Embracing the future of Artificial Intelligence in the classroom: the relevance of AI literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education

Walter · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · 2024 · education · 10.1186/s41239-024-00448-3 · record walter2024-embracing-the-future-of-artificial
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. method is recorded as 'review' because the single sentence describing the design names both a case study and a narrative literature review; 'practice-report' would fit the institutional case-study half equally well, and the same verbatim sentence supports either. Claim type 'method' captures the shape of the contribution as a prescription for how to do something (integrate AI in teaching), not an empirical finding; the paper reports no measured outcomes. Limitations are thin: the author acknowledges only the higher-education/adult-learner scope. He notes elsewhere that longitudinal evidence does not yet exist, but frames that as a gap in the field rather than a limit of this paper, so it is not recorded here. The evidence base (unstructured informal discussions, no sampling or coding scheme) is described but never flagged by the author as a limitation. Two long tables (Table 4 and Table 5) survived PDF extraction as reversed-character noise and nothing was quoted from them. 2026-08-14 and 2026-08-28 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

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Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
Critical thinking 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 15 concept tags on this paper, all 15 are grounded in a quoted sentence. 10 carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

AI literacy narrow AI superintelligent AI AI hallucinations false responses Prompt engineering Critical thinking AI alignment AI runaway AI discrimination AI Lock-In problem statistical machines truth-generators Zero-Shot prompts Few-Shot prompting odd prompt phrases such as "take a deep breath" work because that wording is statistically associated with more nuanced behaviour in the model's internet training data Tree-of-Thought improves answers by combining chain-of-thought with self-consistency so the model can backtrack across reasoning lines and converge on the best one prompt design fosters critical thinking by forcing students to take multiple perspectives on a problem and to analyse and construct solutions rather than receive them expert prompting (EP) prompt-wise tabula-rasa problem ToT-context universal and transferrable prompt suffix Automatic Prompt Engineer (APE) review

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relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00448-3. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 1 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 3 · concepts 15 · content_tags 19 · limitations 3 · mechanisms 3 · method 1 · phenomenon 1 · senses 14

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 2 of 3 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

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facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
claim_type	method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	AI integration in classroom teaching Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: odd prompt phrases such as "take a deep breath" work because that wording is statistically associated with more nuanced behaviour in the model's internet training data	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Tree-of-Thought improves answers by combining chain-of-thought with self-consistency so the model can backtrack across reasoning lines and converge on the best one	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: prompt design fosters critical thinking by forcing students to take multiple perspectives on a problem and to analyse and construct solutions rather than receive them	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The discussion is pitched at higher education and adult students; its applicability to children is asserted rather than shown. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Two opposite institutional policies on the same technology are presented side by side. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any claim about how education is responding to these tools: the paper sets out that some institutions have banned their use for theses and papers while others have fully allowed it with no or only little limitations	`limitations[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	A named risk of the technology is that its users do not know its limitations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any classroom use of these systems described here: the authors list teachers and students not being aware of the limitations and dangers of the technology, giving false responses through AI hallucinations as the example	`limitations[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concepts	AI literacy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AI literacy	`concepts[0]`		the paper's words
concepts	narrow AI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: narrow AI	`concepts[1]`		the paper's words
concepts	superintelligent AI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: superintelligent AI	`concepts[2]`		the paper's words
concepts	AI hallucinations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AI hallucinations	`concepts[3]`		the paper's words
concepts	false responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: false responses	`concepts[4]`		the paper's words
concepts	Prompt engineering Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Prompt engineering	`concepts[5]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Critical thinking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Critical thinking	`concepts[6]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	AI alignment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AI alignment	`concepts[7]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	AI runaway Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AI runaway	`concepts[8]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	AI discrimination Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AI discrimination	`concepts[9]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	AI Lock-In problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AI Lock-In problem	`concepts[10]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	statistical machines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: statistical machines	`concepts[11]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	truth-generators Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: truth-generators	`concepts[12]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Zero-Shot prompts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Zero-Shot prompts	`concepts[13]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Few-Shot prompting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Few-Shot prompting	`concepts[14]`	0.95	the paper's words
senses	AI, in the curriculum - A SETTLED DEFINITION TO BE TAUGHT: the first component of an AI literacy program is basic definitions and understanding of what AI is, together with a three-way type list - narrow, general and superintelligent - which is a settled account of the term, in a literature whose own reviews cannot agree one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	institutional policy on AI - BANNED AND FULLY ALLOWED AT ONCE: the same paragraph reports institutions that prohibit these tools in theses and papers and institutions that permit them with no or only little limitations, so 'the policy on AI in education' names two opposite rules in force at the same time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	AI hallucinations - THE NAMED FAILURE USERS ARE SAID NOT TO KNOW ABOUT: false responses generated by the system, listed as something both teachers and students are unaware of, so the limitation and the ignorance of it are recorded as one problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	AI literacy - the ability to understand and interact effectively with AI, including awareness of its ethical and societal implications Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Prompt engineering - strategic crafting of inputs to elicit desired AI-system responses or behaviors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Critical thinking in AI education - analyzing information, evaluating perspectives, and creating reasoned arguments in AI-driven environments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	AI alignment - the risk that a system subtly does something other than what it was instructed to do Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	AI runaway - self-governance through instrumental goals absent from the user's terminal instructions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	AI discrimination - biased conclusions against underrepresented groups caused by skewed training data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	AI Lock-In problem - an AI becomes stuck within one narrative and loses the full picture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[9]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Statistical machines - the paper's ontological description of AI systems Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[10]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Truth-generators - what the paper explicitly says statistical AI systems are not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[11]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Zero-Shot prompts - simple prompts with no supplied examples and little extra detail Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[12]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Few-Shot prompting - supplying several examples that demonstrate how a task should be completed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[13]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Chan (2023) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	AI hallucinations —causes→ false responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: AI hallucinations · false responses	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	Prompt engineering —causes→ Critical thinking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: The paper states a potential rather than a demonstrated effect, so the relation is hedged to 0.7. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span speaks of prompt engineering's POTENTIAL to foster critical thinking; hedged. also in: Prompt engineering · Critical thinking	`concept_edges[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	statistical machines —distinct-from→ truth-generators Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · note: The paper makes an unhedged categorical contrast: AI systems are statistical machines and not truth-generators. also in: statistical machines · truth-generators	`concept_edges[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	The paper's central claim is that three specific skills - AI literacy, prompt engineering knowledge and critical thinking - are what schools need to remedy the problems AI creates in education. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	In the author's own trial, GPT-3.5 answered a lost-object reasoning task incorrectly under plain input-output prompting but correctly under Tree-of-Thought prompting. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The case-study university settled on a middle-ground policy in which student use of ChatGPT and other LLMs is neither banned nor left unrestricted. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Requiring students to document how they critically evaluated the AI's output was the element of the guidelines the authors considered novel relative to other institutions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The written AI guidelines only work if students comply, and compliance is not guaranteed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The main barrier to teachers adopting AI tools in class is fear rooted in not knowing enough about the technology and expecting to use it wrongly. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	A year after ChatGPT's release, almost all students in the case-study classrooms had already used it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The institution has no dedicated person or group tasked with keeping up with AI developments. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The university offers no workshops or training programmes to raise teacher or student competence with AI. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	AI literacy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AI literacy	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	prompt engineering Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: prompt engineering	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	critical thinking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: critical thinking	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Few-Shot prompting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Few-Shot prompting	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	expert prompting (EP) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: expert prompting (EP)	`content_tags.definitions[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	AI Lock-In problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AI Lock-In problem	`content_tags.definitions[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	prompt-wise tabula-rasa problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: prompt-wise tabula-rasa problem	`content_tags.definitions[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	ToT-context Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ToT-context	`content_tags.definitions[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	universal and transferrable prompt suffix Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: universal and transferrable prompt suffix	`content_tags.definitions[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Automatic Prompt Engineer (APE) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Automatic Prompt Engineer (APE)	`content_tags.definitions[10]`		the tagger's words

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