Linked Data Annotation Without the Pointy Brackets: Introducing Recogito 2

Linked Data Annotation Without the Pointy Brackets: Introducing Recogito 2 Rainer Simon Elton Barker Leif Isaksen Pau de Soto Cañamares

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Linked Data Annotation Without the Pointy Brackets: Introducing Recogito 2 2017 Journal of Map & Geography Libraries 10.1080/15420353.2017.1307303 simon2017-recogito simon2017-recogito.txt, the project's staged copy 3f8444249c5f5a91c6d51e446adfb922ac4fd409 green-oa-repository-copy digital-humanities

the paper's own words

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic geo-annotation of texts and maps with gazetteer URIs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. system-or-tool-building system-or-tool-building Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms datasets are joined by making everyone refer to the SAME IDENTIFIER: whenever a place is mentioned it is named by a shared gazetteer URI, and otherwise isolated datasets become implicitly joined into one interconnected graph with the gazetteers as its central backbone Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms CONNECTIVITY THROUGH COMMON REFERENCES RATHER THAN A COMMON SCHEMA: the annotations are published separately from the data they annotate, as standoff markup, so no model is mandated for the data themselves and no constraint is put on how they are represented about this quote: 2026-08-16: A WORD-ORDER SCRAMBLE INSIDE THIS QUOTE. The staged text reads "We refer to this approach as connectivity -as opposed to connectivity through a through common references common schema-": the phrases 'through common references' and 'through a common schema' have been interleaved by the extraction. Read as: "We refer to this approach as connectivity THROUGH COMMON REFERENCES - as opposed to connectivity THROUGH A COMMON SCHEMA - because it doesn't mandate a specific model...". The quote is an exact substring of the staged file and the file is out of order here, not the tag. This is damage shape 5, for which no finder exists; it was caught by reading the span. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms the word ANNOTATION is chosen for what it connotes: that the association is NOT to be taken as certain fact but as somebody - a human editor or an automated script - claiming a relation between a document and a place Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms whether a term counts as ontological is settled SOCIALLY and not formally: the distinguishing property is a commonly understood meaning under a shared conceptualization, so the benefit claimed for Linked Data is a shared social understanding rather than machine-readability Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms EVERY AUTOMATIC MATCH IS MARKED UNVERIFIED UNTIL A HUMAN ACTS ON IT, and the state is shown in the interface rather than stored quietly - grey until a user confirms or corrects it, then green Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms a reference that cannot be resolved is EXPLICITLY FLAGGED as not identifiable rather than left blank or guessed, and several gazetteer matches may be attached at once when the reference is unclear or genuinely denotes more than one place Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms each contribution to an annotation carries its contributor and its time, so an annotation becomes a sequence of interactions - a micro discussion thread - and an audit trail of additions and changes makes the version history inspectable and the document revertible about this quote: 2026-08-16: A PAGE NUMBER IS SPLICED INTO THE MIDDLE OF THIS QUOTE. The staged text reads "associated with the user who contributed it, 14 and the time it was made" - the 14 is the page number, not part of the sentence. The FOOTNOTE guard did not catch it because it requires a CAPITALISED word after the digit, and this one is followed by 'and'. The span was kept rather than narrowed because the number sits mid-clause and cutting either side would lose half of what the tag rests on. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms the workflow's bottleneck is MEASURED rather than asserted: geo-resolution accounted for 2% of all user actions in the first workshop, and a redesign of the interface between workshops raised it to about 7% - an improvement the authors report while still calling it the bottleneck Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms the two design choices credited with the tool's acceptance are stated as a pair: every automated step must always require human verification, AND wherever that verification is missing it must be displayed prominently - with the interface emphasising manual control while offering automated suggestions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Geo-resolution stayed the productivity bottleneck of the workflow even after a UI redesign. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Gazetteers are so far the only controlled vocabulary the tool supports for semantic annotation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The tool was still unreleased at the time of writing, with public release only scheduled. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. An annotation is presented as somebody's claim, not as established fact. what this limits: any use of the annotations this tool produces: the authors state the association ought not to be considered certain fact, and that a human editor or an automated geo-parsing script is making a claim about the relation between a document and a place Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Whether the vocabulary is ontological is a social fact about a community, not a property of the data. what this limits: any claim that this data is semantically interoperable: the authors endorse the point that whether a term is ontological is a purely social matter, not a technical or formal one Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The approach's success is credited to a shared vocabulary that already existed for that period and region. what this limits: any transfer of this method to another domain: the authors attribute the initial focus on classical antiquity to a suitable focused historical URI-based gazetteer already existing and being widely acknowledged among the scholarly community Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the claim checked against contribution statistics recorded automatically during the workshops eliminates: an impression of how users behaved formed from watching them - the logged action counts are independent of the observers' recollection · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. annotation annotation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim claim Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. gazetteer URI gazetteer URI Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. place place Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ontological annotation ontological annotation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an annotation - AN ASSERTION OF AN INTERPRETATION, NOT A STATEMENT OF FACT: the paper says the association ought not to be considered certain fact and that somebody - explicitly either a human editor or an automated geo-parsing script - is making a claim; the annotator's kind is part of what the annotation records Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ontological annotation - DEFINED BY COMMUNITY AGREEMENT, NOT BY FORMALISM: formal annotations use formally defined terms, and ontological ones are those whose terminology has a commonly understood meaning according to a shared conceptualization - so the top of the hierarchy is a social condition, and the authors endorse the point that it is a purely social matter and not a technical or formal one Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the benefit of Linked Data - A SHARED SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING, NOT MACHINE-READABILITY: the paper puts the value of semantic annotation in the shared vocabulary rather than in the data being machine-processable, which is the answer this project owes to the objection that formalising meaning loses what matters Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Recogito 1 (Simon et al. 2015) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Pundit (Grassi et al. 2012, 2013) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. annotation —is-a→ claim annotation claim strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span calls annotation a conceptual METAPHOR for making a claim; is-a is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. place —operationalised-as→ gazetteer URI place gazetteer URI strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says one SHOULD refer to a place by a gazetteer URI; normative. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Shared gazetteer URIs are what joins otherwise isolated datasets; the gazetteer becomes the backbone of the graph. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The tool stresses manual intervention and editorial control, to support curating quality data. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Annotation had been restricted to the technically expert, and to tools that offered little interoperability. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic annotation semantic annotation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. geo-annotation geo-annotation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1080/15420353.2017.1307303.