standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
This record holds no relations between concepts. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid-rise period of the outbreak Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what Chinese residents knew, felt and did about COVID-19 while the epidemic was accelerating, and whether knowledge predicted the other two Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | a 6,910-respondent online KAP survey, reported with the DIRECTION of its own sampling bias on each headline figure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | high self-reported knowledge, optimism and mask-wearing in a self-selected online sample during an accelerating epidemic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: survey | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | the proposed pathway is knowledge -> attitude and practice: a higher COVID-19 knowledge score is associated with a LOWER likelihood of negative attitudes and of poor preventive practices, OR 0.75-0.90, P<0.001 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | knowledge and attitudes act on transmission indirectly through panic, which the paper says can itself complicate prevention Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | A SIGNED ERROR TERM, NOT A LIMITATIONS PARAGRAPH. The sample is over-representative of women, the well-educated and mental labourers, and the paper states the consequence per figure: `we may have OVERESTIMATED knowledge and rates of preventive practices and UNDERESTIMATED rates of positive attitudes` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the population the findings apply to is narrowed explicitly - `strictly speaking, our findings can only be generalized to Chinese populations of a relatively high socioeconomic status, particularly women` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE MEASURE IS DECLARED INADEQUATE BY THE PEOPLE WHO USED IT: the assessment of attitudes and practices is `unstandardized and inadequate` and, for want of time, `both were measured with two simple questions only` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and the paper names who is missing and why: vulnerable populations - older adults, rural people - have limited access to internet and online health information, which is the same channel the survey recruited through Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | community-based national sampling was not feasible during the lockdown, so the survey is an online convenience sample and the paper says so Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | recruitment ran through the authors' own social networks and local media reposts, which decides who could see the poster at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | attitudes rest on two questions and practices on two behaviours, against twelve for knowledge - the three KAP components are not measured at comparable depth Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the achieved sample is compared against the most recent NATIONAL POPULATION STATISTICS of China, rather than described on its own terms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a self-selected sample being read as a population sample - the comparison is what turns 'our respondents' into 'over-representative of women, well-educated people, and people engaging in mental labor' · outcome: failed | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the DIRECTION of the resulting bias is worked out per outcome, using the associations the study itself measured between the demographic variables and KAP Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a caveat that says only 'may not generalise' - here the reader is told which numbers are too high and which are too low · outcome: held | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether attitudes and practices were measured adequately Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: nothing - the assessment is called 'unstandardized and inadequate' by the authors, who state that both should have been developed via focus group and interview and built as multi-dimensional measures · outcome: failed | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether the populations most likely to score poorly are in the sample at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: nothing - older adults and rural people have limited internet access, which is the channel the survey recruited through, and the paper says so · outcome: failed | controls[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | excluding the nine respondents who reported having been infected before analysing the sample Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the possibility that people who already had the disease answer knowledge and practice items from experience rather than from public information · outcome: held | controls[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | backward stepwise selection in the regression models rather than entering all variables Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: associations that survive only because a correlated demographic is held in the model · outcome: held | controls[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| controls | a yes/no consent item that had to be answered before the questionnaire opened, under ethics approval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: participation without informed consent in a survey distributed by social media reposting · outcome: held | controls[6] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | knowledge questionnaire Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: knowledge questionnaire | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | attitudes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: attitudes | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | practices Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: practices | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | socioeconomic status Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: socioeconomic status | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | KAP theory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: KAP theory | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | panic emotion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: panic emotion | concepts[5] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | case fatality rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: case fatality rate | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | KAP - AS OPERATIONALISED HERE, AND THE THREE ARE NOT EQUAL. Knowledge is 12 items with a correct answer. Attitudes and practices are ONE QUESTION EACH: confidence that China can win, and whether a mask was worn recently. A three-part construct measured 12 : 1 : 1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the sample - `recruited via the authors' networks with residents and popular media in Hubei`. THE RECRUITMENT CHANNEL IS ALSO THE EXCLUSION CRITERION: it reaches people with internet access, and the paper says the populations most at risk are the ones without it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `most Chinese residents` in the conclusion, WITH ITS QUALIFIER ATTACHED IN THE SAME sentence - `of a relatively high socioeconomic status, in particular women`. The qualifier is inside the claim rather than in a caveat afterwards, which is what makes it survive being quoted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → health education programmes as a lever on attitudes and behaviour, on the strength of the knowledge-score association Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → generalising KAP findings from an online sample to the Chinese population, which the paper refuses to do for its own results Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A SIGNED ERROR TERM: the paper states that it MAY HAVE OVERESTIMATED knowledge and preventive practices and UNDERESTIMATED positive attitudes, deriving the direction from its own measured associations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE MEASURE IS DECLARED INADEQUATE BY THE PEOPLE WHO USED IT - attitudes and practices were each measured with TWO SIMPLE QUESTIONS ONLY, for want of time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the overall correct rate on the knowledge questionnaire was 90%, 97.1% had confidence China would win, and 98.0% wore masks when going out Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a higher knowledge score is associated with a LOWER likelihood of negative attitudes and poor practices, OR 0.75-0.90, P<0.001 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the sample is over-representative of women, the well-educated and mental labourers against national population statistics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with limited internet access, vulnerable groups such as older adults and rural people are more likely to have poor knowledge, negative attitudes and inappropriate practices Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | COVID-19's case fatality rate in China was far below SARS, MERS and H7N9, which is the comparison the paper opens with Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the final sample was 65.7% women, 63.5% held a bachelor's degree or above, and 56.2% did mental labour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the knowledge instrument reached acceptable internal consistency, which the paper states with the coefficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 12 questions regarding the clinical characteristics and prevention of COVID-19 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: knowledge questionnaire | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the knowledge instrument's construction - twelve items split across clinical presentation, transmission, and prevention, scored 0 to 12 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: knowledge questionnaire | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | survey completers, of whom 65.7% women, 63.5% with a bachelor degree or above, 56.2% in mental labour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | items in the knowledge questionnaire - against one question each for attitudes and for practices Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | per cent overall correct rate on the knowledge questionnaire Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | case fatality of COVID-19 against SARS, MERS and H7N9 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the share of Chinese COVID-19 patients progressing to the severe stage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the analysed sample and its demographic composition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | logistic regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: logistic regression | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | OR Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: OR | content_tags.statistics[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the modelling strategy: linear regression for knowledge score, logistic for attitudes and practices, reported as beta and odds ratios with confidence intervals Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | socioeconomic status Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: socioeconomic status | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | knowledge score Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: knowledge score | content_tags.variables[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the demographic variables entered as predictors, including place of residence as Hubei against other provinces Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: demographic variables | content_tags.variables[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.