Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines Clotilde Théry Kenneth W. Witwer Elena Aïkawa María José Alcaraz Johnathon D. Anderson Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina Anna Antoniou Tanina Arab Fabienne Archer Georgia K. Atkin‐Smith D. Craig Ayre Jean‐Marie Bach Daniel Bachurski Hossein Baharvand Leonora Balaj Shawn Baldacchino Natalie Bauer Amy A. Baxter Mary Bebawy Carla Beckham Apolonija Bedina Zavec Abderrahim Benmoussa Anna C. Berardi Paolo Bergese Ewa Bielska Cherie Blenkiron Sylwia Bobis‐Wozowicz Éric Boilard Wilfrid Boireau Antonella Bongiovanni Francesc E. Borràs Steffi Bösch Chantal M. Boulanger Xandra O. Breakefield Andrew Breglio Meadhbh Á. Brennan David R. Brigstock Alain Brisson Marike L. D. Broekman Jacqueline Bromberg Paulina Bryl‐Górecka Shilpa Buch Amy H. Buck Dylan Burger Sara Busatto Dominik Buschmann Benedetta Bussolati Edit I. Buzás James Brian Byrd Giovanni Camussi David R. F. Carter Sarah Caruso Lawrence W. Chamley Yu‐Ting Chang Chihchen Chen Daiwen Chen Lesley Cheng Andrew R. Chin Aled Clayton Stefano Piatto Clerici Alex Cocks Emanuele Cocucci Robert J. Coffey Anabela Cordeiro‐da‐Silva Yvonne Couch Frank A. W. Coumans Beth Coyle Rossella Crescitelli Miriã Ferreira Criado Crislyn D’Souza‐Schorey Saumya Das Amrita Datta Chaudhuri Paola de Candia Eliezer F De Santana Olivier De Wever Hernando A. del Portillo Tanguy Demaret Sarah Deville Andrew Devitt Bert Dhondt Dolores Di Vizio Lothar C. Dieterich Vincenza Dolo Ana Paula Domínguez Rubio Massimo Dominici Maurício Rocha Dourado Tom A. P. Driedonks Filipe V. Duarte Heather M. Duncan Ramon M. Eichenberger Karin M. Ekström Samir EL Andaloussi Céline Élie-Caille Uta Erdbrügger Juan Manuel Falcón‐Pérez Farah Fatima Jason E. Fish Miguel Flores‐Bellver András Försönits Annie Frelet‐Barrand Fabia Fricke Gregor Fuhrmann Susanne Gabrielsson Ana Gámez‐Valero Chris Gardiner Kathrin Gärtner Raphaël Gaudin Yong Song Gho Bernd Giebel Caroline Gilbert Mario Gimona Ilaria Giusti Deborah C. I. Goberdhan André Görgens Sharon M. Gorski David W. Greening Julia Christina Gross Alice Gualerzi Gopal N. Gupta Dakota Gustafson Aase Handberg Reka A. Haraszti Paul Harrison Hargita Hegyesi An Hendrix Andrew F. Hill Fred H. Hochberg Karl F. Hoffmann Beth Holder Harry Holthöfer Baharak Hosseinkhani Guoku Hu Yiyao Huang Veronica Huber Stuart Hunt Ahmed Ibrahim Tsuneya Ikezu Jameel M. Inal Mustafa Işın Alena Ivanova Hannah K. Jackson Søren Jacobsen Steven M. Jay Muthuvel Jayachandran Guido Jenster Lanzhou Jiang Suzanne M. Johnson Jennifer Jones Ambrose Jong Tijana Jovanović‐Talisman Stephanie Jung Raghu Kalluri Shin‐ichi Kano Sukhbir Kaur Yumi Kawamura Evan T. Keller Delaram Khamari Elena Khomyakova Anastasia Khvorova Peter Kierulf Kwang Pyo Kim Thomas Kislinger Mikael Klingeborn David J. Klinke Miroslaw Kornek Maja Kosanović Árpád Ferenc Kovács Eva‐Maria Krämer‐Albers Susanne Krasemann Mirja Krause Igor V. Kurochkin Gina D. Kusuma Sören Kuypers Saara Laitinen Scott M. Langevin Lucia R. Languino Joanne Lannigan Cecilia Lässer Louise C. Laurent Grégory Lavieu Elisa Lázaro‐Ibáñez Soazig Le Lay Myung‐Shin Lee Yi Lee Débora S. Lemos Metka Lenassi Aleksandra Leszczynska Isaac T. S. Li Ke Liao Sten F.W.M. Libregts Erzsébet Ligeti Rebecca Lim Sai Kiang Lim Aija Linē Karen Linnemannstöns Alicia Llorente Catherine Lombard Magdalena J. Lorenowicz Ákos M. Lőrincz Jan Lötvall Jason Lovett Michelle C. Lowry Xavier Loyer Quan Lu Barbara Łukomska Taral R. Lunavat Sybren L. N. Maas Harmeet Malhi Antonio Marcilla Jacopo Mariani Javier Mariscal Elena S. Martens‐Uzunova Lorena Martín‐Jaular Maria Carmen Martínez Vilma R. Martins Mathilde Mathieu Suresh Mathivanan Marco Maugeri Lynda K. McGinnis Mark J. McVey David G. Meckes Katie Meehan Inge Mertens Valentina R. Minciacchi Andreas Möller Maléne Møller Jørgensen Aizea Morales‐Kastresana Jess Morhayim François Mullier Maurizio Muraca Luca Musante Veronika Mussack Dillon C. Muth Kathryn H. Myburgh Tanbir Najrana Muhammad Nawaz Irina Nazarenko Peter Nejsum Christian Néri Tommaso Neri Rienk Nieuwland Leonardo Nimrichter John P. Nolan Esther Nm Nolte-'t Hoen Nicole Noren Hooten Lorraine O’Driscoll Tina O’Grady Ana O’Loghlen Takahiro Ochiya Martin Olivier Alberto Ortíz Luis A. Ortiz Xabier Osteikoetxea Ole Østergaard Matías Ostrowski Jaesung Park D. Michiel Pegtel Héctor Peinado Francesca Perut Michael W. Pfaffl Donald G. Phinney Bartijn C. H. Pieters Ryan Pink David S. Pisetsky Elke Pogge von Strandmann Iva Polakovičová Ivan K. H. Poon Bonita H. Powell Ilaria Prada Lynn Pulliam Peter J. Quesenberry Annalisa Radeghieri Robert L. Raffaı̈ Stefania Raimondo Janusz Rak Marcel I. Ramirez Graça Raposo Morsi Rayyan Neta Regev‐Rudzki Franz Ricklefs Paul D. Robbins David D. Roberts Sílvia C. Rodrigues Eva Rohde Sophie Rome Kasper M.A. Rouschop Aurelia Rughetti Ashley E. Russell Paula Saá Susmita Sahoo Edison Salas‐Huenuleo Catherine Sánchez Julie A. Saugstad Meike J. Saul Raymond M. Schiffelers Raphaël Schneider Tine Hiorth Schøyen Aaron Scott Eriomina Shahaj Shivani Sharma Olga Shatnyeva Faezeh Shekari Ganesh Vilas Shelke Ashok K. Shetty Kiyotaka Shiba Pia Siljander Andreia Silva Agata Skowronek Orman L. Snyder Rodrigo Pedro Soares Barbara W. Sódar Carolina Soekmadji Javier Sotillo Philip D. Stahl Willem Stoorvogel Shannon L. Stott Erwin Strasser Simon Swift Hidetoshi Tahara Muneesh Tewari Kate Timms Swasti Tiwari Rochelle Tixeira Mercedes Tkach Wei Seong Toh Richard Tomasini Ana Cláudia Torrecilhas Juan Pablo Tosar Vasilis Toxavidis Lorena Urbanelli Pieter Vader Bas WM van Balkom Susanne G van der Grein Jan Van Deun Martijn J. C. van Herwijnen Kendall Van Keuren‐Jensen Guillaume van Niel Martin E. van Royen André J. van Wijnen M. Helena Vasconcelos Ivan J. Vechetti Tiago Degani Veit Laura J. Vella Émilie Velot Frederik J. Verweij Beate Vestad Jose L. Viñas Tamás Visnovitz Krisztina V Vukman Jessica Wahlgren Dionysios C. Watson Marca H. M. Wauben Alissa M. Weaver Jason Webber Viktoria Weber Ann M. Wehman Daniel J. Weiss Joshua A Welsh Sebastian Wendt Åsa M. Wheelock Zoltán Wiener Leonie Witte Joy Wolfram Angeliki Xagorari Patrícia Xander Jing Xu Xiaomei Yan María Yáñez‐Mó Hang Yin Yuana Yuana Valentina Zappulli Jana Zárubová Vytautas Žėkas Jianye Zhang Zezhou Zhao Lei Zheng Alexander R. Zheutlin Antje M. Zickler Pascale Zimmermann Angela M. Zivkovic Davide Zocco Ewa Zuba‐Surma

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Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines 2018 Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750 thery2018-minimal-information-for-studies-of thery2018-minimal-information-for-studies-of.txt, the project's staged copy e9a9c3130ab8c712fb06d8e453e382556213a0f4 cc-by-nc biology

the paper's own words

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them the nomenclature and minimal reporting requirements of extracellular vesicle research - the field's terms treated as the thing to be fixed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. which EV terms authors may use, given that the subtype names assert a biogenesis the available methods cannot establish Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the 2018 position statement: a definition of EV, an instruction to prefer OPERATIONAL terms over biogenesis ones, and a recorded 94% vote endorsing it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. particles naturally released from the cell, delimited by a lipid bilayer, that cannot replicate - and whose subcellular origin cannot be read off the particle Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. expert-consensus expert-consensus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE ONLY INSTRUMENT THAT COULD SETTLE THE DEFINITION IS NAMED, AND IT IS NOT AN ASSAY ON THE SAMPLE: assigning an EV to a biogenesis pathway `remains extraordinarily difficult unless, e.g. the EV is caught in the act of release by live imaging techniques`. The defining property is a history and must be WATCHED, not measured Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. consensus has not emerged on specific markers of EV subtypes - endosome-origin `exosomes` and plasma-membrane-derived `ectosomes` - so the subtype names cannot be supported by any marker in routine use Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE FIELD'S OWN WORDS FOR ITS OWN TERMS: `exosome` and `microvesicle` are `historically burdened by both manifold, contradictory definitions and inaccurate expectations of unique biogenesis` Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. where the markers this document asks for do not exist, it says so and asks the field to develop them - `where such markers are not yet available, we encourage their development and publication` Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the fallback if EV identity cannot be confirmed at all is to STOP CLAIMING IT: `other terms such as extracellular particle (EP) might be more appropriate` Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the nomenclature recommendation was put to the society's survey and the result printed with it - 94% endorsed, and the remainder split evenly between dissent and a preference for NO nomenclature recommendation at all eliminates: a committee's preference presented as the field's position, and it reports the shape of the dissent rather than only its size · outcome: held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. whether a marker exists that would let an author keep using a biogenesis-based subtype name eliminates: nothing - consensus has not emerged on specific markers of EV subtypes, and the document says where such markers are not yet available it can only encourage their development · outcome: failed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. authors who must use a burdened term anyway are required to define it clearly and prominently at the beginning of each publication eliminates: a paper inheriting one of the manifold contradictory definitions silently, so that a reader cannot tell which one is meant · outcome: absent-declared-unreported Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. if EV identity cannot be confirmed to the minimal requirements, the claim itself is withdrawn - 'extracellular particle' replaces 'extracellular vesicle' eliminates: a vesicular claim resting on a preparation that was never shown to contain vesicles · outcome: absent-declared-unreported Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extracellular vesicle extracellular vesicle Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. operational terms operational terms Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. biogenesis pathway biogenesis pathway Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. small EVs small EVs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extracellular particle extracellular particle Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. exosome exosome Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. microvesicle microvesicle Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extracellular vesicle, 2018 - `particles naturally released from the cell that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and cannot replicate`. THE WORD `naturally` OCCURS EXACTLY ONCE IN THIS DOCUMENT, here, and MISEV2023 minutes its removal `to avoid unintended exclusion of engineered EVs`. A category boundary edited in public, one word, five years apart, and both texts are now in this corpus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. operational term - a name that states what was MEASURED: size (sEV under 100 or 200 nm, m/lEV over 200 nm), density, biochemical composition, or cell of origin. THE FIELD RETREATS FROM A HISTORY TO A DIAMETER, with the ranges required to be stated Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. exosome / microvesicle, 2018 - terms to be used IN THE PLACE OF NOTHING: the document asks authors to put operational terms `in the place of` these, and if that is unavoidable, to define them `clearly and prominently at the beginning of each publication`. A vocabulary conceding that its words carry no shared meaning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extracellular particle (EP) - the honest fallback. Where EV identity cannot be confirmed to this document's minimal requirements, the claim of vesicularity is dropped rather than asserted weakly Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `exosome` / `microvesicle` - RETIRED BY A CONSORTIUM, AND THE STATED REASON IS TWO FAULTS AT ONCE: `terms such as exosome and microvesicle that are historically burdened by both manifold, contradictory definitions and inaccurate expectations of unique biogenesis.` The first fault is that the word means different things to different authors; the second is that it means something the experiment did not show. A name can be ambiguous without being presumptuous, and these are charged with both. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE REPLACEMENT IS A CHANGE OF KIND, NOT A CHANGE OF WORD: an ORIGIN-based vocabulary is swapped for a MEASUREMENT-based one. `operational terms for EV subtypes that refer to a) physical characteristics ... such as size (“small EVs” (sEVs) ...) or density ...; b) biochemical composition ...; or c) descriptions of conditions or cell of origin ... in the place of terms such as exosome and microvesicle`. Every replacement names something the experimenter can measure; the retired terms named where the vesicle came from. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: method a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: method — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. method: consensus-guideline a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: expert-consensus — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: extracellular vesicles and the minimal information researchers must report when studying them a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: particles naturally released from the cell, delimited by a lipid bilayer, that cannot replicate - and whose subcellular — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → 'exosome' and 'microvesicle' as category labels, on the ground that they are historically burdened by manifold, contradictory definitions and inaccurate expectations of unique biogenesis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → MISEV2014, updated here - and itself updated by MISEV2023, which deletes the word 'naturally' from the definition below Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → assigning an EV to a biogenesis pathway from a preparation, since that assignment needs the vesicle caught in the act of release by live imaging Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. small EVs —contrasted-with→ exosome small EVs exosome strength of the relation: 1 · note: The consortium proposes the first IN THE PLACE OF the second. Not 'same-as': the point of the recommendation is that 'small EVs' claims LESS than 'exosome' did, so they are not interchangeable. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but authors are urged to use operational terms such as small EVs; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. operational terms —contrasted-with→ exosome operational terms exosome strength of the relation: 1 · note: The contrast is between two KINDS of name - operational versus biogenetic - and the paper draws it explicitly with 'in the place of'. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the same span; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. assigning an EV to a biogenesis pathway remains extraordinarily difficult unless live imaging catches it being released assigning an EV to a biogenesis pathway remains extraordinarily difficult unless live imaging catches it being released Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the society's own verdict on its field's two most-used words: `exosome` and `microvesicle` are HISTORICALLY BURDENED BY MANIFOLD, CONTRADICTORY DEFINITIONS and inaccurate expectations of unique biogenesis the society's own verdict on its field's two most-used words: `exosome` and `microvesicle` are HISTORICALLY BURDENED BY MANIFOLD, CONTRADICTORY DEFINITIONS and inaccurate expectations of unique biogenesis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the recommended operational terms use physical characteristics such as size (sEV under 100 or 200 nm, m/lEV over 200 nm) or density the recommended operational terms use physical characteristics such as size (sEV under 100 or 200 nm, m/lEV over 200 nm) or density Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 94% of survey respondents endorsed the nomenclature recommendation, and the remainder were split evenly between dissent and a preference for NO nomenclature recommendation at all 94% of survey respondents endorsed the nomenclature recommendation, and the remainder were split evenly between dissent and a preference for NO nomenclature recommendation at all Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. if EV identity cannot be confirmed to the minimal requirements, terms such as extracellular particle may be more appropriate if EV identity cannot be confirmed to the minimal requirements, terms such as extracellular particle may be more appropriate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. where the requested markers are not yet available, the document encourages their development and publication where the requested markers are not yet available, the document encourages their development and publication Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. particles naturally released from the cell that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and cannot replicate, i.e. do not contain a functional nucleus. THE WORD `naturally` IS DELETED IN MISEV2023 extracellular vesicle Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. names referring to physical characteristics - size, with ranges defined, or density, or biochemical composition, or cell of origin operational terms Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. per cent of MISEV2018 survey respondents endorsed the nomenclature recommendation - the vote to stop using the field's own subtype names 94 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the size boundary between `small EVs` and `medium/large EVs`, with each range required to be stated by the authors who use the term 200nm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Consensus Consensus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. size size Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. density density Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750.