Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae

Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae Saul Perlmutter The Supernova Cosmology Project

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Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae 1999 The Astrophysical Journal / arXiv 10.1086/307221 astro-ph/9812133 perlmutter1999-omega-lambda perlmutter1999-omega-lambda.txt, the project's staged copy 20b1a31800f2fea90cca637f3eac9ac9ae99f596 arxiv-open astronomy

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:209). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cosmological parameters from type Ia supernova magnitude-redshift relation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. observational-study observational-study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms A CATEGORY IS DEFINED AS THE COMPLEMENT OF ANOTHER, AND THE DEFINITION'S SCOPE IS DECLARED IN THE SAME SENTENCE: Quotation withheld `Systematic` is not given positive content at all - it is whatever `statistical` left out - and the qualifier admits the boundary is local to this analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms AN ORDINARY OBJECT IS RECRUITED AS A MEASURING INSTRUMENT, AND THE SUGGESTION IS DATED: since the earliest studies IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED that these luminous events MIGHT BE USED AS STANDARD CANDLES for cosmological measurements, with a 1938 attribution. The class of object becomes a ruler by proposal, and the proposal has an author and a year Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms THE MEASUREMENT'S CONCLUSION IS CLAIMED TO SURVIVE THE STANDARDISATION CHOICE ITSELF: Quotation withheld. The step that makes the objects comparable is treated as an assumption the result must survive rather than as a given Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms EVERY PEAK MAGNITUDE IS PUT THROUGH ONE RELATION BEFORE COMPARISON, AND THE RELATION IS NAMED: Quotation withheld. The objects are not comparable as found; they are made comparable by a stated transformation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms RIVAL EXPLANATIONS ARE CONSTRAINED WHERE POSSIBLE RATHER THAN DISMISSED, AND THE HEDGE IS IN THE SENTENCE: Quotation withheld The alternatives are named as hypothetical and the constraint as partial, both in six words Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms THE REJECTED ALTERNATIVE IS DESCRIBED AS MORE REALISTIC THAN THE ONE CHOSEN: on a different assumption about the extinction distribution, one COULD CHOOSE A LESS CONSERVATIVE BUT MORE REALISTIC narrow prior probability distribution. The paper says outright that the option it did not take is the more realistic one - conservatism is being bought, and the price is named about this quote: The span contains 'dataˇs' for 'data's' - the apostrophe rendered as a caron by the extraction. This file's ligature handling is broken throughout: 'fi' becomes '(cid:209)' or an em dash, so 'flat' is '(cid:209)at' and 'identified' is 'identi—ed'. Measured at 18% of sentences, which is why the slicer here refuses any span containing an em dash. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms A BIAS IS ELIMINATED BY PERMITTING A PHYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE VALUE: any such small bias CAN BE ELIMINATED by ASSUMING NO BAYESIAN PRIOR on the host-galaxy extinction, ALLOWING EXTINCTION CORRECTIONS TO BE NEGATIVE for supernovae measured to be bluer than the zero-extinction case. Dust cannot brighten a source; the estimator is allowed to say it did, so that the estimator stops leaning about this quote: RE-SLICED. My first end key was "...bluer than the zero-extinction case." - and the file says "bluer than the zero-extinction E(B[V ) value." I had taken the key from a TRUNCATED PRINT (cut at 'zero-extinc') and then typed the word 'case' to finish it. Second time today I used a truncated display as a key - the first was bengio2021 - and the cut-word guard refused both. The span now ends at the clause that carries the claim. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms AN ERROR'S RELEVANCE IS ASSESSED AGAINST THE SPECIFIC QUESTION RATHER THAN IN GENERAL: a parenthesis notes that IN THIS DIRECTION ANY SYSTEMATIC ERROR IS LESS RELEVANT TO THE QUESTION of the existence of a cosmological constant. The same uncertainty matters more or less depending on which claim is being defended, and the asymmetry is stated rather than hidden about this quote: RE-SLICED to include the OPENING bracket. Starting at "In this direction" made the span close a parenthesis it never opened, which is exactly what our check exists to catch - and it caught it here, on my own draft. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms ONE UNCERTAINTY IS BOOKED AS A SEPARATE ANALYSIS RATHER THAN AS A CONTRIBUTION, AND THE CHOICE IS DECLARED: the effect of small-scale clumping of mass is treated AS A SEPARATE ANALYSIS CASE RATHER THAN AS A CONTRIBUTING SYSTEMATIC ERROR in the primary analysis - while THE TOTAL SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY APPLIES TO THIS ANALYSIS AS WELL. Where an uncertainty is entered in the books is a decision, and it is written down about this quote: The span begins mid-sentence at "due to small-scale clumping" because what precedes it in the staged text is interleaved mathematics - `/2 [ ) " 4 ) H M 0 0 0 due to small-scale clumping` - so the quantity the clumping affects is unrecoverable from a contiguous span. The tag does not name it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Host-galaxy morphology could only be approximated as a cross-check, because high-resolution images were unavailable for most of the high-redshift sample. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - the morphology cross-check is approximate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Hypothetical systematics such as evolving gray dust and supernova evolution are bounded and tested but remain hard to quantify, and are excluded from the identified systematic error budget. about this quote: 2026-08-16: FAILED GLYPH INSIDE THIS QUOTE. (cid:134) is the ff LIGATURE, which this extraction could not map: e(cid:134)ects -> effects. It occurs in BOTH quote fields on this row. No word is ambiguous - the ligature is purely typographic and the sentence reads normally once it is restored. The quote is an exact substring of the staged file; the file is incomplete here, not the tag. · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - bounded and tested, still difficult to quantify · for which use evidence status note: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:134). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The well-studied SN Ia sample is still small, especially at low redshift, so the authors do not consider all loopholes closed. about this quote: 2026-08-16: FAILED GLYPH INSIDE THIS QUOTE. (cid:134) is the ff LIGATURE, which this extraction could not map: di(cid:134)erent -> different. It occurs in BOTH quote fields on this row. No word is ambiguous - the ligature is purely typographic and the sentence reads normally once it is restored. The quote is an exact substring of the staged file; the file is incomplete here, not the tag. · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[3] - the low-redshift sample is small · for which use evidence status note: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:134). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A suitably contrived smooth gray-dust distribution could escape the tests the paper applies. what this limits: the dust tests specifically, against a scenario the authors construct themselves: SOME CAREFULLY CONSTRUCTED SMOOTH DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE-GRAIN SIZED GRAY DUST THAT EVOLVES SIMILARLY FOR ELLIPTICAL AND SPIRAL GALAXIES COULD EVADE OUR tests Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The dominant remaining measurement uncertainty comes from the low-redshift supernova sample rather than the new high-redshift data. what this limits: the error budget: the dominant remaining measurement uncertainty comes from the low-redshift sample, not from the new high-redshift data Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The quantity compared across redshift is not an observed brightness but one standardised by a fitted relation. what this limits: the magnitudes compared here between low and high redshift: all supernova peak magnitudes are standardized using a light-curve width-luminosity relation rather than used as measured Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The reported uncertainty is an itemised budget of separately chosen allowances. what this limits: the error bars quoted on these magnitudes: they combine an assumed 0.17 mag intrinsic luminosity dispersion, 10% of the Galactic extinction correction, 0.01 mag for K-corrections and an allowance for peculiar velocities Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A separate systematic allowance for the colour correction is set by the authors. what this limits: the systematic error budget reported here: the authors take an overall systematic uncertainty of 0.02 mag for the K-correction, given small additional uncertainties in supernova colours Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Comparability between the two samples is a design decision, not a property of the data. what this limits: the comparison between low- and high-redshift samples: the authors state the analysis procedures were designed to be as similar as possible for the two data sets Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. width-luminosity relation width-luminosity relation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. K-correction K-correction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. peculiar velocities peculiar velocities Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. systematic uncertainty systematic uncertainty Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stretch factor stretch factor Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a less conservative but more realistic narrow prior probability distribution → the conservative extinction prior this paper KEEPS THE SAME ADJECTIVE, THE SAME PHYSICAL QUANTITY, THE SAME YEAR, OPPOSITE DECISIONS - and no type in the vocabulary can express it. This paper DECLINES the option it calls more realistic. riess1998-accelerating-universe calls its own chosen prior “a more realistic a priori probability distribution for extinction” and ADOPTS it. 'contradicts' would be FALSE: neither team contradicts the other, they weigh the same consideration about the extinction prior and rule differently, and each calls its own reasoning 'more realistic'. All eight edge types assert that a relation HOLDS between two concepts; not one can say that two papers apply one word to opposite choices. Recorded here, per record, with each row quoting only its own paper - the cross-paper half is this paraphrase, checkable by opening riess1998-accelerating-universe. This is a NEW use of unhoused-relations: all 67 existing rows describe a relation inside one paper, and this is the first pair that spans two. second case; Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the peak magnitude - AS A STANDARDISED QUANTITY, NOT AN OBSERVATION: every supernova's peak brightness is corrected through a light-curve width-luminosity relation before it enters the comparison, so the number being differenced across redshift is the output of a fitted model Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the uncertainty - AS AN ASSEMBLED BUDGET: a 0.17 mag intrinsic dispersion, a tenth of the Galactic extinction correction, 0.01 mag for K-corrections and a peculiar-velocity allowance, each chosen and then propagated, so the error bar is a construction with named parts rather than a measured spread Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the conclusion's robustness - STATED WITHOUT THE STANDARDISATION TOO: the authors report that the conclusions hold whether or not the width-luminosity relation is used, which is the check that keeps the result from being an artefact of the correction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → a cosmology with zero cosmological constant about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Update, 15 September 2026: CLEARED evidence status='quote-not-in-current-staged-text' - the quote now locates in the current staged text, so the condition the marker recorded no longer holds. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Perlmutter et al. (1997e), referred to in the paper as P97 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Goobar & Perlmutter (1995) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Riess et al. (1998) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. K-correction —part-of→ systematic uncertainty K-correction systematic uncertainty strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span gives a systematic uncertainty FOR the K-correction; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 42 — high-redshift SNe Ia analysed (Supernova Cosmology Project) about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. magnitude-redshift data magnitude-redshift data Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. median median Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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