Exploring the impact of intelligent learning tools on students’ independent learning abilities: a PLS-SEM analysis of grade 6 students in China

Exploring the impact of intelligent learning tools on students’ independent learning abilities: a PLS-SEM analysis of grade 6 students in China Pan Qin Zhang Lou Yu Yang

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Exploring the impact of intelligent learning tools on students’ independent learning abilities: a PLS-SEM analysis of grade 6 students in China 2023 Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10.1057/s41599-023-02065-3 pan2023-exploring-the-impact-of-intelligen pan2023-exploring-the-impact-of-intelligen.txt, the project's staged copy 1140d69afa7c21fb357760ec513752ea32ede01b open-access education

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intention to use intelligent learning tools and independent learning ability Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. observational-study observational-study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Willingness to use the tools raises how often students actually use them, and sustained repeated use over time creates the conditions under which independent learning abilities develop Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Because current tools are built mainly for one-way knowledge delivery (microlectures, reading materials, practice exercises, problem-solving reviews), their interaction features do not directly stimulate usage intention and instead act only by raising satisfaction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Interaction with classmates, teachers and the system converts into usage intention only indirectly, by first increasing students' satisfaction with the tool Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. All respondents came from a single school, limiting representativeness. what this limits: the population every result speaks for: THE SAMPLES WERE ONLY FROM ONE SCHOOL, SO THE SCOPE WAS LIMITED AND MAY NOT BE REPRESENTATIVE Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The interaction-quality construct was not broken down by type of interaction, which may mask differing effects. what this limits: the interaction-quality finding: IT DID NOT SPECIFY THE TYPE OF INTERACTION BEING MEASURED, which may mask differing effects Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A verdict of no bias is produced by a conventional cut, and the observed value sits under it by less than four percentage points. what this limits: the claim that common method bias is not a problem here: it rests on the largest factor accounting for 46.127% of variance against a 50% threshold Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Model fit is judged against cut-offs taken from another paper rather than derived for this design. what this limits: the statement that this model fits: the fit indices are compared with Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The central construct is defined by citation, in terms of what the user happens to need. what this limits: information quality as a property of the system: it is defined as the system providing exactly what the user needs, which makes it relative to the user Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The information-quality construct and its role as a determinant of satisfaction and use are taken from the DeLone and McLean model of information systems success and applied to primary-school learning tools Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARD, NOT AN EXPERIMENTAL ARM: collinearity among the predictor constructs checked by variance inflation factor before the structural model is evaluated, against a threshold of VIF < 5 eliminates: collinearity as a distorter of the path coefficients - correlated predictors make individual paths unstable in sign and size, so a reported structural effect could be an artefact of the predictors overlapping rather than of the model · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. common method bias common method bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. information quality information quality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Harman’s single-factor test Harman’s single-factor test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interaction quality interaction quality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intention to use intention to use Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. satisfaction satisfaction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. independent learning ability independent learning ability Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interaction quality → intention to use A PATH THE PAPER TESTED AND DID NOT FIND: 'interaction quality did not have a significant impact on intention to use', coefficient 0.097 marked NS in the structural table. NO EDGE TYPE CAN ASSERT THAT A RELATION IS ABSENT, and this is one of the study's three headline results. Second instance in two consecutive papers - arthur2022's full mediation is the same shape from the other side. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. common method bias - operationalised as whether one factor exceeds half the variance, so 'no bias' here means 'below a conventional cut', not 'absent' Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. information quality - defined by reference to the USER's need rather than by a property of the information, so two users of the same system can differ on it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. impact - the paper uses it for two different things in one sentence: a DIRECT path that must clear significance, and an INDIRECT influence through a mediator that need not. Interaction quality has the second and not the first Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Radha et al. (2020); Prasetyanto et al. (2022) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Dai et al. (2020); Alzahrani et al. (2022) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interaction quality —causes→ satisfaction interaction quality satisfaction strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: The strongest exogenous path in the model, 0.519***, and it is the one that carries interaction quality's whole effect - see the unhoused row for the direct path it does NOT have. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'ITQ -> ST 0.519***'; endpoints abbreviated, a path coefficient. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. satisfaction —causes→ intention to use satisfaction intention to use strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'ST -> IU 0.617***'; endpoints abbreviated, a path coefficient. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intention to use —causes→ independent learning ability intention to use independent learning ability strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 0.727***, the largest coefficient in the model and the paper's headline claim. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. information quality —causes→ intention to use information quality intention to use differs in: WHETHER A DIRECT PATH SURVIVES AT ALL: information quality keeps one (0.165***) while interaction quality does not (0.097, non-significant), even though interaction quality has the stronger route into satisfaction (0.519 against 0.282). Reaching the outcome and reaching it DIRECTLY are different questions and this model separates them · strength of the relation: 0.7 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'IFQ -> IU 0.165***'; endpoints abbreviated, a path coefficient. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cronbach's alpha Cronbach's alpha Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. average variance extracted average variance extracted Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Harman's single-factor test Harman's single-factor test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. bootstrap bootstrap Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. variance inflation factor variance inflation factor Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cross-validation (blindfolding predictive relevance) cross-validation (blindfolding predictive relevance) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. coefficient of determination coefficient of determination Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Likert scale Likert scale Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mediation analysis mediation analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Intention to use intelligent learning tools directly predicted independent learning ability, information quality and satisfaction predicted intention to use, but interaction quality did not directly predict intention to use and instead worked through satisfaction. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Intention to use was a strong positive predictor of independent learning ability, accounting for over half its variance. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Interaction quality had no significant direct influence on intention to use. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Satisfaction with the tools fully mediated the effect of interaction quality on intention to use. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Satisfaction partially mediated the effect of information quality on intention to use. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Students rated the tools' information quality (M = 4.02) higher than their interaction quality (M = 3.88). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intelligent learning tools intelligent learning tools Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. information quality information quality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. satisfaction with tools satisfaction with tools Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intention to use intention to use Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interaction quality and information quality of intelligent learning tools interaction quality and information quality of intelligent learning tools Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. independent learning ability independent learning ability Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. satisfaction with tools satisfaction with tools Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 384 — valid questionnaires collected from Grade 6 students in Hangzhou, China Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. β = 0.727 — path coefficient from intention to use to independent learning ability Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 46.127% — variance captured by the largest single factor in Harman's test, below the 50% common-method-bias threshold Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.174 — indirect effect of information quality on intention to use via satisfaction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. M = 3.82 — mean score for students' self-reported independent learning abilities Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.672 and 0.804 — range of HTMT values, all below 1, supporting discriminant validity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02065-3.