Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant

Adam G. Riess et al. (High-z Supernova Search Team) · The Astronomical Journal / arXiv · 1998 · astronomy · 10.1086/300499 · record riess1998-accelerating-universe
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The extraction inserts spurious spaces inside words at line-wrap points ('typ e Ia', 'po sitive', 'we ca nnot', 'revea l', 'brig htness'); all quotes above reproduce those artefacts character for character, as required, and each was checked as an exact substring of the article text. Note the file uses U+2126 OHM SIGN for the density parameter symbol, not Greek capital omega. Replication status is 'contested' rather than 'untested' because the paper itself records both a consistency with its own team's earlier data and an explicit ~2 sigma inconsistency with the competing Perlmutter et al. (1997) result. The paper is unusually rich in self-stated limitations (a whole section, 5.1-5.8); the seven recorded are representative, not exhaustive. 2026-08-14 and 2026-08-17 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node. Update, 15 September 2026: EXCEPTION, measured with the merge gate's own predicate (Paper.locate): 2 quote(s) on this record are not found as one exact string in the current staged text - content_tags.statistics[1].evidence, content_tags.statistics[5].evidence. The sentence above does not hold for them as written. Where a row records why - the quote is grounded in another copy of the paper, joins two passages with an ellipsis, or differs from the staged text by extraction noise - that note stays on the row.

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Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
sample-size 5 fields · confidence-interval 2 fields · confidence intervals 2 fields · statistical-significance 2 fields · variance 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 8 concept tags on this paper, 5 are grounded in a quoted sentence.

dark energy cosmological constant Type Ia supernovae cosmic acceleration K-correction color progenitor age light curve shape A PARAMETER THAT CANNOT BE USED BECAUSE IT VARIES IS REPLACED BY VARYING IT DELIBERATELY: limiting magnitudes vary FROM FRAME TO FRAME, NIGHT TO NIGHT, AND FILM TO FILM, SO IT IS DIFFICULT TO USE THE ACTUAL DETECTION LIMITS in the simulation - NEVERTHELESS simulations were run VARYING the limiting magnitude, and THIS DOES NOT CHANGE THE RESULTS SIGNIFICANTLY. An unusable measurement becomes a swept parameter, and the sweep is the answer to its own unusability A MORE REALISTIC PRIOR IS ADOPTED, AND THE WORD `REALISTIC` IS THE JUSTIFICATION: a MORE REALISTIC A PRIORI PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION for extinction HAS BEEN UTILIZED, taken from another group's calculations. The same physical quantity, in the same year, is treated the opposite way by perlmutter1999, which describes the realistic option and declines it in favour of a conservative one A CORRECTION'S ASSUMPTION IS STATED AND CONTRADICTED IN THE SAME SENTENCE: such a K-correction ASSUMES that the spectral energy distribution of all SNe Ia OF A GIVEN AGE IS HOMOGENEOUS - YET IT HAS BEEN SHOWN otherwise, with a list of references. The step is used, its premise is named, and the premise is reported false, in one breath A SYSTEMATIC ERROR IS MEASURED WITH SYNTHETIC OBJECTS AND THEN SUBTRACTED, AND THE RESULT IS CALLED UNBIASED: a correction BASED ON THE SYSTEMATIC ERROR DETERMINED FROM THE ARTIFICIAL STARS was applied to the measured magnitude TO YIELD AN UNBIASED ESTIMATE. The word `unbiased` is earned by a procedure on objects that were never there THE SYNTHETIC OBJECTS ARE MATCHED TO THE REAL ONES ON TWO NAMED PROPERTIES: Quotation withheld. What makes the simulation stand in for the measurement is an equality on exactly two attributes, and they are listed A CLASSIFICATION IS FIXED BY COMPARISON TO EXEMPLARS WHOSE OWN PROPERTY COMES FROM A DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT: final spectral classification IS OPTIMIZED BY COMPARING the observed spectrum to WELL-OBSERVED SPECTRA of the same class AT THE SAME AGE AS DETERMINED FROM THE LIGHT CURVES. The comparison set is selected using a quantity measured by another instrument entirely COMPARABILITY BETWEEN TWO EXPERIMENTS IS DEFERRED TO FUTURE WORK, AND THE CONDITION IS NAMED: Quotation withheld The present comparison is therefore not claimed to be meaningful, and what would make it so is stated supernovae redshift luminosity distance cosmological universe expansion acceleration standard candle deceleration parameter cosmological parameters luminosity distance Bayesian chi-square confidence-interval confidence intervals correlation correlation coefficient mean mean of sample-size sample size statistical-significance statistical significance variance observational-study

Legend

relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field
unrecordable relation	`unhoused_relations`	a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1086/300499. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 3 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 1 · concepts 5 · content_tags 17 · controls 1 · limitations 12 · mechanisms 7 · method 1 · phenomenon 1 · senses 3 · transfers 1 · unhoused_relations 1

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 1 relation here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	acceleration of the cosmic expansion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	observational-study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: observational-study	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: ON THIS FILE'S CONDITION, because it bears on every span from it. riess1998 has NO glyph codes and my first damage measurement therefore returned 1% and called it clean. The damage is DAMAGE SHAPE 8, the spurious intra-word space - "ligh t curve", "constrain ts", "treatme nt", "supernov a", "the c omposition" - which no character marks and for which an earlier note of ours showed there is no usable detector. Every span merged from this record was verified BY READING, word by word; the yield from 576 candidate sentences was seven. also in: A PARAMETER THAT CANNOT BE USED BECAUSE IT VARIES IS REPLACED BY VARYING IT DELIBERATELY: limiting magnitudes vary FROM FRAME TO FRAME, NIGHT TO NIGHT, AND FILM TO FILM, SO IT IS DIFFICULT TO USE THE ACTUAL DETECTION LIMITS in the simulation - NEVERTHELESS simulations were run VARYING the limiting magnitude, and THIS DOES NOT CHANGE THE RESULTS SIGNIFICANTLY. An unusable measurement becomes a swept parameter, and the sweep is the answer to its own unusability	`mechanisms[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: A MORE REALISTIC PRIOR IS ADOPTED, AND THE WORD `REALISTIC` IS THE JUSTIFICATION: a MORE REALISTIC A PRIORI PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION for extinction HAS BEEN UTILIZED, taken from another group's calculations. The same physical quantity, in the same year, is treated the opposite way by perlmutter1999, which describes the realistic option and declines it in favour of a conservative one	`mechanisms[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: A CORRECTION'S ASSUMPTION IS STATED AND CONTRADICTED IN THE SAME SENTENCE: such a K-correction ASSUMES that the spectral energy distribution of all SNe Ia OF A GIVEN AGE IS HOMOGENEOUS - YET IT HAS BEEN SHOWN otherwise, with a list of references. The step is used, its premise is named, and the premise is reported false, in one breath	`mechanisms[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: A SYSTEMATIC ERROR IS MEASURED WITH SYNTHETIC OBJECTS AND THEN SUBTRACTED, AND THE RESULT IS CALLED UNBIASED: a correction BASED ON THE SYSTEMATIC ERROR DETERMINED FROM THE ARTIFICIAL STARS was applied to the measured magnitude TO YIELD AN UNBIASED ESTIMATE. The word `unbiased` is earned by a procedure on objects that were never there	`mechanisms[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: RE-SLICED: ending at "(Schmidt et al." opened a bracket the span never closed - caught by the unclosed-opener check, which is the mirror of an earlier note of ours and was built three hours ago. also in: THE SYNTHETIC OBJECTS ARE MATCHED TO THE REAL ONES ON TWO NAMED PROPERTIES: Quotation withheld. What makes the simulation stand in for the measurement is an equality on exactly two attributes, and they are listed	`mechanisms[4]`	0.85	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: A CLASSIFICATION IS FIXED BY COMPARISON TO EXEMPLARS WHOSE OWN PROPERTY COMES FROM A DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT: final spectral classification IS OPTIMIZED BY COMPARING the observed spectrum to WELL-OBSERVED SPECTRA of the same class AT THE SAME AGE AS DETERMINED FROM THE LIGHT CURVES. The comparison set is selected using a quantity measured by another instrument entirely	`mechanisms[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: COMPARABILITY BETWEEN TWO EXPERIMENTS IS DEFERRED TO FUTURE WORK, AND THE CONDITION IS NAMED: Quotation withheld The present comparison is therefore not claimed to be meaningful, and what would make it so is stated	`mechanisms[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	residual noise from sky lines remains in the spectra Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the spectral typing and redshifts: RESIDUAL NOISE FROM THE SKY LINES REMAINS	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	systematic uncertainties in the Cepheid distance scale affect the age estimate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Update, 15 September 2026: CLEARED evidence status='quote-not-in-current-staged-text' - the quote now locates in the current staged text, so the condition the marker recorded no longer holds.	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	A modest amount of grey interstellar extinction cannot be excluded by these data. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the acceleration conclusion, against its main rival: WITH THE OBSERVATIONS PRESENTED HERE, WE CANNOT RULE OUT THIS MODEST AMOUNT OF GREY INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The high-redshift sample is too small to test whether light-curve-shape relations evolve with look-back time. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any claim that light-curve-shape relations do not evolve: PRESENTLY, OUR SAMPLE IS TOO SMALL TO MAKE SUCH A TEST MEANINGFUL	`limitations[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The KS comparison of low- and high-redshift light-curve decline rates is not statistically significant given the sample size. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the KS comparison of decline rates: A KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST SHOWS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE ... BUT THE SAMPLE IS TOO SMALL TO BE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT - the null is uninformative	`limitations[4]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Evolution of the supernova population remains a serious unresolved concern. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the whole cosmological inference: EVOLUTION REMAINS A SERIOUS CONCERN WHICH CAN ONLY BE EASED AND PERHAPS UNDERSTOOD BY FUTURE STUDIES	`limitations[5]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The discrepancy between the two light-curve fitting methods must be carried as a systematic uncertainty. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every cosmological constraint quoted: WE MUST CONSIDER THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS REACHED FROM THE TWO FITTING METHODS TO BE A SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY - the analysis choice moves the answer, so the spread is carried	`limitations[6]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The result is limited by systematic rather than statistical errors. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the precision of the headline result: OUR DETECTION OF A COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT IS NOT LIMITED BY STATISTICAL ERRORS BUT BY SYSTEMATIC ONES	`limitations[7]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Remaining systematic uncertainties require further study. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[7]: FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF ANY REMAINING SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTIES	`limitations[8]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The headline quantity exists only relative to an assumed model of what causes it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the deceleration parameter reported here: because it is defined at the current epoch while the supernovae span a wide range of redshift, its value can only be determined within the context of a model for its origin	`limitations[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The nearby comparison sample was cut to match the observing window available at high redshift. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the comparison between nearby and high-redshift supernovae: the nearby sample was limited to light curves beginning no later than about five days after B maximum, to match the age by which the high-redshift observations ended	`limitations[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The colour correction needs a quantity the survey must itself measure well. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the K-corrections applied to these magnitudes: differences in supernova colour at a fixed phase would alter the appropriate correction, so each supernova's colour must be known precisely	`limitations[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	Bayesian statistical inference and Monte Carlo simulation applied to Type Ia supernova data to infer the expansion history and cosmic acceleration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted.	`transfers[0]`		the tagger's words
controls	the supernova distance analysis run twice, with and without the most distant object, whose extinction and classification are uncertain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the entire acceleration result resting on one object that is both the most informative and the least certain in the sample · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concepts	cosmological constant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cosmological constant	`concepts[1]`		the paper's words
concepts	K-correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: K-correction	`concepts[4]`		the paper's words
concepts	color Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: color	`concepts[5]`		the paper's words
concepts	progenitor age Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: progenitor age	`concepts[6]`		the paper's words
concepts	light curve shape Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: light curve shape	`concepts[7]`		the paper's words
unhoused_relations	a more realistic a priori probability distribution for extinction → the extinction prior this paper ADOPTS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. THE SAME ADJECTIVE, THE SAME PHYSICAL QUANTITY, THE SAME YEAR, OPPOSITE DECISIONS - and no type in the vocabulary can express it. This paper ADOPTS the option it calls more realistic. perlmutter1999-omega-lambda describes the same option for the same quantity as “a less conservative but more realistic narrow prior” and DECLINES it, keeping the conservative one. 'contradicts' would be FALSE: neither team contradicts the other, they weigh the same consideration about the extinction prior and rule differently, and each calls its own reasoning 'more realistic'. All eight edge types assert that a relation HOLDS between two concepts; not one can say that two papers apply one word to opposite choices. Recorded here, per record, with each row quoting only its own paper - the cross-paper half is this paraphrase, checkable by opening perlmutter1999-omega-lambda. This is a NEW use of unhoused-relations: all 67 existing rows describe a relation inside one paper, and this is the first pair that spans two. second case;	`unhoused_relations[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	q0, the deceleration parameter - MODEL-RELATIVE BY CONSTRUCTION: it is defined at the present epoch while the data span a wide range of redshift, so the paper states the value can only be determined inside a model of what produces the deceleration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the K-correction - AS A PASSBAND DIFFERENCE: it quantifies the gap between the supernova light falling into a standard filter at zero redshift and the light falling into the filters actually used on a redshifted object, so it is a correction between instruments and not a property of the supernova Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the nearby sample - TRIMMED TO MATCH THE DISTANT ONE: nearby supernovae were admitted only if their light curves began within about five days of B maximum, because that is the window the high-redshift observations could cover, so the two samples were made comparable by discarding data that existed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → Perlmutter et al. (1997) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → High-z Supernova Search Team (Garnavich et al. 1998; Schmidt et al. 1998) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Garnavich et al. 1998; Schmidt et al. 1998; Riess et al. (1998a) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	color —causes→ K-correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says differences in color WOULD alter the appropriate K-correction; conditional. also in: color · K-correction	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	10 — new high-redshift SNe Ia observed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	0.16 ≤ z ≤ 0.62 — redshift range of the new supernovae Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	16 + 34 — 16 high-redshift + 34 nearby SNe Ia used for the cosmological fit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	q0 < 0 — negative deceleration parameter = the cosmic expansion is accelerating Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The expansion of the universe is currently accelerating (q0 < 0). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cosmological parameters Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: cosmological parameters	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	redshift Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: redshift	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	luminosity distance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: luminosity distance	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard candle Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: standard candle	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	deceleration parameter Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: deceleration parameter	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Bayesian Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: Bayesian	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	confidence-interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: confidence-interval	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: correlation	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: mean	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sample-size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: sample-size	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	statistical-significance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: statistical-significance	`content_tags.statistics[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	variance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. also in: variance	`content_tags.statistics[8]`		the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

content_tags.statistics[1] — quotation withheld — the page has already reproduced as much of this paper as the rights budget allows
NOT MACHINE-VOUCHED: restored-notation - The quote is the paper's, but our copy prints it differently: our copy 'mologi cal pa' where the quote has 'mological pa'; our copy 'om a χ 2 stat' where the quote has 'om a χ2 stat'. The words match once ligatures, hyphens, spacing and punctuation are set aside.

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.