Planck 2018 Results. VI. Cosmological Parameters Planck Collaboration (N. Aghanim et al.)

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 Planck 2018 Results. VI. Cosmological Parameters 2020 Astronomy & Astrophysics / arXiv 10.1051/0004-6361/201833910 1807.06209 planck2018-cosmology planck2018-cosmology.txt, the project's staged copy 63e54babe7d8e1011931ef1662031fe27108d8fd arxiv-open astronomy

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 0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. observational-study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE MODEL EVERY NUMBER IN THE PAPER IS QUOTED AGAINST IS INTRODUCED AS A QUOTED LABEL, WITH A PARAMETER COUNT AND A SCOPE: Quotation withheld The scare quotes and the words `in this paper` are both the collaboration's: the label is declared local to the document, and what it denotes is fixed by a count of parameters rather than by a description Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. WHICH PARAMETERS ARE PRIMITIVE IS STATED AS A CHOICE, NOT AS A FACT ABOUT THE UNIVERSE: the first six parameters are THE ONES ON WHICH WE IMPOSE FLAT PRIORS AND USE AS SAMPLING PARAMETERS; the remaining parameters ARE DERIVED FROM THE FIRST SIX. The same physics could be parameterised the other way round, and the paper says which way it chose Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AN ENTIRE CLASS OF PARAMETERS IS NAMED “nuisance” IN SCARE QUOTES - AND THE QUOTES COME OFF IN THE NEXT SENTENCE, WHERE THEY ARE SAMPLED ON THE SAME FOOTING AS THE COSMOLOGICAL ONES: a physically motivated parametric model containing “nuisance” parameters; these nuisance parameters ARE SAMPLED, ALONG WITH COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, during MCMC exploration of the likelihood. The hedge is dropped one sentence after it is made, and the objects it hedged about are treated as first-class Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A CEILING ON THE PAPER'S OWN INTERPRETATION, STATED BY THE PAPER: a total systematic uncertainty of around half a sigma MAY BE MORE REALISTIC, and VALUES SHOULD NOT BE OVERINTERPRETED BEYOND THIS LEVEL. Not a limitation of the data but an instruction to the reader about how far the numbers may be read - issued by the people who produced them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. TWO WAYS OF DOING ONE CORRECTION ARE NAMED IN A SINGLE SENTENCE, BY CONTRAST WITH EACH OTHER: adopting the estimates from one spectrum for both (we call this the “map-based” APPROACH); or applying independent estimates from each (the “spectrum-based” APPROACH). Neither name would mean anything without the other; the pair is defined by the difference between two procedures about this quote: Three sentences later the same term is spelled without its hyphen - “map-based” in the naming sentence, “mapbased” where the approach is adopted. A lost line-break hyphen and an inconsistency by the authors look identical in an extracted PDF, so this records the observation without claiming which it is. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE NULL EXPLANATION IS DECLARED THE BASELINE ASSUMPTION, IN THOSE WORDS: Quotation withheld Which of the competing accounts gets the default is a choice, and it is named as one rather than argued for Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. EVIDENCE IS GRANTED AND THE CLAIM IS DECLINED IN THE SAME SENTENCE: although both likelihoods CLEARLY SHOW A PREFERENCE for a lensing amplitude above one, THIS CANNOT BE CLAIMED TO BE A ROBUST DETECTION at much over two sigma. `Clearly show` and `cannot be claimed` are asserted of the same result, and the line between them is a number Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE COLLABORATION CALLS A PERSISTENT ANOMALY IN ITS OWN DATA A CURIOUS FEATURE: the preference for a lensing amplitude above one within the model IS A CURIOUS FEATURE OF THE PLANCK CMB POWER SPECTRUM DATA, and has already been discussed extensively in three earlier papers, ALTHOUGH IT IS NOW SLIGHTLY MORE SIGNIFICANT. A result that has survived three releases, growing, and the standing description of it is an adjective Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE AUTHORS CHARACTERISE THEIR OWN REVISION AS LARGELY COSMETIC: it is important to emphasize that these changes to the likelihood ARE LARGELY COSMETIC AND HAVE VERY LITTLE IMPACT ON COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS. The word measures a methodological change by its effect on the outputs rather than by what was changed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A METHOD CHANGE BETWEEN RELEASES IS STATED AS A DIFFERENCE FROM THE PREVIOUS PAPER, WITH THE OLD PROCEDURE DESCRIBED: Quotation withheld The superseded choice is named, so the two releases' numbers can be read as answers to slightly different questions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A COINED ACRONYM IS MINTED FOR OBJECTS THE ANALYSIS ITSELF PRODUCES, AND THE RULE THAT DECIDES HOW MANY OF THEM COUNT IS LEFT UNNAMED: the rotation diagonalizing the Fisher inverse **DEFINES** the eigenmodes; truncation of the hierarchy, to determine the number used for parameter estimation, is performed ACCORDING TO SOME SUITABLY CHOSEN SELECTION CRITERION - AND WE REFER TO THESE MODES AS “eXeMs”. One sentence defines the objects, the next leaves the rule for counting them to be chosen suitably, and the third gives them a name Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A DISAGREEMENT IS LEFT OPEN WITH ITS THREE POSSIBLE MEANINGS ENUMERATED AND NONE CHOSEN: further work is needed to assess whether the discrepancy IS A STATISTICAL FLUCTUATION, IS CAUSED BY SMALL SYSTEMATIC ERRORS, OR IS A SIGNATURE OF NEW PHYSICS. Noise, error, and discovery are offered as the alternatives, in that order, and the paper declines to rank them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AN ASSUMPTION IS JUSTIFIED BY WHAT THE SIMPLEST MODELS PREDICT, WITH THE PRECISION CAVEAT IN A PARENTHESIS: the base model assumes that the spatial hypersurfaces are flat, SUCH AS WOULD BE PREDICTED (TO WITHIN MEASURABLE PRECISION) BY THE SIMPLEST INFLATIONARY MODELS. The warrant for the assumption is the simplicity of a theory, and the hedge is about what an instrument could see Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A FEATURE THAT PULLS PARAMETERS AWAY FROM THE MODEL IS REPORTED AND REBUTTED IN THE SAME SENTENCE, BY NAMING THE PROBES THAT DO NOT SEE IT: a feature which pulls some parameters that affect the lensing amplitude away from the model; HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE LENSING RECONSTRUCTION OR (in models that also change the background geometry) **BAO DATA**. The anomaly's own paper supplies the evidence against it about this quote: The record's limitations[0] quotes this passage and had to stop at “away from the”, one word short of the model's name; its tag says “[model]” in brackets to mark the gap. This span reaches the name and the rebuttal that follows it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what this limits: the lensing-amplitude parameters specifically: a >2-sigma feature PULLS SOME PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT THE LENSING AMPLITUDE AWAY FROM THE [model], unsupported by other probes Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what this limits: every quoted uncertainty in the paper: WE THEREFORE DO NOT EXPLICITLY MODEL AN INCREASE IN ERROR BARS DUE TO THESE RESIDUAL SYSTEMATIC ERRORS - a known error source is excluded by decision Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what this limits: the polarization results in particular: INACCURACIES IN THE CORRECTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE POLARIZATION EFFICIENCIES AND TEMPERATURE-TO-POLARIZATION LEAKAGE ARE THE MAIN CONTRIBUTORS TO SYSTEMATIC ERRORS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what this limits: the Planck-versus-Lyman-alpha comparison: FURTHER WORK IS NEEDED TO ASSESS WHETHER THE DISCREPANCY ... IS A STATISTICAL FLUCTUATION, IS CAUSED BY SMALL SYSTEMATIC ERRORS, OR IS A SIGNATURE OF new physics Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what this limits: the small-scale polarization constraints: RESIDUAL MODELLING UNCERTAINTIES ESTIMATED TO AFFECT THEM ONLY AT THE 0.5 SIGMA L[evel] - estimated, not eliminated Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what this limits: the external-data selection as a purely evidential choice: the paper gives as its second reason that its primary purpose is to present and emphasize the Planck results Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what this limits: the 2018 parameter constraints as independent of the 2015 analysis: the likelihood was constructed using a fiducial model adopted from PCP15 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what this limits: these constraints as incorporating cluster counts: they are deliberately excluded from the main parameter grid Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 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Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. eliminates: noise bias - an auto-spectrum correlates a map's noise with itself and adds a positive term to the power, while two independent halves of the mission have uncorrelated noise that averages away · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. eliminates: the multipole ranges where the beam's limited resolution lets noise dominate, so those scales cannot drive the fit · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cosmological parameters Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fiducial model Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. baryon acoustic oscillation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. base-ΛCDM Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. covariance matrices Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. polarization efficiencies Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Hubble constant Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. modified gravity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conservative BBN prior Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. pivot scale Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE TWO CANNOT BE SEPARATED IN THIS STUDY - the DESIGN form of the negative relation / No edge type can express it: all eight assert that a relation HOLDS. Recorded here because a confounding statement BOUNDS WHAT THE PAPER'S OWN RESULTS CAN MEAN, and it lives in a methods paragraph where nothing downstream will find it. States the mechanism of the inseparability in one word - DEGENERATE - which is the physics term for exactly the relation we cannot express. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:80). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 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Hubble constant H0 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. matter density Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. optical depth Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. tensor-to-scalar ratio r Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cosmic microwave background (CMB) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reionization optical depth Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chi-square Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. confidence-interval about this quote: QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. degrees-of-freedom about this quote: QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard-deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-power about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-significance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. variance about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. 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The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833910.