standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
This record holds no relations between concepts. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | the governing partial differential equations of a spatiotemporal system, recovered from time series measurements Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether the governing equations of a system can be discovered from data where first-principles derivation is intractable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | a sparse regression method that selects the terms of a PDE from a large candidate library, with parsimony enforced by Pareto analysis and the library's sufficiency written down as an assumption Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | spatiotemporal dynamics whose governing equations have eluded analytic derivation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | system-or-tool-building Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: system-or-tool-building | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | sparsity-promoting regression selects the few library terms that represent the data, which is what BYPASSES a combinatorially large search over all candidate models Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | parsimony is enforced by Pareto analysis - accuracy against complexity - which is the same device the evolutionary and sparse symbolic-regression methods use to avoid overfitting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE METHOD CAN ONLY DISCOVER WHAT IS ALREADY IN ITS LIBRARY, and the paper states the sufficiency of the library as an ASSUMPTION: `if we assume that Theta is an overcomplete library, meaning Theta has a sufficiently rich column space that the dynamics will be in its range` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE NAMED FAILURE IS RIGHT TERMS AND WRONG NUMBERS: on Kuramoto-Sivashinsky the correct terms are identified and there is substantial coefficient error under noise, which the paper calls a limitation of the method rather than of the example Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the validation is REDISCOVERY - a method for finding equations nobody knows, tested on Navier-Stokes, the quantum harmonic oscillator and the diffusion equation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the method is run on systems whose governing equations are already known - Navier-Stokes, the quantum harmonic oscillator, the diffusion equation - and asked to REDISCOVER them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a discovery procedure that produces a plausible equation for any data, since on these systems the right answer is known in advance and the method must return it · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | Gaussian noise is added to every example and the method is re-run, and the data is also subsampled spatially Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a recovery that depends on clean, densely sampled data - noise is stated to significantly complicate both differentiation and library building · outcome: partial | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | multiple time series taken with DIFFERENT INITIAL DATA are used where terms are potentially nonunique Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: two different equations that fit one trajectory equally well being indistinguishable - a linear wave equation against Korteweg-de Vries · outcome: held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | overcomplete library Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: overcomplete library | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | sparse regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sparse regression | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | Pareto analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Pareto analysis | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | parsimonious model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: parsimonious model | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | overcomplete library - AS DEFINED HERE: a candidate set whose column space is rich enough that the true dynamics lie in its range. The word `assume` is the paper's, and everything the method can find is inside it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | parsimonious model - the point on the accuracy-against-complexity Pareto front, not the model with fewest terms and not the most accurate one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → the sparse and evolutionary symbolic-regression methods for discovering dynamical systems, carried from ODEs to partial differential equations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → first-principles derivation as the only route to a governing equation, on the ground that many complex systems have eluded it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the method assumes an overcomplete library whose column space is rich enough to contain the dynamics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | on Kuramoto-Sivashinsky the CORRECT TERMS ARE IDENTIFIED and the COEFFICIENTS ARE SUBSTANTIALLY WRONG under noise - the paper separates the two failure modes and calls the second a limitation of the method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the method distinguishes a linear wave equation from Korteweg-de Vries by using multiple time series with different initial data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | every example is re-identified after Gaussian noise is added, and after significant spatial subsampling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a candidate matrix with a sufficiently rich column space that the dynamics will be in its range - stated as an assumption, not established Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: overcomplete library | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the model selected by Pareto analysis, balancing model complexity against regression accuracy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: parsimonious model | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | canonical problems named in the abstract - Navier-Stokes, the quantum harmonic oscillator and the diffusion equation - as the validation set Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | sparse regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sparse regression | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: noise | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | initial data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: initial data | content_tags.variables[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.