standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 1 relation here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | signal detection theory measures of sensitivity and response bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | Textbooks describe the theory and then decline to give the calculation - the paper quotes one concluding a nine-page treatment with the statement that the measures can be calculated by a procedure it will not discuss. Fewer than half the studies that could use SDT do. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The two assumptions d-prime rests on cannot be tested in the task where d-prime is most used; rating tasks are required instead. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: a d-prime computed from a yes/no task: the paper states the d-prime assumptions cannot actually be tested in yes/no tasks and that rating tasks are required to test them | limitations[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | One of the two assumptions is singled out as particularly doubtful for some yes/no tasks. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: d-prime as a pure sensitivity measure in a yes/no task: the paper states the assumptions may not be tenable and that equality of the signal and noise standard deviations is particularly suspect | limitations[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The common bias measure carries its own assumption about how responses are generated. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: a beta value reported as response bias: its use assumes | limitations[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The paper's case that the barrier is now gone rests on a comparison rather than a measurement - that software makes the analysis no harder than a t test. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | signal detection theory, carried into psychology to quantify discrimination between two stimulus types - and it brought its vocabulary with it, so psychological stimuli are still called 'signal' and 'noise' Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | d' assumptions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: d' assumptions | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | response bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: response bias | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | signal detection theory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: signal detection theory | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | signal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: signal | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: noise | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | recognition memory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: recognition memory | concepts[5] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | medical diagnosis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: medical diagnosis | concepts[6] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| senses | the d' assumptions - NAMED AND UNTESTABLE IN PLACE: normality and equal standard deviations, which the paper says cannot be tested in the yes/no task itself Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | discriminability versus response bias - the distinction the paper says is so critical that it is illustrated with five examples from widely disparate areas of study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | signal / noise - in this paper NOT perceptual stimuli but whichever two categories a domain must discriminate: old/new items, lies/truths, guilty/innocent defendants, diseased/well patients. The words are inherited from perception and the referents are not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → Grier (1971) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → Macmillan and Creelman (1996) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | signal —distinct-from→ noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: NOTHING FIXED - the contrast is whatever the domain supplies. Across the seven applications listed in one sentence it is old against new, lie against truth, guilty against innocent, diseased against well. The pair names a CONTRAST STRUCTURE, not two things · strength of the relation: 0.9 | concept_edges[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | d' (sensitivity index) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: d' (sensitivity index) | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | A' (nonparametric sensitivity measure) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | beta (likelihood-ratio response bias measure) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | regression (ordinary least squares) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: regression (ordinary least squares) | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ROC curve fitting (slope and intercept in z space) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The major contribution of signal detection theory to psychology is that it separates response bias from sensitivity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Despite wide acceptance of the theory, fewer than half of the studies to which signal detection theory applies actually use it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Fitting ROC data by ordinary least squares gives biased slope and intercept estimates, because in rating tasks both the hit-rate and the false-alarm-rate z scores carry sampling error rather than only one of them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In the worked example OLS gave the misleading impression that the signal and noise distributions have equal standard deviations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The violated equal-variance assumption explains why the d' values from different criteria varied so widely. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Lookup tables are an inaccurate route to SDT measures because they force hit and false-alarm rates to be rounded, usually to two significant digits, and some published tables contain wrong entries. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | criterion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: criterion | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | response bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: response bias | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | d' Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: d' | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the d' assumptions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the d' assumptions | content_tags.definitions[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ROC area Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ROC area | content_tags.definitions[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | m-alternative forced-choice (mAFC) task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | loglinear approach Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: loglinear approach | content_tags.definitions[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | hits Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: hits | content_tags.definitions[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | false alarms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: false alarms | content_tags.definitions[12] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | signal distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: signal distribution | content_tags.definitions[13] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | noise distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: noise distribution | content_tags.definitions[14] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | over 2,000 — citations to Green and Swets (1966) recorded in the Social Sciences Citation Index, used to argue SDT is widely accepted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | .9332 — hit rate in the illustrative Figure 1 example, the proportion of the signal distribution above the criterion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 50 signal trials and 25 noise trials — size of the hypothetical rating-task data set used for the worked computational example Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | d' = 1.56 — sensitivity computed for the second criterion of the worked example (hit rate .92, false-alarm rate .44) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | A' = .84 — nonparametric sensitivity for the same pair of rates in the worked example Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | slope of 1.28 and an intercept of 1.52 — ROCFIT's fitted z-space ROC parameters for the example rating data, from which Az is computed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | r = .90 — correlation between hit-rate and false-alarm-rate z scores in the example, shown still to leave the two OLS slopes far apart Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.