standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 4 of 4 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | short chain fatty acids as signalling molecules between the gut microbiota and human metabolism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether short chain fatty acids are the key molecular link between diet, the microbiome and host health, and what the evidence for that actually supports Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | an integrated review of SCFA across gut, liver and periphery which states, as its own finding, that the field has no method to measure SCFA production in humans and that the animal doses behind its mechanisms are far above habitual human intake Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | SCFA produced by saccharolytic fermentation in the colon act on gut epithelium, liver and peripheral tissues along a falling concentration gradient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | butyrate raises intestinal barrier integrity by increasing claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression and redistributing occludin - the tight junction proteins Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | in the liver propionate is gluconeogenic while acetate and butyrate are lipogenic, so the propionate:acetate ratio determines how much colonic carbon reaches lipid stores Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | butyrate is the preferred fuel of the colonocyte and the gut epithelium is where it is sequestered - the paper's own reason for the steep epithelial step in the gradient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | THE PAPER NAMES ITS OWN MECHANISM'S EXCEPTION IN THE NEXT SENTENCE: the `butyrate paradox` - proliferation in healthy colonocytes, apoptosis in transformed ones - is followed immediately by a mouse model where butyrate fuels hyper-proliferation in MSH2-deficient cells and enhances tumour formation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE FIELD HAS NO METHOD TO MEASURE ITS PRIMARY VARIABLE: SCFA production cannot be measured directly in humans, and it is unclear whether stool SCFA output - what is measured instead - is a suitable proxy for luminal production Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the appetite-regulation mechanism cannot be attributed to SCFA at all until such a method exists, which the authors state as a condition rather than a caveat Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the human evidence is associative rather than interventional, so high-level evidence from controlled trials is largely lacking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | there is insufficient evidence to inform any evidence-based clinical or public health intervention using SCFA formulations - stated in the paper's own introduction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | whether oral SCFA feeding in animals, which produces circulating concentrations far above the human normal range, is an appropriate model for human SCFA physiology requires further validation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | whether SCFA play an important role in mucosal maintenance and integrity in HUMAN models is stated by the authors as urgently needing further work Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | dry matter intake, a livestock-nutrition unit, used to convert rodent dietary fibre loadings into a comparable human daily intake Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the animal fibre dose is converted to a human-equivalent intake using national survey data before the animal findings are used Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: an effect produced only by a dose no human diet reaches being read as a statement about human physiology · outcome: failed | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | circulating SCFA concentrations in oral-feeding animal models are compared with the human normal range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a concentration that is pathological in humans being treated as the physiological range · outcome: failed | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the size of colonic propionate production is set against endogenous glucose production before propionate is called gluconeogenic at the whole-body level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a real but negligible flux being reported as a contributor to glucose homeostasis · outcome: held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | SCFA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: SCFA | concepts[0] | 0.85 | the paper's words |
| concepts | butyrate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: butyrate | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | propionate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: propionate | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | biological gradient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: biological gradient | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | cross-talk Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-talk | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | molecular signaling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: molecular signaling | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | acetate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: acetate | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | intestinal barrier function Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: intestinal barrier function | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | high-fiber diets Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: high-fiber diets | concepts[8] | 0.85 | the paper's words |
| concepts | energy harvesting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: energy harvesting | concepts[9] | 0.85 | the paper's words |
| senses | SCFA - AS DEFINED HERE: the primary end-products of fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrate that reach the gut microbiota, and the major flow of carbon from the diet through the microbiome to the host Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | SCFA production - the quantity every claim in this literature is about, and the one with no method behind it in humans; STOOL SCFA OUTPUT is what is measured and its adequacy as a proxy is explicitly unsettled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the biological gradient - SCFA concentration falling from gut lumen to periphery, so `an SCFA effect` is not one quantity but a different exposure in every tissue Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., | alternatives.claim_type | 0.75 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | method: review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: review — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., | alternatives.method | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | phenomenon: how short chain fatty acids are formed by gut microbial fermentation and how they act on host metabolism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: SCFA produced by saccharolytic fermentation in the colon act on gut epithelium, liver and peripheral tissues along a fal — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., | alternatives.phenomenon | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → the animal SCFA literature, on the ground that its fibre loadings translate to 20.9-83.7 g/d for men against a habitual UK intake of 14.7 g/d Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → the human SCFA literature, on the ground that it rests on association rather than intervention and on stool output rather than production Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → the seminal sudden-death-victim measurements of SCFA across the gut epithelium and liver, which this review turns into a general principle about tissue exposure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | cross-talk —same-as→ molecular signaling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · the relation stated: the review names the intricate molecular signalling between gut microbiome and host 'cross-talk', in quotation marks, and uses the metaphor thereafter also in: cross-talk · molecular signaling | concept_edges[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | propionate —distinct-from→ acetate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: metabolic fate in the liver: gluconeogenesis against lipogenesis · the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation): metabolic fate in the liver: gluconeogenesis against lipogenesis · the relation stated: in the liver they have OPPOSITE fates - propionate gluconeogenic, acetate lipogenic - so the two cannot be pooled as 'SCFA' for any metabolic claim also in: propionate · acetate | concept_edges[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | energy harvesting —contrasted-with→ high-fiber diets Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: direction of the predicted effect of fermentation on body weight · the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation): direction of the predicted effect of fermentation on body weight · the relation stated: the energy-harvesting hypothesis predicts SCFA add calories in the obese; the observational human evidence runs the other way and the paper says so
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the energy-harvesting hypothesis is not supported by evidence that high-fiber diets protect against weight gain; contrasted-with is loose. also in: energy harvesting · high-fiber diets | concept_edges[2] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | butyrate —causes→ intestinal barrier function Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · the relation stated: butyrate enhances barrier function through increased claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression and occludin redistribution also in: butyrate · intestinal barrier function | concept_edges[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | SCFA production cannot be measured directly in humans and stool SCFA output, the measurement used instead, is of unestablished adequacy as a proxy for luminal production Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the animal fibre doses behind the SCFA mechanisms translate to 20.9-83.7 g/d for men, against a measured habitual UK intake of 14.7 g/d - even the lowest animal dose is a substantial increase over what people eat Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A strong gradient for each SCFA from gut lumen to periphery gives differing cell and tissue exposure. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a small number of organisms - F. prausnitzii, E. rectale, E. hallii, R. bromii - are responsible for the major fraction of butyrate production Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the energy-harvesting explanation for obesity is not supported by human observational evidence, where high-fibre diets protect against weight gain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Microbiota manipulation is highly likely to affect disease risk, but probiotic studies have been far from convincing on metabolic health and weight management. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the primary end-products of fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates available to the gut microbiota, and the major flow of carbon from diet through microbiome to host Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: short chain fatty acids (SCFA) | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | butyrate induces proliferation in healthy colonocytes but terminal differentiation and apoptosis in transformed cells - a dual role the field has named Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: butyrate paradox | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the proposal that SCFA contribute additional calories through fermentation in the obese, offered as an explanation for additional weight gain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: “energy harvesting” hypothesis | content_tags.definitions[2] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | g/d, mean dietary fibre intake for UK men aged 19-64, against a 20.9-83.7 g/d animal-equivalent supplementation range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | mg/kg/day of propionate for an 85 kg human, against endogenous glucose production of 2.2 mg/kg/min of which about 50% is gluconeogenic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | per cent - the estimated gut-microbiota-derived share of whole-body acetate flux, with the effect of different NDCs on that share largely unknown Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | per cent reduction in serum free fatty acids after rectal infusion of acetate and propionate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | g/d of supplemented fibre, about 5-10% of dry matter intake, needed to induce appetite-regulation effects in the human studies that found them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | normal range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: normal range | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | dietary fiber supplementation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dietary fiber supplementation | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | tissue Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: tissue | content_tags.variables[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | stool SCFA output Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stool SCFA output | content_tags.variables[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.