On r-Compactness in Topological and Bitopological Spaces

On r-Compactness in Topological and Bitopological Spaces

Abstract

Abstract object_of_studycontributionclaim_typeconcepts↗This paper defines the so-called pairwise r-compactness in topological and bitopological spaces. In particular, several inferred properties of the r-compact spaces and their connections with other topological and bitopological spaces are studied theoretically. As a result, several novel theorems of the r-compact space are generalized on the pairwise r-compact space. The results established in this research paper are new in the field of topology. Keywords: pairwise compact space; pairwise r-compact space; pairwise extremely disconnected space; bitopological space MSC: 54D30; 54A05

1. Introduction

concepts↗concepts↗claim_relationsCompactness possesses a really vital input in topology and so do a few of its lower and more grounded types. One of such types is H-close in which the hypothesis of these spaces was presented in 1929 by P. S. Alexandroff and his colleague [1]. In 1969, M. K. Singal and A. Aathur presented nearly compact spaces [2]. In 1976, T. Thompson presented a different kind of compact space called the s-compact space [3]. Once in a while, a few additional types of compactness have been investigated [4,5]. In recent time, V. V. Tkachuk provided in [6] a self-contained introduction to Cp-theory and general topology, including a unique problem-based introduction to the theory of function spaces and many results and methods related to the Cp-thoery. At the same time, H. H. Kadhem proposed in [7] a new type of compact spaces called an r-compact space, where a topological space ( 𝑋 , 𝜏 ) is said to be an r-compact space if every regular open cover of X has a finite subfamily whose closures cover X. In this article, we introduce several novel theorems of weaker kind related to the compact spaces specified by the r-compact space, a generalization that concerns the pairwise r-compact space.

claim_relationscontent_tags↗The bitopological space subject might be written as 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) , where 𝛾 1 and 𝛾 2 are two topologies defined on Z [8]. This concept is connected with a former investigation that was carried out on bitopological spaces so that each topology can be defined as a set of points that possesses nearby related points and satisfies specific axioms. In [9], Kelly defined each of the pairwise normal, pairwise Hausdorff and pairwise regular spaces with some conventional theorems indicated by Tietze’s extension. An additional work in the bitopological space field was performed by Kim in [10]. In [11], the concept of ( 𝛼 − 𝛽 ) -level spaces was defined by taking into account the fuzzy bitopological space concept. As a consequence of that work, a fuzzy ( 𝛼 − 𝛽 ) of a bitopological Hausdorff space was defined and the notion of a fuzzy ( 𝛼 − 𝛽 ) ∗ of a bitopological Hausdorff space was established using the ( 𝛼 − 𝛽 ) ∗ disjoint sets. In [12], with the help of an extended Pythagorean fuzzy topological space, the Pythagorean fuzzy bitopological space was defined, and several notions were accordingly inferred related to the pairwise Pythagorean fuzzy topological spaces coupled with several relations of their characteristics. In [13], the compact ultrametrics’ range sets were described in regard to its order type. The expandability, near expandability and feeble expandability of a bitopological space were explained by Oudetallah in [14,15,16].

research_questionconcepts↗sensesclaim_relationsThe primary objective of this work is to present and examine a novel kind of pairwise compact spaces, which is the so-called pairwise r-compact space (or simply the p-r-compact space). Accordingly, we derive several novel results related to the r-compact space that represent generalizations of their corresponding results from the pairwise r-compact space.

2. Preliminary

In this section, we aim to pave the way to our main results by recalling several significant definitions and facts.

If A ⊆ Z and (Z,γ) is a topological space, then it is said that:

concepts↗concepts↗sensescontent_tags↗content_tags↗1. A is a regular open set in Z if A = 𝐴 ¯ 𝑜 . 2. A is a regular closed set in Z iff A = 𝐴 𝑜 ¯ . 3. There exists an open set U such that U ⊆ A ⊆ 𝑈 ¯ iff A is a semiopen set in Z.

Suppose ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a bitopological space so that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑍 , then it is said that:

1. A is a pairwise regular open set if 𝐴 = 𝐼 𝑛 𝑡 𝛾 1 ( 𝐶 𝐿 𝛾 1 ( 𝐴 ) ) and 𝐴 = 𝐼 𝑛 𝑡 𝛾 2 ( 𝐶 𝐿 𝛾 2 ( 𝐴 ) ) . 2. A is a pairwise regular closed set if 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝐿 𝛾 1 ( 𝐼 𝑛 𝑡 𝛾 1 ( 𝐴 ) ) and 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝐿 𝛾 2 ( 𝐼 𝑛 𝑡 𝛾 2 ( 𝐴 ) ) . 3. A is a pairwise semiopen set if ∃ an open set u such that 𝑢 𝛾 1 ⊆ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐶 𝐿 𝛾 1 ( 𝑢 ) and 𝑢 𝛾 2 ⊆ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐶 𝐿 𝛾 2 ( 𝑢 ) .

Suppose ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a bitopological space so that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑍 , then:

1. A is called a pairwise regular closed set if 𝑍 − 𝐴 is a pairwise regular open set. 2. A is called a pairwise regular open set if 𝑍 − 𝐴 is a pairwise regular closed set.

Let ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) be a bitopological space, then every pairwise open set is a pairwise semiopen set.

Assume A is a pairwise regular open set, so 𝐼 𝑛 𝑡 𝛾 𝑖 ( 𝐴 ) ⊆ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐶 𝐿 𝛾 𝑖 ( 𝐴 ) , ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . Consequently, 𝑢 ⊆ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐶 𝐿 𝛾 𝑖 ( 𝑢 ) , so A is a pairwise semiopen set, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . □

mechanisms↗content_tags↗content_tags↗A space 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is called a pairwise r-compact if every regular open cover of Z possesses a finite subfamily for which its closures cover Z.

concepts↗concepts↗content_tags↗([17]). Let ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) be a topological space, then Z is said to be extremely disconnected if for every open set A in Z, 𝐴 ¯ is a clopen set in Z.

concepts↗([17]). Let ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) be a bitopological space, then Z is said to be pairwise extremely disconnected if for each 𝛾 𝑖 -open set in Z, 𝐴 ¯ is a 𝛾 𝑖 -open set in Z, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

concepts↗content_tags↗([17]). A topological space ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is called quasi H-closed if every open cover of Z possesses a finite subfamily for which its closures cover Z.

A bitopological space 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is called pairwise quasi H-closed if every 𝛾 𝑖 -open cover of Z possesses a finite subfamily for which its closures cover Z, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

concepts↗sensescontent_tags↗A space ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is said to be a nearly compact space if every open cover possesses a finite subfamily such that the interiors of its closures cover Z.

A bitopological space 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is called a pairwise nearly compact space if every 𝛾 𝑖 -open cover of Z possesses a finite subfamily such that the interiors of its closures cover Z, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

concepts↗content_tags↗A space ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is called S-closed if every semiopen cover of Z possesses a finite subfamily for which its closures cover Z.

A bitopological space 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is called pairwise S-closed if every 𝛾 𝑖 -semiopen cover of Z possesses a finite subfamily for which its closures cover Z, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

3. Main Results

In this part, different new theorems and properties of the r-compact spaces coupled with their relations with other topological and bitopological spaces are presented. In other words, we present in what follows the main results of this work.

concepts↗concept_edgescontent_tagsIf 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is compact, then it is an r-compact space.

method↗Assume that Z is a compact space and suppose that { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a regular open cover of Z. Now, as Z is a compact space, ∃ 𝜔 𝛼 1 , ⋯ , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 . Since 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 is a regular open set in Z for each 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ Ω and for each 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , then 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 for each 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ Ω and for each 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 . Hence, we have: 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 . (1) Now, since 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑍 for each 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ Ω and for each 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , we obtain: ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑍 . (2) Consequently, by using (1) and (2), we obtain that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 , and therefore, Z is r-compact space. □

Every pairwise compact space is a pairwise r-compact space.

limitationsSuppose 𝑖 = 1 , 2 , Z is a pairwise compact space and { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open cover of Z. Since Z is a pairwise compact space, ∃ 𝜔 𝛼 1 , ⋯ , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 . Since 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 is a 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open set in Z for each 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ Ω and for each 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 for each 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ Ω and for each 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 . Hence, we have: 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 . (3) Since 𝜔 𝛼 ⊆ 𝑍 for each 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ Ω and for each 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , we have: ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑍 . (4) Now, by using (3) and (4), we obtain that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 , and therefore Z is a pairwise r-compact space. □

concept_edgescontent_tagsIf 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is nearly compact, then it is an r-compact space.

Assume that Z is a nearly compact space and suppose that { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a regular open cover of Z. Then, { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is an open cover of Z. Now, as Z is a nearly compact space, ∃ 𝜔 𝛼 1 , ⋯ , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 . Since ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 , we can assert: 𝑍 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 . (5) In the same regard, since 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑍 for each 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ Ω and for each 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , we have: ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑍 . (6) As a result, from (5) and (6), we obtain that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 , and thus Z is an r-compact space. □

Every pairwise nearly compact space is a pairwise r-compact space.

Assume that 𝑖 = 1 , 2 , Z is a pairwise nearly compact space and suppose that { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a 𝛾 𝑖 regular open cover of Z. Thus, { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a 𝛾 𝑖 open cover of Z. Now, as Z is a nearly compact space, ∃ 𝜔 𝛼 1 , ⋯ , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 . Since ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 , we can confirm: 𝑍 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 . (7) In addition, since 𝜔 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑍 for each 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ Ω and for each 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , we have: ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑍 . (8) Now, based on (7) and (8), we obtain that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 , and hence Z is a pairwise r-compact space. □

concept_edgesIf 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is a quasi H-closed space, then it is an r-compact space.

Assume that Z is a quasi H-closed space and suppose that { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a regular open cover of Z. Therefore, { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is an open cover of Z. Accordingly, as Z is quasi H-closed, ∃ 𝜔 𝛼 1 , ⋯ , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 . Thus, Z is an r-compact space. □

Every pairwise quasi H-closed space is a pairwise r-compact space.

Assume that Z is a pairwise quasi H-closed space and suppose that { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a 𝛾 𝑖 regular open cover of Z. Hence, { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a 𝛾 𝑖 open cover of Z. As Z is pairwise quasi H-closed, ∃ 𝜔 𝛼 1 , ⋯ , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝜔 ¯ 𝛼 𝑘 . Thus, Z is a pairwise r-compact space. □

concept_edgesIf 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is an S-closed space, then it is an r-compact space.

Assume that Z is an S-closed space and suppose that { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a regular open cover of Z. Thus, 𝜈 𝛼 is a semiopen set, and { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a semiopen cover of Z. As Z is an S-closed space, ∃ 𝛾 - 𝜔 𝛼 1 , 𝜔 𝛼 2 , ⋯ , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑖 = 1 𝑛 𝜈 ¯ 𝛼 𝑖 . Thus, Z is an r-compact space. □

Every pairwise S-closed space is a pairwise r-compact space.

Assume that 𝑖 = 1 , 2 , Z is a pairwise S-closed space and suppose that { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open cover of Z. Thus, 𝜈 𝛼 is 𝛾 𝑖 -semiopen set, and { 𝜔 𝛼 | 𝛼 ∈ Ω } is a 𝛾 𝑖 semiopen cover of Z. Now, since Z is a pairwise S-closed, there exist 𝛾 𝑖 - 𝜔 𝛼 1 , 𝜔 𝛼 2 , ⋯ , 𝜔 𝛼 𝑛 such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑖 = 1 𝑛 𝜈 ¯ 𝛼 𝑖 , and thus, Z is a pairwise r-compact space. □

Next, in light of the extremely disconnected space definition, we intend to state and prove the following results.

phenomenonlimitationsunhoused_relationsconcept_edgesIf 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is an extremely disconnected space, then the statements below are equivalent:

content_tags1. Z is r-compact. 2. Z is nearly compact. 3. Z is quasi-H-closed.

mechanisms↗1 → 2 : Suppose 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } is a open cover of Z. As Z is a pairwise r-compact space, ∃ 𝐵 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 } for which 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ and 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ 𝑈 , ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 . Moreover, since Z is an extremely disconnected space, 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ is an open set, ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 . Therefore, 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ 𝑜 = 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ , and so 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 . Thus, 𝑢 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 forms a subfamily of interior sets covered by Z, and therefore Z is nearly compact. 2 → 3 : Assume that 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is nearly compact. Suppose 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } is a open cover of Z. Now, as Z is nearly compact, ∃ a finite subfamily 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 and 𝑍 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ 𝑜 . Nevertheless, ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 and ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ , we have 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ 𝑜 ∈ 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ . Thus, 𝑍 ∈ 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ 𝑜 ∈ 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ , and so there exists a subfamily 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 of 𝑈 ∼ whose closures cover Z. Therefore, Z is a quasi-H-closed space. 3 → 1 : Suppose Z is quasi-H-closed. Assume that 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } is a cover of Z, where 𝑢 𝛼 is a regular open set. Now, since Z is a quasi-H-closed space, 𝑈 ∼ has a finite subfamily 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 such that 𝑍 ∈ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ . Hence, Z is an r-compact space.

□

If 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a pairwise extremely disconnected space, then the statements below are equivalent:

1. Z is pairwise r-compact. 2. Z is pairwise nearly compact. 3. Z is pairwise quasi-H-closed.

1 → 2 : Assume that 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } is a 𝛾 𝑖 -open cover of Z, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . Since Z is a pairwise r-compact space, ∃ 𝐵 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 𝑛 } such that 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ and 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ∈ 𝑈 , ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 . Furthermore, since Z is a pairwise extremely disconnected space, 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ is an open set, ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 . Consequently, we obtain 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ 𝑜 = 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ , and so 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 . This implies 𝑢 ¯ 𝑜 𝛼 𝑘 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 form a subfamily of interior sets that cover Z, and therefore Z is pairwise nearly compact. 2 → 3 : Suppose that 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is pairwise nearly compact. Assume that 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } is a 𝛾 𝑖 -open cover of Z, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . Since Z is pairwise nearly compact, there exists a 𝛾 𝑖 -finite subfamily 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 and 𝑍 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ 𝑜 . Nevertheless, ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 and ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ , we have 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ 𝑜 ∈ 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ . Thus, 𝑍 ∈ 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ 𝑜 ∈ 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ , and so ∃ a subfamily 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 of 𝑈 ∼ whose closures cover Z. Hence, Z is a pairwise quasi-H-closed space. 3 → 1 : Suppose Z is pairwise quasi-H-closed. Let 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ }, where 𝑢 𝛼 is a regular open set, be a 𝛾 𝑖 -cover of Z, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . Now, since Z is a pairwise quasi-H-closed space, 𝑈 ∼ has a 𝛾 𝑖 finite subfamily 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 such that 𝑍 ∈ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ . So, Z is a pairwise r-compact space.

□

concepts↗content_tagsLet 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) be an r-compact and extremely disconnected space, then every closed subspace of Z is r-compact.

Suppose 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is an r-compact and extremely disconnected space and let ( 𝐴 , 𝛾 𝐴 ) be a subspace of Z. First, to show A is r-compact, we assume that 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } is a regular open cover of A. This implies 𝑢 𝛼 ¯ 𝑜 = 𝑢 𝛼 , ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ and 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 . Now, 𝑍 = 𝐴 ∪ ( 𝑍 − 𝐴 ) , and so 𝑍 ⊆ ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ∪ ( 𝑍 − 𝐴 ) . In this regard, 𝑍 − 𝐴 is open in Z and Z is extremely disconnected. Then, 𝑍 − 𝐴 is a clopen set in Z, and therefore, 𝑍 − 𝐴 ¯ 𝑜 = 𝑍 − 𝐴 . Consequently, 𝑍 − 𝐴 is a regular open set, hence 𝑈 ∼ ∗ = 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ , 𝑍 − 𝐴 forms a regular open cover of Z. In addition, since Z is an r-compact space, then 𝑈 ∼ ∗ has a finite subfamily of the form 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , 𝑍 − 𝐴 such that 𝑍 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ ∪ 𝑍 − 𝐴 ¯ . Now, 𝑍 − 𝐴 ¯ covers 𝑍 − 𝐴 , and so 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ . Thus, 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 is a finite subfamily of 𝑈 ∼ whose closures cover A. Hence, A is r-compact. □

Let 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) be a pairwise r-compact and a pairwise extremely disconnected space, then every closed subspace of Z is pairwise r-compact.

Suppose 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a pairwise r-compact and pairwise extremely disconnected space and let ( 𝐴 , 𝛾 1 𝐴 , 𝛾 2 𝐴 ) be a subspace of Z. Herein, to show A is pairwise r-compact, we assume that 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } is a 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open cover of A, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . This gives 𝑢 𝛼 ¯ 𝑜 = 𝑢 𝛼 , ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ and 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 . Now, 𝑍 = 𝐴 ∪ ( 𝑍 − 𝐴 ) , and so 𝑍 ⊆ ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ∪ ( 𝑍 − 𝐴 ) . In this respect, 𝑍 − 𝐴 is 𝛾 𝑖 -open in Z and Z is pairwise extremely disconnected. Therefore, 𝑍 − 𝐴 is a 𝛾 𝑖 -clopen set in Z, and then 𝑍 − 𝐴 ¯ 𝑜 = 𝑍 − 𝐴 . Thus, 𝑍 − 𝐴 is a 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open set, and 𝑈 ∼ ∗ = 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ , 𝑍 − 𝐴 form a regular 𝛾 𝑖 -open cover of Z. Moreover, as Z is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-compact space, 𝑈 ∼ ∗ has a 𝛾 𝑖 -finite subfamily of the type 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 such that 𝑍 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ ∪ 𝑍 − 𝐴 ¯ . Now, 𝑍 − 𝐴 ¯ covers 𝑍 − 𝐴 , so 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ¯ . Thus, 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 : 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 is a 𝛾 𝑖 -finite subfamily of 𝑈 ∼ whose closures cover A. Hence, A is pairwise r-compact. □

Assume that 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is a topological space, then Z is called:

concepts↗concepts↗1. An r- 𝑇 𝑜 -space if ∀ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 in Z, ∃ a regular open set that includes one of them but not both. 2. An r- 𝑇 1 -space if ∀ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 in Z, ∃ two regular open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑦 so that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∉ 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑥 ∉ 𝑣 𝑦 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝑣 𝑦 . 3. An r- 𝑇 2 -space if ∀ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 in Z, ∃ two disjoint regular open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑦 so that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 ∈ 𝑣 𝑦 . 4. An r-regular space if ∀ 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 and A a closed set in Z, ∃ two disjoint regular open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑦 so that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝑦 . 5. An r- 𝑇 3 -space if Z is an r- 𝑇 1 -space and an r-regular space. 6. An r-normal space if for every two disjoint closed sets A and B in Z, ∃ two disjoint regular open sets 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝑣 𝐵 so that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐵 . 7. An r- 𝑇 4 -space if Z is an r-normal space and an r- 𝑇 1 space.

Assume that 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a bitopological space, then Z is called:

1. A pairwise r- 𝑇 𝑜 -space if ∀ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 in Z, ∃ a 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open set that includes one of them but not both. 2. A pairwise r- 𝑇 1 -space if ∀ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 in Z, ∃ two 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑦 so that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∉ 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑥 ∉ 𝑣 𝑦 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝑣 𝑦 . 3. A pairwise r- 𝑇 2 -space if ∀ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 in Z, ∃ two disjoint 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑦 so that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 ∈ 𝑣 𝑦 . 4. A pairwise r-regular space if ∀ 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 and A a 𝛾 𝑖 -closed set in Z, ∃ two disjoint 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑦 so that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝑦 . 5. A pairwise r- 𝑇 3 -space if Z is a pairwise r- 𝑇 1 space and a pairwise r-regular space. 6. A pairwise r-normal space if for every two disjoint 𝛾 𝑖 -closed sets A and B in Z, ∃ two disjoint 𝛾 𝑖 -regular open sets 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝑣 𝐵 so that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐵 . 7. A pairwise r- 𝑇 4 -space if Z is a pairwise r-normal space and a pairwise r- 𝑇 1 space.

If A is an r-compact subset in a r- 𝑇 2 -space, then ∀ 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 , ∃ two disjoint r-open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝐴 so that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 .

For all 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , we have 𝑎 ≠ 𝑥 . Now, since 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 and Z is an r- 𝑇 2 -space, ∃ two r-open sets 𝑢 𝑥 ( 𝑎 ) and 𝑣 ( 𝑎 ) for which 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 ( 𝑎 ) , 𝑎 ∈ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 ) and 𝑢 𝑥 ( 𝑎 ) ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 ) = 𝜙 . Now, 𝑉 ∼ = { 𝑣 ( 𝑎 ) : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 } forms an r-open cover of A. However, A is r-compact, and thus 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) . So, for all v-open sets 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) , 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , ∃ a corresponding open set 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) , such that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) and 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 as Z is an r- 𝑇 2 -space. Now, let 𝑈 ∼ = ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) . Then, u is an r-open set in Z whereby 𝑢 ∪ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 , ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 . Hence, 𝑢 ⊆ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) implies that 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) ⊆ 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 , and therefore, ( 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 1 ) ) ∪ ( 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 2 ) ) ∪ ⋯ ∪ ( 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑛 ) ) = 𝜙 . Thus, 𝑢 ∩ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 . Assume that 𝑟 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) . Thus, v is an r-open set in Z with 𝐴 ∈ 𝑟 , and so the result holds. □

If A is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-compact subset in a pairwise r- 𝑇 2 -space, then ∀ 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 , ∃ two disjoint 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝐴 such that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 .

Let 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . For all 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , we get 𝑎 ≠ 𝑥 . Since 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 and Z is a pairwise r- 𝑇 2 -space, ∃ two 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open sets 𝑢 𝑥 ( 𝑎 ) and 𝑣 ( 𝑎 ) for which 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 ( 𝑎 ) , 𝑎 ∈ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 ) and 𝑢 𝑥 ( 𝑎 ) ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 ) = 𝜙 . Now, 𝑉 ∼ = { 𝑣 ( 𝑎 ) : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 } forms a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open cover of A. However, A is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-compact, and thus 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) . Thus, ∀ 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open sets 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) , 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , ∃ a corresponding 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) for which 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) and 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 because Z is a pairwise r- 𝑇 2 -space. Now, let 𝑈 ∼ = ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) . Then, u is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set in Z with 𝑢 ∪ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 , ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 . Hence, 𝑢 ⊆ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) implies that 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) ⊆ 𝑢 𝑎 𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 , and therefore, ( 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 1 ) ) ∪ ( 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 2 ) ) ∪ ⋯ ∪ ( 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑛 ) ) = 𝜙 . Thus, 𝑢 ∩ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 . Now, if one lets 𝑟 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 ( 𝑎 𝑘 ) , then r is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set in Z and 𝐴 ∈ 𝑟 , and so the result holds. □

If A and B are two disjoint r-compact subsets of an r- 𝑇 2 -space 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) , then ∃ two disjoint r-open sets 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝑣 𝐵 so that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐵 .

Note that 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 because 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝜙 . Therefore, by Theorem 15, ∃ two r-open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑦 in Z for which 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝛼 , 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝛼 and 𝑢 𝛼 ∩ 𝑣 𝛼 = 𝜙 . Now, 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } forms an r-open cover of A. However, A is an r-compact space, and so 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 . Now, if one lets 𝑢 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 , then u is r-open in Z, and hence we have: 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 . (9) Now, ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , we have an r-open set 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 that corresponds to an r-open set 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 so that 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 . Thus, 𝐵 ⊆ ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 . If one lets 𝑣 = ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 , then v is an r-open set such that 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 . (10) Now, ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , we have 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ∩ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 = 𝜙 . Thus, ( ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ) ∩ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 = 𝜙 . Consequently, since ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 , 𝑢 ∩ ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ ( 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 . Therefore, 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ⊆ 𝜙 , hence we have: 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 = 𝜙 . (11) Consequently, by (9)–(11), the result holds. □

If A and B are two disjoint 𝛾 𝑖 -r-compact subsets of a pairwise r- 𝑇 2 -space 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) , then ∃ two disjoint 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open sets 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝑣 𝐵 so that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐵 .

Let 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . For all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 because 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝜙 . Therefore, by Theorem 15, ∃ two r-open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑦 in Z for which 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝛼 , 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝛼 and 𝑢 𝛼 ∩ 𝑣 𝛼 = 𝜙 . Now, 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } forms an pairwise r-open cover of A. However, A is an r-compact space, and so 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 . If one lets 𝑢 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 , then u is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open in Z, and hence we have: 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 . (12) Now, ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , we have a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 that corresponds to a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 for which 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 . Thus, 𝐵 ⊆ ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 . Now, if one lets 𝑣 = ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 , then v is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set, and hence we have: 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 . (13) Now, ∀ 𝑘 = 1 , ⋯ , 𝑛 , we have 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ∩ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 = 𝜙 . So, ( ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝛼 𝑘 ) ∩ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 = 𝜙 . Immediately, since ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 , 𝑢 ∩ ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 ⊆ ( 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 𝛼 𝑘 ) = 𝜙 . Therefore, 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 ⊆ 𝜙 , and hence we have: 𝑢 ∩ 𝑣 = 𝜙 . (14) Consequently, by (12), (13) and (14), the result holds. □

content_tagsIf 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is an r-compact, r- 𝑇 2 - and r-extremely disconnected space, then Z is an r- 𝑇 4 -space.

Assume that 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is an r-compact and r- 𝑇 2 -space, then it is clearly r- 𝑇 1 -space. Now, assume that A and B are two r-closed subsets in Z, in which 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝜙 . As Z is an r-compact space, then, by Theorem 13, A and B are r-compact subsets in the r- 𝑇 2 -space Z. Thus, by Theorem 17, ∃ two r-open sets 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝑣 𝐵 for which 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 , 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐵 and 𝑢 𝐴 ∩ 𝑣 𝐵 = 𝜙 . Thus, Z is an r- 𝑇 4 -space. □

If 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a pairwise r-compact, pairwise r- 𝑇 2 - and pairwise r-extremely disconnected space, then Z is a pairwise r- 𝑇 4 -space.

Suppose 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a pairwise r-compact and pairwise r- 𝑇 2 -space, then it is clearly pairwise r- 𝑇 1 -space. Now, assume that A and B are two 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed subsets in Z in which 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝜙 , ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . Since Z is a pairwise r-compact space, by Theorem 13, A and B are two 𝛾 𝑖 -r-compact subsets in the pairwise r- 𝑇 2 -space Z. Thus, by Theorem 17, ∃ two 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open sets 𝑢 𝐴 and 𝑣 𝐵 for which 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 , 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐵 and 𝑢 𝐴 ∩ 𝑣 𝐵 = 𝜙 . Hence, Z is a pairwise r- 𝑇 4 -space. □

Let 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) be an r- 𝑇 2 - and r-extremely disconnected space, then every subset in Z is a closed set.

Assume that A is an r-compact subset of Z. Now, if one lets 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 , then by Theorem 14, ∃ two r-open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝐴 such that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 , 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 and 𝑢 𝑥 ∩ 𝑣 𝐴 = 𝜙 . Thus, 𝑢 ⊆ ( 𝑣 𝐴 ) ∁ . Moreover, since 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 implies that 𝑣 ∁ ⊆ 𝐴 ∁ , then 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 ⊆ 𝑣 ∁ ⊂ 𝐴 ∁ , and so u is an r-open set. Hence, 𝐴 ∁ is an r-open set, and so A is an r-closed set. □

Let 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) be a pairwise r- 𝑇 2 - and a pairwise r-extremely disconnected space, then every subset in Z is a 𝛾 𝑖 -closed set.

Assume that A is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-compact subset of Z. Let 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 . Then, by Theorem 15, ∃ two 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open sets 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝐴 for which 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 , 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 and 𝑢 𝑥 ∩ 𝑣 𝐴 = 𝜙 . Thus, 𝑢 ⊆ ( 𝑣 𝐴 ) ∁ and since 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 implies that 𝑣 ∁ ⊆ 𝐴 ∁ , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝑥 ⊆ 𝑣 ∁ ⊂ 𝐴 ∁ . Now, since u is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set, 𝐴 ∁ is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set as well. Therefore, A is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed set, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . □

If 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is an r-compact, r- 𝑇 2 - and r-extremely disconnected space, then every subset of Z is r-compact if and only if it is an r-closed set.

⇒ ) Assume that A is an r-compact subset of Z, then by Theorem 20, A is an r-closed set.

⇐ ) Assume that A is an r-closed set in an r-compact r- 𝑇 2 -extremely disconnected space, then, by Theorem 12, A is r-compact. □

If 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a pairwise r-compact, pairwise r- 𝑇 2 - and pairwise r-extremely disconnected space, then every 𝛾 𝑖 -subset of Z is pairwise r-compact if and only if it is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed set, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

⇒ ) Assume that A is a pairwise r-compact subset of Z, then by Theorem 21, A is a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed set, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

⇐ ) Assume that A is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed in a pairwise r-compact, pairwise r- 𝑇 2 -extremely disconnected space, then, by Theorem 12, A is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-compact, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . □

Let 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) be an r- 𝑇 3 -extremely disconnected space. If A is a subset in Z such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 , for some r-open set 𝑢 𝐴 in Z, then ∃ an r-open set 𝑣 𝐴 in Z in which: 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 ¯ ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 .

For all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝐴 , we have Z is r-regular space. This implies that ∃ an r-open set 𝑣 𝑥 for which: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑣 𝑥 ⊆ 𝑣 𝑥 ¯ ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 . (15) Now, 𝑉 ∼ = { 𝑣 ( 𝑥 ) : 𝑥 ∈ Λ } forms an r-open cover of A, and because A is r-compact, 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝑥 𝑘 . Thus, from (15), we have: 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝑥 𝑘 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝑥 𝑘 ¯ ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 . Now, if one lets 𝑣 𝐴 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝑥 𝑘 , then we get: 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 ¯ ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 . □

Let 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) be a pairwise r- 𝑇 3 -extremely disconnected space. If A is a subset in Z such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 , for some 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set 𝑢 𝐴 in Z, then ∃ a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set 𝑣 𝐴 in Z in which: 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 ¯ ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 , ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

For all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑢 𝐴 , we have Z is a pairwise r-regular space. This consequently implies that ∃ a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open set 𝑣 𝑥 in which: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑣 𝑥 ⊆ 𝑣 𝑥 ¯ ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 . (16) Now, 𝑉 ∼ = { 𝑣 ( 𝑥 ) : 𝑥 ∈ Λ } forms a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open cover of A, and because A is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-compact, 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝑥 𝑘 , ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 . Thus, based on (16), we have: 𝐴 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝑥 𝑘 ⊆ ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝑥 𝑘 ¯ ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 . Now, if one lets 𝑣 𝐴 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑣 𝑥 𝑘 , then we get: 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑣 𝐴 ¯ ⊆ 𝑢 𝐴 . □

Let 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) be a bitopological space and 𝐴 ∼ be a family of 𝛾 𝑖 subsets of Z. Then, it is said that 𝐴 ∼ has a finite intersection property (F.I.P.) if the intersection of a finite number of members of 𝐴 ∼ is not empty, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

A topological space 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 ) is an r-extremely disconnected compact space if and only if every family of closed subsets of Z with the F.I.P has a nonempty intersection.

⇒ ) Suppose Z is an r-extremely disconnected compact space. Suppose that ∃ a family 𝐹 ∼ = { 𝐹 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } of r-closed subsets of Z with the F.I.P. and ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝐹 𝛼 = 𝜙 . Thus, we have: ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝐹 𝛼 ∁ = ( ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝐹 𝛼 ) ∁ = 𝑍 . However, 𝐹 𝛼 is r-closed in Z, ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ . Therefore, 𝐹 𝛼 ∁ is r-open in Z, ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ . Thus, 𝑉 ∼ = 𝐹 𝛼 ∁ such that 𝛼 ∈ Λ , for an r-open cover of Z. Therefore, by the assumption 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝐹 𝛼 𝑘 ∁ = ( ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝐹 𝛼 𝑘 ) ∁ , we can have 𝜙 = ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝐹 𝛼 𝑘 , which contradicts with 𝐹 ∼ that has the F.I.P., and so the result holds.

⇐ ) Suppose every family of r-closed subsets of Z with the F.I.P. has a nonempty intersection. Assume that Z is not an r-compact space. Then, ∃ an r-open cover of Z, say 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } , that cannot be reducible to a finite subcover of Z. Thus, we have: 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 . (17) Consequently, 𝜙 = ( ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ) ∁ = ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ , and because 𝑢 𝛼 is r-open ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ , 𝛼 ∈ Λ ∁ is r-closed ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ . Consequently, 𝐹 ∼ = 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ 𝛼 ∈ Λ is a family of r-closed subsets of Z. Now, to finish this proof, we should concern ourselves with the following claim:

Claim: 𝐹 ∼ has the F.I.P.

To prove this claim, we suppose by contrary that the above statement does not hold. Then, ∃ 𝑢 1 , ⋯ , 𝑢 𝑛 for which ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑘 ∁ = 𝜙 . Thus, 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑘 , and so 𝑈 ∼ has a finite subcover of Z, which is a contradiction. Therefore, 𝐹 ∼ = 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ : 𝛼 ∈ Λ has the F.I.P., and so by the assumption ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝐹 𝛼 ≠ 𝜙 , we get 𝜙 ≠ ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ , which implies 𝑍 ≠ 𝑍 − ( ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ ) . This means 𝑍 ≠ ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 , which contradicts (17). Hence, Z is an r-compact space. □

A bitopological space 𝑍 = ( 𝑍 , 𝛾 1 , 𝛾 2 ) is a pairwise r-extremely disconnected compact space if and only if every family of 𝛾 𝑖 -closed subsets of Z with the F.I.P. has a nonempty intersection, ∀ 𝑖 = 1 , 2 .

⇒ ) Assume that 𝑖 = 1 , 2 , and Z is a pairwise r-extremely disconnected compact space. Suppose that ∃ a family 𝐹 ∼ = { 𝐹 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } of 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed subsets of Z with the F.I.P. and ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝐹 𝛼 = 𝜙 . This implies ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝐹 𝛼 ∁ = ( ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝐹 𝛼 ) ∁ = 𝑍 . However, 𝐹 𝛼 is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed in Z, ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ , and so 𝐹 𝛼 ∁ is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open in Z, ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ . Consequently, we have 𝑉 ∼ = { 𝐹 𝛼 ∁ : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } , for a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open cover of Z. Then, by the assumption 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝐹 𝛼 𝑘 ∁ = ( ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝐹 𝛼 𝑘 ) ∁ , we can have 𝜙 = ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝐹 𝛼 𝑘 , which is a contradiction with 𝐹 ∼ that has the F.I.P. Hence, the result holds.

⇐ ) Conversely, suppose every family of 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed subsets of Z with the F.I.P. has a nonempty intersection. Assume that Z is not a pairwise r-compact space. Then, ∃ a 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open cover of Z, say 𝑈 ∼ = { 𝑢 𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ Λ } that cannot be reducible to a finite subcover of Z, and hence we have: 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 . (18) Consequently, we obtain 𝜙 = ( ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ) ∁ = ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ . Since 𝑢 𝛼 is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-open ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ , then 𝛼 ∈ Λ ∁ is 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed ∀ 𝛼 ∈ Λ . This leads to assert that 𝐹 ∼ = 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ 𝛼 ∈ Λ is a family of 𝛾 𝑖 -r-closed subsets of Z. Now, to finish this proof, we should concern with the following claim:

Claim: 𝐹 ∼ has the F.I.P.

To prove this claim, we suppose on the contrary that the above statement does not hold. Then, there exist 𝑢 1 , ⋯ , 𝑢 𝑛 such that ⋂ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑘 ∁ = 𝜙 . Then, 𝑍 = ⋃ 𝑘 = 1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑘 , and so 𝑈 ∼ has a finite subcover of Z, which is a contradiction. Thus, 𝐹 ∼ = 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ : 𝛼 ∈ Λ has the F.I.P., and so by the assumption ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝐹 𝛼 ≠ 𝜙 , we have 𝜙 ≠ ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ , which implies 𝑍 ≠ 𝑍 − ( ⋂ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 ∁ ) . This means 𝑍 ≠ ⋃ 𝛼 ∈ Λ 𝑢 𝛼 , which contradicts (18). Hence, Z is a pairwise r-compact space. □

4. Conclusions

In this work, the so-called pairwise r-compactness was well-defined in topological and bitopological spaces. Several properties of these spaces with their relations with other topological and bitopological spaces were consequently established theoretically. The inferred results can pave the way to deriving other novel theorems related to the finite product and mappings of pairwise expandable spaces, feebly pairwise expandable spaces and fuzzy bitopological spaces, which is left to future considerations.