Implicit Memory: History and Current Status

Implicit Memory: History and Current Status Daniel L. Schacter

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Implicit Memory: History and Current Status 1987 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501 schacter1987-implicit-memory schacter1987-implicit-memory.txt, the project's staged copy 6cc4b74d190580f4eff2248c33811af037e09d68 personal-copy cognitive-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review cannot settle whether implicit and explicit memory rest on one system or several Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. None of the three main theoretical positions surveyed accounts for all the evidence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. There are no firm criteria for deciding between multiple-system and single-system explanations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the concept of unconscious cerebration, and the interest in implicit memory that followed from it, is traced to a general nineteenth-century attempt to relate physiology and psychology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. explicit memory explicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conscious recollection conscious recollection Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE PAIR IS DEFINED IN ONE SENTENCE BY ONE CRITERION APPLIED BOTH WAYS: `Quotation withheld.` Both are defined by what the TASK demands, not by what the memory IS. Same move Finkbeiner2011 makes for `subliminal` - the phenomenon is the outcome of a measurement - and it is why this distinction survived while the theories about it did not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE RECORD DATES ITS OWN VOCABULARY: `Graf and Schacter (1985, 1987; Schacter & Graf, 1986a, 1986b) have labeled this type of memory implicit memory, and have used the term explicit memory to refer to conscious recollection.` A paper that says who named the thing, when, and in which papers - two years before this review, by one of its own authors. Most of this corpus inherits `implicit memory` as vocabulary; this record can tell a reader where it came from, which is what the term-coiner layer exists to do Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND IT NAMES THE NEGATIVE SPACE IN ITS OWN HISTORY, TWICE. `Quotation withheld.` And on the modern literature: `there is a sense in which the entire literature on transfer of training may be perceived as the study of implicit memory, researchers did not view it as such and did not elaborate any distinctions like the one between implicit and explicit.` A densely populated region of research that had no name until somebody drew the line - said by the person who drew it. That is the `missing terms / negative space` argument with a worked historical case attached Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE ACCOUNT IT REPORTS THE FIELD ABANDONING IS THE OBVIOUS ONE: `The most popular idea was that implicit memory phenomena were produced by memory traces that are TOO WEAK to exceed the threshold of strength or activation needed for EXPLICIT memory.` One dimension, one threshold, implicit memory as sub-threshold explicit memory. A corpus that holds only current accounts cannot show what was given up - and this one is worth holding because the strength account is what every dissociation in this corpus is evidence against, including Bruce1998's dose asymmetry and Kirsner1986's crossover Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Graf and Schacter (1985) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the trace-strength/threshold account of implicit memory (Herbart, 1896; Leibniz, 1916; Korsakoff, 1889; Prince, 1914) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory —distinct-from→ explicit memory implicit memory explicit memory strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE DEFINITION IS THE EDGE. One sentence defines both by the same criterion - whether the task requires conscious recollection - applied in opposite directions, so the distinction is constitutive rather than empirical. Weight 0.95: this is the sentence the field took the pair from. Note what it does NOT claim: not that they are separate systems, only that they are separately revealed. The systems argument is elsewhere in the paper and is much weaker, which the fourth sense records. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory —distinct-from→ conscious recollection implicit memory conscious recollection strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE NAMING SENTENCE, AND IT CARRIES THE CONTRAST THE TERM WAS COINED TO MARK. 'implicit memory' was introduced for the case where memory shows without conscious recollection, and 'explicit memory' for the case where it needs it. Weight 0.9 rather than 0.95: the quote reports Graf and Schacter's usage rather than asserting the distinction, and the citation is to four papers this corpus does not hold. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming —part-of→ implicit memory repetition priming implicit memory strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'MOST OF' IS IN THE QUOTE AND IT IS THE REASON THIS EDGE MATTERS TO THIS PROJECT. Schacter places nearly the whole cognitive-psychology strand of implicit-memory research inside the repetition-priming paradigm - so a corpus about priming and a corpus about implicit memory are nearly the same corpus, and the two literatures cite each other under different names. Weight 0.9: 'most' is a hedge and the claim is a reviewer's characterisation, but it is the reviewer who named the field. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory facilitates performance without conscious recollection about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming is the central measure of implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-significance statistical-significance about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501.