From Primed Concepts to Action: A Meta-Analysis of the Behavioral Effects of Incidentally Presented Words

From Primed Concepts to Action: A Meta-Analysis of the Behavioral Effects of Incidentally Presented Words Evan Weingarten Qijia Chen Maxwell McAdams Jessica Yi Justin Hepler Dolores Albarracin

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From Primed Concepts to Action: A Meta-Analysis of the Behavioral Effects of Incidentally Presented Words 2016 Psychological Bulletin 10.1037/bul0000030 weingarten2016-priming-meta-analysis weingarten2016-priming-meta-analysis.txt, the project's staged copy 257e87ee217f1c4723417311982313e5a35f20e5 personal-copy social-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioral (conceptual) priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. meta-analysis meta-analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Meta-analysis is correlational, so the moderator relations reported cannot support causal inference. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Only word primes directly related to the measured behaviour were included. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Results may not generalise to other prime types (pictures, body poses) or to primes whose link to the outcome is less direct. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The null moderation findings hold only within the range of parameter values actually observed in the sampled studies. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the meta-analysis re-run selecting a SINGLE effect per study instead of all of them - the paper reports that it reached the same conclusions and does not show the results eliminates: dependence between effect sizes drawn from the same study, which inflates precision and can shift a pooled estimate · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioral priming behavioral priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. meta-analysis meta-analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perception-behavior perception-behavior Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. goal activation goal activation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. expectancy expectancy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming effects priming effects Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. publication bias publication bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioral priming, OPERATIONALLY - and the inclusion criteria are the definition: word primes, INCIDENTALLY presented, a NON-OPPOSITE control group, and a BEHAVIOURAL dependent variable. Each clause excludes something. `Incidentally` rules out instruction; `behavioral dependent variable` rules out the judgement studies that most of this corpus's priming records use; and `non-opposite control` quietly excludes designs whose control condition primes the contrary concept, which would double the apparent effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the effect, as a NUMBER rather than as an existence claim: d(FE) = 0.332, d(RE) = 0.352 across 352 effect sizes from 133 studies. `Small` is the paper's own word for it. The corpus holds dozens of records asserting that priming happens; this is the one that says HOW MUCH, and the size is what most of the surrounding controversy is actually about Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. goal activation versus perception-behavior, ADJUDICATED WITHOUT A WINNER BEING DECLARED. The finding is an INCREMENT - goal activation `contributes over and above` perception-behavior - not a replacement. Two mechanisms this corpus has been collecting from separate papers, measured against each other for the first time, and the answer is both Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A MODERATOR NULL REPORTED IN THE ABSTRACT - expectancy, the perceived probability of achieving the goal, did not moderate priming. It was predicted to matter by two literatures that disagree about the DIRECTION (Forster: high expectancy strengthens pursuit; Locke & Latham: difficult goals intensify effort), so a null defeats both. A meta-analysis that puts its non-finding in the abstract alongside its finding Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the ideomotor inheritance, with the awkward part named: the perception-behavior account follows James's ideomotor model `albeit without the conscious (ideo) component from James`. A mechanism borrowed from a nineteenth-century theory of voluntary action, with the consciousness that gave it its name removed - stated in the review's own parenthesis rather than dug out by a critic Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → prior priming meta-analyses (Cameron, Brown-Iannuzzi, & Payne, 2012; DeCoster & Claypool, 2004; Van den Bussche, Van den Noortgate, & Reynvoet, 2009) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Forster et al. (2007) and Locke and Latham (1990) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → DeCoster & Claypool (2004) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Doyen et al. (2012) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. goal activation —contrasted-with→ perception-behavior goal activation perception-behavior differs in: WHAT THE PRIME INSTALLS - a goal that pursues an outcome, against a direct perception-to-action potentiation. The meta-analysis finds the goal account adds explanatory work OVER AND ABOVE the perceptual one rather than replacing it, which is why this is contrasted-with and not distinct-from · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE ADJUDICATION. Two mechanisms the corpus has been collecting from separate papers - Bargh2001 for goals, the ideomotor tradition for perception-behavior - weighed against each other over 352 effect sizes. The answer is an increment, not a winner, and the weight says so. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. expectancy —causes→ priming effects expectancy priming effects direction on the measure: no-change · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: A NULL RECORDED AS A DIRECTION, which is what 'no-change' exists for. Two opposed literatures each predicted expectancy would matter - Forster (high expectancy strengthens pursuit) and Locke & Latham (difficult goals intensify effort) - and neither is supported. It is in the abstract, where a null is easiest to leave out. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chi-square chi-square about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. confidence-interval confidence-interval about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. degrees-of-freedom degrees-of-freedom about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. effect-size effect-size Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. hypothesis-testing hypothesis-testing about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. median median about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. null-hypothesis null-hypothesis about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. odds-ratio odds-ratio about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-value p-value about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. regression regression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. sample-size sample-size about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard-deviation standard-deviation about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard-error standard-error about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-power statistical-power Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-significance statistical-significance about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. variance variance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000030.