded dimensions, transparency and figuration, rather than a sharper version of the same binary	`claim_relations[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → Nunberg et al. (1994) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHETHER THE CRITERION CAN BE APPLIED INDEPENDENTLY OF WHAT IT PREDICTS. 'determining whether an idiom is decomposable or not is rather impressionistic, and is prone to circularity, where its flexibility is taken as evidence for its decomposability' - so the property that is supposed to PREDICT flexibility is in practice read OFF flexibility	`claim_relations[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → Nunberg et al. (1994) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHICH WAY THE IMPLICATION RUNS. Decomposability was proposed as 'the semantic property of idioms which PREDICTS their behavior', but 'at times this hypothesis is turned around and idiom flexibility is used as a defining property of non-decomposable idioms' - the predictor becomes the definition, at which point the hypothesis cannot fail · about this quote: 2026-08-16: A RUNNING HEAD IS SPLICED INTO THE MIDDLE OF THIS QUOTE. The staged extraction of this book chapter interleaves its page furniture - '40 2 Verbal multiword…' - into the body text, and this span crosses one occurrence. The quote is an exact substring of the staged file and is NOT a sentence of the paper: the words on either side of the head were never continuous. Read the span with the head deleted. Detected by an internal tool, which finds furniture by repetition rather than by shape; the two shape-based finders all-caps, caption) see neither of this chapter's 35 insertions. THE HYPOTHESIS IN THE DIFFERS-IN QUOTE IS NUNBERG ET AL.'S - the sentence before that quote says it 'was proposed by Nunberg et al. (1994)', with the page's running head spliced into that sentence.	`claim_relations[2]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → Riehemann (2001) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHETHER A FUZZY BOUNDARY BLOCKS A CLEAR RESULT. Riehemann classified idioms by whether a similarly structured paraphrase could be found, 'Nevertheless, Quotation withheld. This notwithstanding, her findings show a clear distinction' - canonical forms accounting for about 75% of occurrences of decomposable idioms against 97% of non-decomposable ones. A classification its own author calls fuzzy still separates the data · about this quote: 2026-08-16: A RUNNING HEAD IS SPLICED INTO THE MIDDLE OF THIS QUOTE. The staged extraction of this book chapter interleaves its page furniture - '39 Livnat Herzig Sheinfux, Tali Arad Greshler, Nurit Melnik…' - into the body text, and this span crosses one occurrence. The quote is an exact substring of the staged file and is NOT a sentence of the paper: the words on either side of the head were never continuous. Read the span with the head deleted. Detected by an internal tool, which finds furniture by repetition rather than by shape; the two shape-based finders all-caps, caption) see neither of this chapter's 35 insertions.	`claim_relations[3]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → Riehemann (2001) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHETHER A FUZZY BOUNDARY BLOCKS A CLEAR RESULT. Riehemann classified idioms by whether a similarly structured paraphrase could be found, 'Nevertheless, Quotation withheld. This notwithstanding, her findings show a clear distinction' - canonical forms accounting for about 75% of occurrences of decomposable idioms against 97% of non-decomposable ones. A classification its own author calls fuzzy still separates the data · about this quote: PAGE FURNITURE IS SPLICED INTO THE 'evidence' QUOTE - a page number and the chapter's author running head: '39 Livnat Herzig Sheinfux, Tali Arad Greshler, Nurit Melnik…'. The words on either side of it were never continuous on the page; read the quote with it deleted.	`claim_relations[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → Riehemann (2001) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: 2026-08-16: A RUNNING HEAD IS SPLICED INTO THE MIDDLE OF THIS QUOTE. The staged extraction of this book chapter interleaves its page furniture - '39 Livnat Herzig Sheinfux, Tali Arad Greshler, Nurit Melnik…' - into the body text, and this span crosses one occurrence. The quote is an exact substring of the staged file and is NOT a sentence of the paper: the words on either side of the head were never continuous. Read the span with the head deleted. Detected by an internal tool, which finds furniture by repetition rather than by shape; the two shape-based finders all-caps, caption) see neither of this chapter's 35 insertions.	`claim_relations[5]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	decomposability —distinct-from→ transparency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: decomposability · transparency	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	decomposability —distinct-from→ paraphrasability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: decomposability · paraphrasability	`concept_edges[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	figuration —distinct-from→ transparency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: figuration · transparency	`concept_edges[3]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	syntactic variations —is-a→ transformations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · the relation stated: Quotation withheld 3.2.1 Syntactic variations also in: syntactic variations · transformations	`concept_edges[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	argument structure variations —is-a→ transformations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · the relation stated: Quotation withheld 3.2.1 Syntactic variations also in: argument structure variations · transformations	`concept_edges[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	lexical insertions —is-a→ transformations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · the relation stated: Quotation withheld 3.2.1 Syntactic variations also in: lexical insertions · transformations	`concept_edges[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	lexical substitutions —is-a→ transformations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · the relation stated: Quotation withheld 3.2.1 Syntactic variations also in: lexical substitutions · transformations	`concept_edges[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	continuum with idioms exhibiting varying degrees of flexibility —distinct-from→ categorically classified as either flexible or rigid Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says 'we hypothesize' and 'we envision' the continuum; hedged. also in: continuum with idioms exhibiting varying degrees of flexibility · categorically classified as either flexible or rigid	`concept_edges[9]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	The paper's central question is whether idiom behaviour is idiosyncratic or predictable from general constraints. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	An alternative classification of idioms is proposed, built on transparency and figuration. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · The hypothesis is directional and therefore testable: more transparent and more figurative idioms should bend more. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. EVIDENCE CORRECTED: RE-GROUNDED. The published string was in NEITHER copy of the paper. and the difference is TYPOGRAPHY, not wording: ours carried a line-break hyphen ('an id- iom') and curly quotation marks where the staged body has straight ones. The hyphen is closed by the reader's own check; the quote marks are not, and either alone makes a correct quote unverifiable. The paper states this hypothesis TWICE, verbatim, so the span was extended backwards to the sentence that makes the abstract's occurrence unique.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Idioms are not uniformly rigid; some keep their idiomatic meaning outside their canonical form. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	semantic idiomaticity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: semantic idiomaticity	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	transparency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: transparency	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	figuration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: figuration	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.