The Psychological Consequences of Money

The Psychological Consequences of Money Kathleen D. Vohs Nicole L. Mead Miranda R. Goode

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The Psychological Consequences of Money 2006 Science 10.1126/science.1132491 vohs2006-money vohs2006-money.txt, the project's staged copy 7b57d674b631ccd6f2804cc5df7d4920fe964034 personal-copy economics

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. money priming and self-sufficiency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms reminders of money shift people into a self-sufficient orientation - more independent, less helpful and less help-seeking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. using a subtle money-priming manipulation (a psychology method) to study its effects on economic and social behavior Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. participants randomly assigned to the three conditions of Experiment 1 eliminates: self-selection into the money-priming conditions · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. random assignment between the high-money and restricted-money manipulations, so the two primes differ only in the idea they activate eliminates: a difference between the kinds of people who received each prime, on an effect measured as a difference between the primes · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. self-sufficiency self-sufficiency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. money money Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. accessibility accessibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE DEFINITION AND THEN THE REFUSAL OF ITS CONNOTATION, IN CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES. Self-sufficiency is `an insulated state wherein people put forth effort to attain personal goals and prefer to be separate from others` - and then: `The term as we define it does not imply a value judgment and encompasses a mixture of desirable and undesirable qualities.` That second sentence is the paper's whole argumentative move. `Self-sufficiency` in ordinary English is a compliment; stripped of its valence it can carry `worked harder` and `helped less` at once, which is exactly what the nine experiments show Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ONE PROCESS FOR TWO OPPOSITE-VALENCE LITERATURES, STATED AS THE PAPER'S PROPOSAL: `Some scholars have pointed to its role as an incentive ... Others, however, have deplored money for undermining interpersonal harmony. Quotation withheld` Two bodies of work that had been read as contradicting each other are re-described as one effect seen from two sides - and the only thing that makes that possible is the value-neutral definition in the previous row Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE OBJECT IS AN IDEA AND THE PAPER SAYS SO BEFORE ANY EXPERIMENT: `In this Report, `money` refers to a distinct entity, a particular economic concept ... we use the term money to represent the idea of money, not property or possessions.` Nobody is given, shown or promised wealth. A stipulative definition placed before the method, which is rare in this corpus and is what makes the result a claim about concepts rather than about incentives - and it is precisely the move a critic must accept before the findings can even be stated Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND PRIMING IS DEFINED BY MECHANISM AND LOCATION RATHER THAN BY EFFECT: it works `through the use of mental priming techniques, which heighten the accessibility of the idea of money but at a level below participants' conscious awareness. Thus, priming acts as a nonconscious reminder of the concept of money.` Two commitments in one sentence - what the prime changes (accessibility) and where it changes it (below awareness) - and the second is the one a replication can fail on without touching the first Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → prior research on the effects of money Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Lea and Webley (1) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Frank, Gilovich, and Regan (13) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming —causes→ accessibility priming accessibility direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: DEFINITIONAL RATHER THAN EMPIRICAL, like the Minton2017 row: this is what the technique is FOR, stated in the method rather than found in the results. Weighted 0.95, and the direction is unambiguous in the quote - 'heighten'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. money —causes→ self-sufficiency money self-sufficiency direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: GROUNDED ON THE HYPOTHESIS, NOT THE RESULT, AND WEIGHTED 0.7 FOR IT. The results sentence - 'nine experiments SUGGEST…' - writes the construct as an adjective, which cannot attest the noun this node uses. The conditional does, and it carries 'If', which is the right amount of commitment for an edge on a contested effect: money2013 on this corpus is the 2015 reply to a failed replication of the related Caruso et al. result, and it offers four moderators for when this should hold at all. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is conditional ('If money brings about ...'); the sign states it as a finding. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nine — number of experiments supporting the self-sufficiency conclusion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Reminders of money, relative to nonmoney reminders, led to fewer requests for help and less helpfulness toward others, and money-primed participants preferred to play alone, work alone and keep more physical distance from a new acquaintance. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Participants reminded of money reliably performed independent but socially insensitive actions. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. requests for help requests for help Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. helpfulness helpfulness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. self-sufficient orientation self-sufficient orientation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. hypothesis-testing hypothesis-testing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. odds-ratio odds-ratio about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-value p-value about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. sample-size sample-size Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard-deviation standard-deviation about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-significance statistical-significance about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. 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The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132491.