standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| unrecordable relation | unhoused_relations | a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 2 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | cognitive correlates of advanced mathematics learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: behavioural-experiment | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Only a narrow slice of advanced mathematical ability was measured, namely acquiring new concepts and solving problems about them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: what 'advanced mathematical ability' means here: A RELATIVELY SMALL RANGE OF HIGH-LEVEL MATHEMATICAL ABILITIES WERE ASSESSED | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The cognitive tests themselves are improvable; the numerical-processing tests were not well correlated with each other. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cognitive measures: THE TESTS INCLUDED FOR EACH TYPE OF COGNITIVE FACTORS CAN BE FURTHER IMPROVED | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The participant range was limited to adults who did not major in mathematics or allied disciplines. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the population the result speaks for: THE RANGE OF PARTICIPANTS WAS ALSO LIMITED - adults not majoring in mathematics or allied disciplines | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The tests for one construct do not agree with each other, and the authors state it is unclear whether that means the construct has several types — while the comparison construct behaves as one. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: a numerical-processing score in this study as a measure of number sense: the tests were not highly correlated among themselves and the authors state it is unclear whether they reflect different types of number sense | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The headline construct was assessed over a narrow range, which the authors name first among their limitations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: conclusions about advanced mathematics performance in general: only the ability to acquire new advanced concepts and to solve problems was assessed | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The sample excludes both ends of the ability range the conclusions are about. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: generalising to mathematicians or to people with mathematical difficulties: the participants were adults who did not major in mathematics, and the authors name both excluded groups as future work | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE NULL WAS PREDICTED, NOT DISCOVERED, and the authors say so before reporting it: 'we EXPECTED TO DISCONFIRM this number sense hypothesis because advanced mathematics is far removed from basic numerical processing', adding that in a college sample the variation in basic number processing should be limited. So the finding is confirmatory of the authors' expectation and partly explained in advance by their sampling, which is a different epistemic object from a surprising null. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | about four hours between the two testing sessions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that second-session performance is depressed by fatigue carried over from the first · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the position of the stimulus on screen was randomly determined within 15 degrees of visual angle Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that performance depends on a fixed retinal location rather than on the cognitive demand · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | instructions and practice trials preceded every task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that early performance on each task reflects unfamiliarity rather than ability · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | number sense Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: number sense | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | numerical processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: numerical processing | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | spatial processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spatial processing | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | advanced mathematics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: advanced mathematics | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| unhoused_relations | basic numerical processing → advanced mathematics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. A RELATION TESTED AND NOT FOUND: 'basic numerical processing and computation were generally NOT correlated with performance in advanced mathematics'. No edge type can assert an absent relation, and this one is the paper's stated aim - it set out to disconfirm the number-sense hypothesis. Third instance in this session's reading after arthur2022 and pan2023. | unhoused_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | number sense - POSSIBLY SEVERAL TYPES: the tests intended to measure it were not highly correlated, and the paper leaves open whether that reflects distinct types or poor measures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the association between non-symbolic quantity tasks and mathematics - REPORTED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS in the literature this paper reviews, with studies finding it and studies finding none Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | number sense - a construct whose own tests do not converge here, leaving open whether they measure several different things; the spatial tests in the same battery do converge Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Shepard & Metzler (1971) mental rotation task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Halberda et al. (2008) coloured-dot numerosity comparison task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Delazer et al. (2005) artificial arithmetic learning paradigm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | spatial processing —causes→ advanced mathematics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHICH COGNITIVE FACTOR SURVIVES CONTROLLING FOR THE OTHERS: spatial abilities and comprehension of words and sentences do; basic numerical processing and computation do not. The battery's job is to make the factors compete, and the one the field expected to win is the one that drops out · strength of the relation: 0.8
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'spatial abilities' and reports a CORRELATION with performance; endpoint variant, association typed as cause. also in: spatial processing · advanced mathematics | concept_edges[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | number sense —operationalised-as→ numerical processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: THE INSTRUMENTS FOR ONE CONSTRUCT DO NOT AGREE WITH EACH OTHER, and the authors draw the right conclusion from it: the numerical-processing tests did not correlate highly with each other, and '…It is not clear whether they reflect…' different types of number sense. The contrast is inside the same battery - the spatial tests were '…highly intercorrelated' - so this is not a general problem with the method but a fact about this construct.
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says it is NOT CLEAR whether the tests reflect different types of number sense; hedged. also in: number sense · numerical processing | concept_edges[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | partial correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: partial correlation | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | split-half reliability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: split-half reliability | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standardization (z-scores) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standardization (z-scores) | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean and standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean and standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | p-value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: p-value | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Mental rotation, spatial working memory and figure analysis had significant partial correlations with advanced mathematics. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | None of the four number-sense tasks had a significant partial correlation with advanced mathematics. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | After controlling for general cognitive, spatial and basic numerical processing, word semantics still correlated with advanced mathematics. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Complex numerical processing - number series completion and artificial arithmetic learning - stayed significantly correlated with advanced mathematics after all four other cognitive categories were controlled. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The combined z-score for basic numerical processing showed no correlation with advanced mathematics (r = .021). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | advanced mathematics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: advanced mathematics | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mental number line Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mental number line | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | number sense hypothesis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: number sense hypothesis | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | deviation of estimated quantity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: deviation of estimated quantity | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | reaction time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE QUOTE CONTINUES A SENTENCE THAT THIS COPY CUTS IN TWO - a running head stands between it and the words it follows, which read 'The average percentage of correct'. also in: reaction time | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | spatial working memory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spatial working memory | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | general cognitive processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: general cognitive processing | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | language processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: language processing | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | basic numerical processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: basic numerical processing | content_tags.variables[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 80 — number of undergraduate participants recruited Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 21.9 years — mean age of the sample Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 18 — total number of tasks administered (17 computerised cognitive tasks plus the advanced mathematics test) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | r = .540, p = .000 — partial correlation between the composite spatial-processing score and advanced mathematics performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | r = .021, p = .852 — partial correlation between the composite basic-numerical-processing score and advanced mathematics performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 17 — number of cognitive tasks in the battery correlated with the advanced mathematics test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.