Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Damian Santomauro, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Jamileh Shadid, Peng Zheng, Charlie Ashbaugh, David M. Pigott, Cristiana Abbafati, Christopher Adolph, Joanne O Amlag, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Bree Bang-Jensen, Gregory J Bertolacci, Sabina Bloom, Rachel Castellano, Emma Castro, Suman Chakrabarti, Jhilik Chattopadhyay, Rebecca M Cogen, James K. Collins, Xiaochen Dai, William James Dangel, Carolyn Dapper, Amanda Deen, Megan Erickson, Samuel B Ewald, Abraham D. Flaxman, Joseph Frostad, Nancy Fullman, J Giles, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Gaorui Guo, Jiawei He, Monika Helak, Erin Hulland, Bulat Idrisov, Akiaja Lindstrom, Emily Linebarger, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Beatrice Magistro, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Johan Månsson, Fatima Marinho, Ali H. Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Paulami Naik, Shuhei Nomura, James Kevin O'Halloran, Samuel M Ostroff, Maja Pasovic, Louise Penberthy, Robert C. Reiner, Grace Reinke, Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Aleksei Sholokhov, Reed J D Sorensen, Elena A. Varavikova, Anh Vo, Rebecca Walcott, Stefanie Watson, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Bethany Zigler, Simon I Hay, Theo Vos, Christopher Murray, Harvey Whiteford, Alize J Ferrari · The Lancet · 2021 · health-psychology · 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7 · record santomauro2021-global-prevalence-and-burden-of-de
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. 2026-08-20 schema-0.3 pass: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

This record’s own method is meta-analysis, and the tags below follow from that. A review’s findings, quantities and statistics are things stated IN this paper, and some of them report results obtained elsewhere. No tag on this page names a different author. Measured across every review in this corpus, 81% of a review’s tags carry no citation at all — most of them are the review speaking. The corpus does not adjudicate the rest: read an unmarked tag as a claim this paper makes, not necessarily one it made first.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
meta-analysis 4 fields · risk factors 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 16 concept tags on this paper, all 16 are grounded in a quoted sentence.

major depressive disorder anxiety disorders prevalence pre-pandemic baseline human mobility daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rate daily excess mortality rate COVID-19 pandemic risk factors proxies DisMod-MR 2.1 DALYs YLDs market research quota sampling population shocks screening measures unequal exposure to consequences disrupted development population shock care interrupted at the moment of need eligible studies COVID-19 impact indicator case definitions change in prevalence bias covariates meta-analysis

Method, as described: systematic review restricted to surveys with a pre-pandemic baseline, then Bayesian meta-regression (MR-BRT) of the prevalence change against COVID-19 impact indicators, applied to DisMod-MR 2.1 pre-pandemic estimates for every GBD location

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
unrecordable relation	`unhoused_relations`	a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 6 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 7 · concepts 16 · content_tags 20 · contribution 1 · controls 10 · limitations 12 · mechanisms 4 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 5 · unhoused_relations 2

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 7 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	the change in prevalence of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders in 2020 across 204 countries and territories, estimated for locations with and without data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	how much did the COVID-19 pandemic raise the global prevalence and burden of depression and anxiety, by age, sex and location Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	the first global estimate of the pandemic's effect on these two disorders, and a data standard the authors offer to the field for measuring the next population shock Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	a population shock raising the prevalence of common mental disorders - the same pattern seen after the 2008 and 2009 financial crises, now measured globally Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	meta-analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: meta-analysis	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	why women were affected more: carer and household load from school closures, lower salaries and less secure employment, and a measured rise in domestic violence during lockdowns - social channels rather than biological ones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: unequal exposure to consequences	`mechanisms[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
mechanisms	why the young were affected more: 1.6 billion learners out of school in over 190 countries, no physical spaces for peer interaction, and a higher chance of unemployment during and after an economic crisis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: disrupted development	`mechanisms[1]`	0.85	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the general category the paper places COVID-19 in - an unexpected event disrupting a population's environmental, health, economic or social circumstances, with the 2008-09 financial crises as its worked precedents Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: population shock	`mechanisms[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	distancing and travel restriction made medication and in-person care harder to get, services were interrupted or redirected, and people avoided seeking care for fear of infection - demand up and supply down together Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: care interrupted at the moment of need	`mechanisms[3]`	0.85	the tagger's words
limitations	the two indicators are unlikely to have captured the full impact of the pandemic, and infection rates are not consistently measured or reported everywhere Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	mobile-phone mobility tracking is inaccurate where phone use is low, and people who cannot reduce their mobility because of their job may have their mobility drop overestimated - a bias with a direction, stated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	VERY FEW QUALIFYING SURVEYS FROM LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, and large increases were nonetheless estimated for Latin America and the Caribbean, north Africa and the Middle East, and south Asia - super-regions from which NO study met the inclusion criteria at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	so the paper asks readers not to extrapolate rankings between countries, and its own leave-one-country-out cross-validation showed the rankings move with data availability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	most surveys used symptom scales estimating PROBABLE cases; the assumption that screening thresholds kept their predictive validity through the pandemic could bias the estimates, and a high anxiety score in 2020 might be a natural reaction to a real threat Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	only three diagnostic surveys existed to test that assumption against; two showed increases and the third used very small samples and changed from face-to-face to telephone administration at the pandemic's onset Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[5]`	0.85	the tagger's words
limitations	the severity distribution had to be assumed unchanged - existing cases may have worsened and new cases may be milder, and the burden estimate cannot tell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	studies were excluded for convenience sampling, non-standard case definitions, and instruments with no comparable pre-pandemic estimate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	other disorders may also have been affected - eating disorders are named - and were not estimated because the data have not been assessed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	whether the increased prevalence came with increased suicide is left open: a 21-country time-series found no significant rise, and the authors say they have insufficient data to conclude either way Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[9]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	DALYs here are entirely years lived with disability - despite potential excess deaths, neither disorder is counted as an underlying cause of death, which is an ICD convention and not a finding about lethality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[10]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	the geographical spread of the evidence: 22 studies from western Europe, 14 from high-income North America, 5 Australasia, 5 high-income Asia Pacific, 2 east Asia, 1 central Europe Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[11]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	an eligibility rule requiring a comparable PRE-PANDEMIC BASELINE, applied before any modelling: 5,683 sources found, 1,674 past title and abstract, 48 admitted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a during-pandemic prevalence being read as a CHANGE in prevalence. Without a baseline a survey measures a level, and the level was already high - this paper's own introduction notes no reduction since 1990 · outcome: held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	GBD case definitions tied to DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 rather than to whatever each survey called a case Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the pooled estimate being an average over incompatible definitions of depression and anxiety · outcome: held	`controls[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	market-research quota sampling admitted but carried as a bias covariate rather than pooled with random samples Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a non-probabilistic sampling frame inflating the estimate silently - AND THE COVARIATE EARNED ITS PLACE: cross-sectional quota studies significantly over-estimated the increase, which the model could then correct for · outcome: held	`controls[2]`	0.85	the tagger's words
controls	a separate bias covariate for instruments measuring depression and anxiety symptoms together, such as the K-6 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a combined-symptom instrument being counted as evidence about either disorder alone - and again it was measured, not assumed: those instruments overestimated the anxiety increase but not the depression increase · outcome: held	`controls[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	leave-one-country-out cross-validation of the final model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the estimates for locations with no data being untested - PARTIAL, and the authors report what it found against them: estimates stayed within their uncertainty bounds but the RANKINGS between locations moved with data availability · outcome: partial	`controls[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	backward elimination on the Akaike information criterion, with each unique sample given a random intercept and random effects on the impact indicators Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: covariates surviving in the model on the analyst's preference rather than on fit · outcome: held	`controls[5]`	0.9	the tagger's words
controls	PRISMA reporting, a protocol registered with PROSPERO before the review, and GATHER compliance with all analysis code published Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the search and the inclusion rule being decided after the data were seen - the protocol is registered and the code is inspectable · outcome: held	`controls[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	no language restriction on the literature search Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: an English-only search compounding the geographical gap the authors already report - though it did not close it: no qualifying study came from a low- or middle-income country · outcome: partial	`controls[7]`	0.9	the tagger's words
controls	confirming that no 2020 epidemiological data entered the DisMod-MR model, so its 2020 output is a genuine counterfactual Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the pandemic's effect being partly inside the baseline it is measured against - the pre-pandemic prevalence for 2020 is uncontaminated by 2020 · outcome: held	`controls[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	a statement that the funders had no role in design, collection, analysis or interpretation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a funder's interest shaping a global prevalence estimate that policy is set from · outcome: held	`controls[9]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concepts	major depressive disorder Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: major depressive disorder	`concepts[0]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	anxiety disorders Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: anxiety disorders	`concepts[1]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	prevalence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: prevalence	`concepts[2]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	pre-pandemic baseline Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pre-pandemic baseline	`concepts[3]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	human mobility Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: human mobility	`concepts[4]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rate	`concepts[5]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	daily excess mortality rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: daily excess mortality rate	`concepts[6]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	COVID-19 pandemic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: COVID-19 pandemic	`concepts[7]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	risk factors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: risk factors	`concepts[8]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	proxies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: proxies	`concepts[9]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	DisMod-MR 2.1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: DisMod-MR 2.1	`concepts[10]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	DALYs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: DALYs	`concepts[11]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	YLDs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: YLDs	`concepts[12]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	market research quota sampling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: market research quota sampling	`concepts[13]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	population shocks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: population shocks	`concepts[14]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	screening measures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: screening measures	`concepts[15]`	0.95	the paper's words
unhoused_relations	daily excess mortality rate → daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. COLLINEAR AT r=0.8, WHICH IS WHY ONE OF THEM IS NOT IN THE MODEL. Excess mortality showed no independent association with the prevalence change once the other two indicators were controlled for, and the paper attributes that to collinearity rather than to absence of effect. None of the eight types says 'correlates with', and none of them can say 'dropped from the model because it duplicates another variable' - which is the actual relation and the reason the coefficient is missing	`unhoused_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
unhoused_relations	pre-pandemic baseline → prevalence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. A CRITERION THAT DECIDES WHAT COUNTS AS EVIDENCE. Requiring a comparable pre-pandemic measurement took 5,683 sources to 48 - it is the single most consequential step in the analysis and it is not a relation between two concepts in any of the eight senses. 'part-of' is false, 'causes' is false, and 'operationalised-as' inverts it: the baseline is not how prevalence is measured, it is what makes a measurement admissible	`unhoused_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
senses	COVID-19 impact indicator - THE PAPER PRE-EMPTS ITS OWN MISREADING AND SAYS SO OUTRIGHT: human mobility and infection rate `should not be interpreted as risk factors`. They are PROXIES for the pandemic, which is the risk factor. A reader who takes the coefficient on human mobility as an effect of mobility has read the model backwards, and the authors put the warning in the discussion rather than leaving it to be inferred Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	prevalence, in this paper - A MODELLED QUANTITY, NOT A MEASURED ONE, and for most of the 204 locations there is no survey behind it. DisMod-MR estimates prevalence for locations missing raw data by cascading priors down a five-level geographical hierarchy, so a country's figure can be entirely inherited from its region Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	case, as counted here - A PROBABLE CASE ON A SCREENING SCALE, not a diagnosis. Only three diagnostic surveys existed to check against. The authors assume the predictive validity of screening thresholds did not change during the pandemic, and then give the counter-example themselves: a high anxiety-scale score in 2020 might be a natural reaction to a real threat rather than a disorder. SAME THRESHOLD PROBLEM AS lai2020, one level up Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	pre-pandemic baseline - THE ELIGIBILITY CRITERION, AND THE ONE THAT DID THE WORK. A prevalence survey run during the pandemic was not admissible without comparable data from before it, however large or well conducted. 5,683 sources became 48. Both COVID-19 mental health papers in this corpus - wang2020 and lai2020 - are cross-sectional with no pre-pandemic measurement and would fail it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	not associated, said of daily excess mortality - A COLLINEARITY RESULT, NOT A NULL EFFECT. Excess mortality correlates at r=0.8 with both surviving indicators, so it drops out of the model after they are controlled for. The paper says the reason. Reading it as `deaths did not affect mental health` is the opposite of what the analysis supports Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is).,	`alternatives.claim_type`	0.8	the tagger's words
alternatives	method: systematic-review-and-meta-regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: meta-analysis — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is).,	`alternatives.method`	0.9	the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: the global prevalence and burden of major depressive and anxiety disorders in 2020 attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: a population shock raising the prevalence of common mental disorders - the same pattern seen after the 2008 and 2009 fin — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is).,	`alternatives.phenomenon`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → the body of single-location snapshot surveys of depression and anxiety during COVID-19, and the qualitative syntheses and pooled estimates built on them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: the criticism is not of any one survey but of what the set of them cannot do: no study had synthesised a global prevalence and burden for 2020, and the pooled estimates on offer did not adjust for the baseline problem	`claim_relations[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	distinguishes-from → surveys of prevalence during the pandemic that lack a comparable pre-pandemic baseline - which is the design of both wang2020 and lai2020 in this corpus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: THE PAPER DOES NOT NAME THOSE TWO. What it states is the criterion, and the criterion excludes their design - both are cross-sectional with no pre-pandemic measurement, and lai2020 says so itself. The relation is to the DESIGN CLASS, not to the papers	`claim_relations[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → Pirkis and colleagues' 21-country time-series finding no significant increase in suicide rates between April and July 2020 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: and the qualification runs BOTH ways - the authors say they have insufficient data to conclude anything, and offer that the window may have been too early rather than claiming the finding is wrong	`claim_relations[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Frasquilho and colleagues' review of mental health outcomes after the 2009 economic crisis, and the Greek and Hong Kong prevalence series that followed the 2008-09 crashes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → GBD 2019's estimates of depressive and anxiety disorder burden, which this study adjusts rather than replaces Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	predicts → future mental health surveys responding to COVID-19 or another population shock, which the authors ask to align their sampling and instruments with pre-pandemic baselines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: an unusual relation to record and worth having: the paper is addressing studies that do not exist yet, and the data standard is offered as its second contribution	`claim_relations[5]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	COVID-19 pandemic —causes→ major depressive disorder Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: the paper is explicit that the PANDEMIC is the risk factor and the indicators are proxies for it, so this edge and not an indicator edge is the one it licenses also in: COVID-19 pandemic · major depressive disorder	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	COVID-19 pandemic —causes→ anxiety disorders Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'We also estimated' continues the previous sentence's estimate 'due to the COVID-19 pandemic'. also in: COVID-19 pandemic · anxiety disorders	`concept_edges[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	risk factors —distinct-from→ proxies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: the distinction the paper draws about its own model, in its own discussion, before anyone could get it wrong also in: risk factors · proxies	`concept_edges[4]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	prevalence —operationalised-as→ DisMod-MR 2.1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: and for locations with no raw data the operationalisation is the whole of it - the figure is a cascaded prior, not a measurement Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but prevalence is estimated by DisMod-MR 2.1; operationalised-as is loose. also in: prevalence · DisMod-MR 2.1	`concept_edges[5]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	YLDs —part-of→ DALYs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: AUDIT REVERSED THIS. Years lived with disability are a COMPONENT of disability-adjusted life-years, not the container. I had written it backwards and then written a note explaining why backwards was acceptable. For these two disorders the component is the whole - DALYs are composed entirely of YLDs, because neither is counted as an underlying cause of death - and that is what makes the containment total here rather than partial also in: YLDs · DALYs	`concept_edges[6]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	market research quota sampling —causes→ prevalence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: a bias with a measured direction, and the qualifier is load-bearing: cross-sectional quota studies overestimated, longitudinal ones did not Audit 2026-09-28: RESTORED AND DOUBTFUL - the full span was re-read; kept, but the full span says studies using market research quota sampling 'significantly over-estimated the increase in disorder prevalence' - the relation is stated, but 'causes prevalence' drops that it is an OVER-ESTIMATE of the increase; the withdrawal said the span only listed the sampling as a data source. The earlier withdrawal is kept in the record. also in: market research quota sampling · prevalence	`concept_edges[7]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	population shocks —causes→ major depressive disorder Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.85 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says these disorders are historically more SENSITIVE to population shocks; causes is loose. also in: population shocks · major depressive disorder	`concept_edges[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	an additional 53.2 million cases of major depressive disorder globally in 2020, an increase of 27.6% Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	an additional 76.2 million cases of anxiety disorders, an increase of 25.6% Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	49.4 million DALYs from major depressive disorder and 44.5 million from anxiety disorders in 2020 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	females were affected more than males and younger age groups more than older ones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	the locations hit hardest by the pandemic had the greatest increases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	48 of 5,683 identified sources met the inclusion criteria - 46 for depression, 27 for anxiety Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE INCREASE WAS ESTIMATED FOR SUPER-REGIONS WITH NO QUALIFYING SURVEY AT ALL - Latin America and the Caribbean, north Africa and the Middle East, south Asia Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	no reduction in global prevalence or burden of either disorder had been detected since 1990, before the pandemic began Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	eligible study = reported prevalence during the pandemic AND had a comparable pre-pandemic baseline; without one it could not be included Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: eligible studies	`content_tags.definitions[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	COVID-19 impact indicator = something that captures an effect of COVID-19, is consistently measured across locations, and is measured with sufficient granularity over time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: COVID-19 impact indicator	`content_tags.definitions[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	population shock = an unexpected or unpredictable event disrupting the environmental, health, economic or social circumstances of a population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: population shocks	`content_tags.definitions[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	case definitions taken from the GBD framework, adhering to DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: case definitions	`content_tags.definitions[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	excess mortality correlates at r=0.8 with both surviving indicators and at 0.5 between them, which is why it drops from the model rather than because it has no effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.statistics[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	cross-sectional market-research quota studies significantly over-estimated the prevalence increase; longitudinal ones using the same sampling did not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.statistics[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	instruments combining depression and anxiety symptoms overestimated the anxiety increase but not the depression increase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.statistics[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	95% uncertainty intervals are the 25th and 975th of 1,000 posterior samples Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.statistics[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	after the 2009 Greek crisis, point prevalence of major depressive episodes went from 3.3% in 2008 to 6.8% in 2009 to 8.2% in 2011 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.statistics[4]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	in Japan suicide fell 14% over the first five pandemic months and then rose 16%, more among females and the young Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.statistics[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	outcome: change in logit prevalence of each disorder, pre-pandemic versus mid-pandemic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: change in prevalence	`content_tags.variables[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	predictors: a single composite COVID-19 impact indicator, age, sex, and bias covariates for sampling strategy and instrument type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bias covariates	`content_tags.variables[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.