standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 1 of 2 relations here carries that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | critique Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | pre-service science teachers' understanding of scientific models Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | practice-report Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: practice-report | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Data from the first two years of the course were not kept, so the reported distributions cover only three of the five years Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the reported distributions: TABLE 1 DISPLAYS THE SUMS OF THESE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR THE LAST THREE YEARS ... WE DID NOT RETAIN DATA FROM THE FIRST TWO YEARS | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The intervention's own effect was positive but limited, and only for some students Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the size of the intervention's effect: OUR APPROACH DID HAVE A POSITIVE BUT LIMITED IMPACT ON DEVELOPING IN SOME STUDENTS A RICHER UNDERSTANDING | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The expectation held and then reversed: the motivation the design depended on appeared as predicted and did not last, which the authors report as a surprise. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the motivational premise of this kind of intervention: the students were disturbed and motivated as assumed, but the authors report the interest was often short-lived | limitations[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The conditions the field's standard model of conceptual change rests on are reported as necessary but insufficient, with three named reasons. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: designing instruction on Posner et al.'s conditions for conceptual change: this paper quotes the position that the conditions may be necessary but are insufficient, that experiments often fail to generate the requisite data, and that cognitive limitations eclipse experimental evidence | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The evidence for the central claim is a teaching observation over five years rather than a measurement: students with undergraduate science degrees failed to generate correct predictions from a model they could otherwise manipulate, illustrated by one worked case (Archimedes' principle, floating and sinking). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the students' own first-questionnaire answers presented back to them, confirming the degree of agreement on each answer Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the researchers' reading of a consensus that the students would not recognise - showing them their own answers is the check that the agreement is theirs · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | nature of science Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nature of science | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | conceptual change Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: conceptual change | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | measurement error Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: measurement error | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | algorithms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: algorithms | concepts[3] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | evidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: evidence | concepts[4] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | inference Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: inference | concepts[5] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| senses | understanding - AS THE STUDENTS EVALUATED IT: recalling terms, recognising a principle, and demonstrating algebraic competency with mathematical representations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | understanding - AS THE COURSE REQUIRED IT: something reachable only by giving up those criteria, so the intervention asks students to change what counts as understanding, not just to learn more Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | using a model - distinguished here from knowing one: students with science degrees found it 'especially difficult to use a model to correctly generate predictions', which is the capacity the course tested and the degrees did not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | evidence - AS THIS PAPER FIXES IT: Nature's behavior itself, the thing a model is about and not any statement about it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | inference - AS THIS PAPER FIXES IT: our models of Nature's behavior; the paper's whole teaching problem is that students collapse this into evidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Posner, Strike, Hewson and Gertzog (1982) conceptual change framework; Kuhn (1962); Vosniadou (2008) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → Potgieter and colleagues (2012) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → McGoey and Ross (1999) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | algorithms —distinct-from→ conceptual change Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE PAPER NAMES THE INFERENCE IT IS ATTACKING AND CALLS IT DECEPTIVE: 'the DECEPTIVE…'. The record already carries the two readings of 'understanding' as senses - as the students evaluated it, and as the course required it - and this edge is the gap between them stated as a relation the paper denies.
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span calls the belief that algorithm success leads to conceptual change deceptive; distinct-from is loose. also in: algorithms · conceptual change | concept_edges[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | evidence —distinct-from→ inference Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE DISTINCTION IS THE PAPER'S SUBJECT AND NOTHING CARRIED IT. The record already held 'algorithms -distinct-from-> conceptual change' and two readings of 'understanding', but the pair those rest on - evidence against inference - had no concept, no sense and no edge. The parenthetical IS the definition: 'evidence (Nature's…'. Weight 1.0 because the sentence is unhedged and the goal statement at @3738 names the same distinction as objective (1) of the course. · the relation stated: the paper makes the separation a precondition of understanding science at all, not a nicety | concept_edges[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | frequency distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: frequency distribution | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Students averaged 91% on Questionnaire I. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Students averaged 49% on Questionnaire II over the course's final three years. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Despite nearly six class hours on Archimedes' principle, nearly all students reverted to other ideas about forces and buoyancy. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Of all the predictions and justifications offered in the final demonstration, exactly one invoked Archimedes' principle. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Almost all the students, despite holding undergraduate science degrees, did not understand the basic structure of science. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Students' interest was often short-lived; many grew frustrated at not closing the algorithm-conceptual gap quickly. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Most students were relieved when the floating-and-sinking unit ended, though they said it raised more questions than answers. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Archimedes' principle Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Archimedes' principle | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | disequilibrium Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: disequilibrium | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | kind of knowledge Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: kind of knowledge | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | student predictions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: student predictions | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | over 100 students — number of graduate students taught in the Nature of Science course over the five-year period Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | around 20 students — typical class size each year, with roughly equal numbers of women and men Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 12 hours — total instruction time of the floating-and-sinking unit: eight 90-minute classes spread over four weeks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 91% — average score on Questionnaire I (density/algorithm items) over the final three years Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 49% — average score on Questionnaire II (conceptual floating-and-sinking items) over the final three years Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | approximately 32% — score that random guessing would have produced on Questionnaire II, i.e. the chance baseline Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | only one — number of student responses in the final demonstration that referred to Archimedes' principle Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Roughly half the class — share of students predicting the glass would go down when a finger was placed in the water Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | No student — number of students who predicted that the balanced glass would rise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.