standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 1 relation here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | massless Dirac fermion transport in graphene Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: experiment | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Carrier mobility in the devices is probably still limited by defects inherited from the parent graphite, so the measured mobility is not intrinsic. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the mobility figures as a property of the material: they were PROBABLY STILL LIMITED BY DEFECTS IN PA[rent graphite], so they bound the sample rather than the substance | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The measured minimum conductivity disagrees with the value most existing theories predict. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the minimum-conductivity result against theory: THERE IS A BROAD THEORETICAL CONSENSUS THAT A 2D GAS OF DIRAC FERMIONS SHOULD EXHIBIT A MINIMUM CONDUCTIVITY OF ABOUT e2/h ... AND MOST THEORIES SUGGEST A VALUE that the measurement does not match | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The description that names the paper stops applying at two layers, and the authors say where. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the massless Dirac description used here: the authors state that in two-layer graphene the fermions exhibit a finite mass | limitations[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The explanation offered for the anomalous conductivity is qualitative and rests on an assumption the paper flags as an assumption. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the account given here of the minimum conductivity: it is explained qualitatively, assuming the absence of localization, by invoking Mott's argument that the mean free path can never be shorter than the carrier wavelength | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The theoretical prediction of the effect arrived from groups who did not know the experiment existed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the agreement between this measurement and theory: the half-integer QHE was suggested by two theory groups stimulated by the authors' earlier work on thin graphite films but unaware of the present experiment | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | graphene charge carriers behave as massless Dirac fermions, letting a condensed-matter experiment probe relativistic QED and cosmology-relevant physics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | the tagger's words | |
| controls | the carrier density measured from the Hall coefficient compared against the value calculated from the device geometry as a parallel-plate capacitor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: an experimental artefact in either route - a measured 7.3e10 and a calculated 7.2e10 cm-2/V have no common failure mode, so their agreement is not an assumption either one makes · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | Dirac fermion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Dirac fermion | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | rest mass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: rest mass | concepts[4] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | cyclotron mass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cyclotron mass | concepts[5] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | pseudospin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE TERM IS NOT IN THE QUOTE - the quote's 'The latter' are the pseudospins named in the sentence just before it ('in the case of graphene it refers to “pseudospins”'). That sentence is not quoted because a displaced formula runs through it. also in: pseudospin | concepts[6] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | Dirac equation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Dirac equation | concepts[7] | the paper's words | |
| senses | mass - TWO MASSES, ONE ZERO AND ONE NOT, IN THE SAME PARTICLE: the linear spectrum implies zero rest mass while the cyclotron mass is explicitly not zero, so a tag reading 'mass = 0' and one reading 'mass is not 0' are both correct here and neither is usable without saying which mass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the plus-or-minus sign - SPINS IN QED, PSEUDOSPINS IN GRAPHENE: the authors carry a formula across from quantum electrodynamics and then state that the quantity it indexes here has nothing to do with real spin, its origin being the two carbon sublattices Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | Dirac fermion - BY MIMICRY, NOT BY IDENTITY: the charge carriers are said to MIMIC relativistic particles with zero mass, under a Dirac equation borrowed from relativistic physics, with an effective speed of light the paper itself puts in scare quotes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → the Dirac equation (relativistic quantum mechanics / particle physics) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Mott's argument on the minimum mean free path in a metal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → the Atiyah-Singer index theorem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Berry's phase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | rest mass —distinct-from→ cyclotron mass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: rest mass · cyclotron mass | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | c* ≈ 10^6 m/s — effective speed of light of massless charge carriers in graphene Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | half-integer — anomalous filling factors of the graphene quantum Hall effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | π — Berry phase shift exhibited by the Dirac fermions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In graphene, electron transport is governed by the DIRAC equation: charge carriers behave as massless relativistic particles with effective speed c*≈10^6 m/s — a 2D gas of Dirac fermions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous, occurring at half-integer filling factors, and graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Hall conductivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Hall conductivity | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | massless Dirac fermions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: massless Dirac fermions | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | quantum Hall effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: quantum Hall effect | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.