standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
This record holds no relations between concepts. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | peritraumatic psychological distress in the Chinese general population during the first weeks of the COVID-19 epidemic - measured by an index built for the occasion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | how prevalent and how severe the distress was, and which groups carried most of it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | the first nationwide distress survey of the epidemic, 52,730 responses, and a new instrument - the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | a population-scale distress signal during a quarantine, varying by sex, age, education, occupation and region Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: survey | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | the explanations offered are all social rather than clinical - information exposure for the young, morbidity risk for the elderly, transport and lost income for migrant workers, health self-awareness for the educated - and every one is hedged in the authors' own words Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the decline over time is attributed to the government's control measures, alongside the observation that the lowest point fell on a festival - two candidate causes for one curve, neither separated from the other Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE INSTRUMENT DID NOT EXIST BEFORE THE SURVEY. The CPDI was `DESIGNED` for this epidemic and fielded from `31 January 2020, the day when the WHO announced` the PHEIC - built, validated and deployed inside the window it measures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | AND ITS CUT-OFFS ARE ASSERTED RATHER THAN DERIVED: `A score between 28 and 51 indicates mild to moderate distress. A SCORE >= 52 INDICATES SEVERE DISTRESS.` No derivation, no comparison against an existing scale, no ROC analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the validation offered does not address the threshold: content validity by psychiatrists, and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95, WHICH IS AN INTERNAL-CONSISTENCY STATISTIC AND SAYS NOTHING ABOUT WHERE A CUT-OFF SHOULD SIT Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the sample is self-selected through QR codes on an online platform `openly accessible to the general public`, and it is 64.73% female against a population near 49% - a skew the paper reports and does not adjust for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE PAPER CARRIES NO LIMITATIONS SECTION AT ALL. It ends on four policy recommendations. For a 1,156-word letter that is a fact about the genre rather than about the authors, and it is why the caveats above had to be read out of the methods Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the regional comparison uses Shanghai as a case where high exposure risk did NOT produce high distress, and attributes the difference to the public health system Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: exposure risk alone as the explanation of the regional pattern - the paper names a case that cuts against it and offers a mechanism · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether the CPDI cut-offs correspond to anything outside the CPDI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: nothing - the validation is content validity and internal consistency, neither of which addresses where the threshold sits · outcome: failed | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether the respondents represent the population the prevalence is quoted for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: nothing - recruitment was by open QR code and the sample is 64.73% female; the skew is reported and not adjusted for · outcome: failed | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | CPDI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: CPDI | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | content validity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: content validity | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | peritraumatic psychological distress Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: peritraumatic psychological distress | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | psychological distress - AS OPERATIONALISED HERE, A SCORE ABOVE 28 ON A SCALE THAT DID NOT EXIST TEN DAYS EARLIER. The headline `almost 35% of the respondents experienced psychological distress` IS THAT THRESHOLD, restated as a prevalence, and the prevalence is what 4,481 papers cite Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | CPDI - a 0-100 index over anxiety, depression, specific phobias, cognitive change, avoidance, compulsive behaviour, physical symptoms and loss of social functioning in the past week. EIGHT DOMAINS COLLAPSED INTO ONE NUMBER, and the number carries the diagnosis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the validation - CONTENT VALIDITY plus alpha 0.95. Alpha measures whether the items hang together, not whether the scale measures distress and not whether 28 is the right place to cut it. A HIGH ALPHA ON A NEW SCALE SAYS THE QUESTIONS RESEMBLE EACH OTHER Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → previous research finding women more vulnerable to stress and more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the effectiveness of the Chinese government's control measures, offered as the explanation for the declining distress curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a CPDI score of 28-51 indicates mild to moderate distress, and 52 or more severe distress Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE INSTRUMENT DID NOT EXIST BEFORE THE SURVEY - the questionnaire was DESIGNED for this epidemic and fielded from the day the WHO declared a PHEIC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the CPDI's content validity was verified by psychiatrists, and its Cronbach's alpha is 0.95 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 52,730 valid responses from 36 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, 64.73% of them from women Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | migrant workers experienced the highest distress of any occupation, mean 31.89, with transport exposure and lost income offered as the explanation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Shanghai's distress level is not spiking, probably because of its strong public health system Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | an index of the frequency of anxiety, depression, specific phobias, cognitive change, avoidance and compulsive behaviour, physical symptoms and loss of social functioning in the past week, ranging from 0 to 100 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: CPDI | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the CPDI score at or above which distress is called SEVERE - asserted, not derived Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the sample's mean CPDI, with SD 15.45 - below the 28 threshold the prevalence is counted from Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | valid responses, of which 64.73% from women Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Cronbach Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Cronbach | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | SD Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: SD | content_tags.statistics[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | education Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: education | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.