phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | hierarchical temporal coding in the central auditory pathway— “We performed simultaneous single unit ensemble recordings from three hierarchical stages of auditory processing in awake mice – the inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate body of the thalamus (MGB) and primary auditory cortex (A1).” | |
| claim-type | existence— “These findings show that low-level auditory neurons with fast timescales encode isolated sound features but not the longer gestalt, while the extended timescales in higher-level areas can facilitate sensitivity to slower contextual changes in the sensory environment.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To test this idea, we used three high-density probes to make simultaneous recordings from hundreds of single units along the IC-MGB-A1 hierarchy in awake, head-fixed mice ( Figure 1B ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here, we addressed whether low-level auditory neurons with fast timescales encode brief local features of sounds but not the longer gestalt, while the slower neural timescales in higher-level auditory areas may support the encoding of global sound patterns organized over longer time scales” | |
| research question — evidence | — “While the slow neural timescales in the cortex may interfere with precise temporal coding, we reasoned that the sluggish temporal processing could suggest a cortical advantage over subcortical stations for encoding slowly evolving features.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Asokan et al. show an emergent sensitivity for slow temporal rhythms at the level of the auditory cortex. Whereas single units in the mouse midbrain and thalamus encode local temporal intervals with high fidelity, cortical units integrate over extended periods to distinguish between random or regular interval sequences by adjusting spike… | |
| transfer | from visual cortical neurophysiology: the neural-timescale metric (decay constant of an exponential fit to the spike-count autocorrelation), developed for hierarchies of visual cortical areas and here applied to the auditory pathway— “Neural timescales also increase across hierarchies of visual cortical areas, where it is quantified as the decay time constant ( τ ) of an exponential fit to the temporal spike count autocorrelation.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from visual neuroscience: the autocorrelation-decay measure of neural timescale, and the expectation that it lengthens up a hierarchy— “Neural timescales also increase across hierarchies of visual cortical areas, where it is quantified as the decay time constant ( τ ) of an exponential fit to the temporal spike count autocorrelation.” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from human cognitive neuroscience: the paradigm of contrasting repeating with random acoustic patterns— “The protocol we introduce here was inspired by changes in cortical activity and perceptual awareness of complex repeating acoustic patterns in human subjects.” | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from machine learning: the binary support vector machine, used here as a readout of ensemble state— “We then used a binary support vector machine (SVM) on the principal components projection to classify whether ensemble activity for each cycle came from the rhythmic or random stimulus context” | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | Dendrite-targeting cortical GABAergic interneurons dampen pyramidal-neuron spike decay when stimulus timing becomes predictable— “Cortical GABAergic neurons that express somatostatin or neuron-derived neurotrophic factor are clear candidates to dampen principal neuron spiking timing because they target the distal dendrites of A1 pyramidal neurons to regulate network excitability and recurrent excitation, but are also sensitive to slowly changing internal state… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Corticothalamic feedback recruits thalamic reticular nucleus inhibition, which dampens feedforward thalamocortical drive during rhythms— “These effects hint at an additional (or alternative) circuit mediated through corticothalamic feedback, which could dampen feedforward thalamocortical synaptic inputs via inhibition from the thalamic reticular nucleus.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Cortex switches from a recurrent deliberative mode to a pass-through mode once incoming sound matches internal predictive models— “This may reflect a physiological transition in the cortex from a “deliberative” mode when sound features are unpredictable, typified by strong inter- and intra-columnar recurrent activity, to a “pass through” mode when environmental stimuli match internal predictive models.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the cortex reads regularity by compressing its own spike decay constant, not by changing how much it fires— “Intriguingly, it was the neural timescale itself that conveyed whether the noise bursts were arranged randomly or in a rhythm; A1 spiking decayed more rapidly when the time intervals fell into a predictable rhythm than when they were arranged in a random sequence.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the timescale that changes is about 40x faster than the stimulus feature driving it, so the sensitivity must be inherited from other circuits rather than computed by the unit itself— “It is interesting that cortical spiking timescales are sensitive to a stimulus feature that is approximately 40× slower than the timescale itself (800ms vs 20ms), which suggests that A1 regular-spiking unit timescale dynamics are likely the product of other local or long-range circuits that respond more directly to the change in predicable… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | candidate source: dendrite-targeting somatostatin or NDNF interneurons that dampen recurrent excitation and track slow state variables— “Cortical GABAergic neurons that express somatostatin or neuron-derived neurotrophic factor are clear candidates to dampen principal neuron spiking timing because they target the distal dendrites of A1 pyramidal neurons to regulate network excitability and recurrent excitation, but are also sensitive to slowly changing internal state… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | alternative source: corticothalamic feedback damping thalamocortical input through the thalamic reticular nucleus, suggested by the weaker MGB effect— “On the other hand, a subset of thalamic units also showed strong modulation of neural timescales and reduced firing rates during rhythmic contexts. These effects hint at an additional (or alternative) circuit mediated through corticothalamic… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | stimulus-specific adaptation, the nearest neighbouring phenomenon, works instead by synaptic fatigue for standard inputs while deviant inputs stay unadapted | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | peripheral speed is a design constraint: the morphologies and synapses that give the early stages sub-millisecond precision are what make them unsuited to slow structure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| replicates | previously documented progressive loss of temporal fidelity along the ascending auditory pathway (reviews cited as refs 1, 2, 4) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | prior animal work on stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) and contrast gain control (refs 17, 20-26) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | the neural-timescale measure (autocorrelation decay constant) established across visual cortical hierarchies (refs 6, 7) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| builds-on | human work on cortical activity and perceptual awareness of complex repeating acoustic patterns (refs 15, 16) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| distinguishes-from | stimulus-specific adaptation and contrast gain control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| distinguishes-from | SSA and contrast gain control, on anatomical distribution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| distinguishes-from | rate-based accounts of context-dependent adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| extends | human work on cortical responses to repeating acoustic patterns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| builds-on | visual-cortex measurements of neural timescale by autocorrelation decay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| confirms | prior reports of declining temporal fidelity along the ascending auditory pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| sense | neural timescale = the decay constant of a single unit's spike-count autocorrelation, about 20ms in A1 - NOT the window over which the unit integrates, which is 800ms; the paper states the 40x gap itself Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | regular, sense 1 = a property of the stimulus sequence (intervals repeating in a fixed order), the paper's independent variable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | regular, sense 2 = a waveform class of neuron (trough-to-peak > 0.6ms, putative pyramidal); same word, unrelated referent, both used throughout Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | context = the global statistics of the stimulus sequence (random vs rhythmic), not behavioural or task context Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | tonotopy here is an instrument, not an object: the frequency gradient and its reversal are used to certify that the probe is in A1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | hierarchy = the ascending anatomical pathway IC to MGB to A1, ordered by synaptic distance from the cochlea Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | a random-random stimulus, keeping the stimulus random for all 50 post-baseline cycles instead of switching from rhythmic to random (Figure S4 - three sentences describe this one control, recorded once) — held — rules out the ordinal arrangement of random-following-rhythmic, rather than the change in regularity, as the cause of the spike-patterning differences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | repeating the whole analysis on cycle-order-shuffled data, for every recording in all three brain regions - the exclusion is carried by the word shuffling rather than spelled out, hence the lower weight — held — rules out structure that would appear in the analysis regardless of the true ordering of cycles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| differs in | SSA and contrast gain control, on anatomical distribution — THE AXIS IS ANATOMICAL DISTRIBUTION. 'while SSA, contrast gain control or other neural signatures of stimulus context changes are robustly expressed in the A1, they are also clearly represented the IC and MGB. The context sensitivity we report here is completely absent in our sample of IC units.' The known adaptation phenomena appear at every level; this one does not - so a cortical result that resembles them is distinguished by WHERE ELSE IT CAN BE FOUND rather than by what it looks like. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | rate-based accounts of context-dependent adaptation — THE AXIS IS WHAT CARRIES THE SIGNAL - RATE OR TEMPORAL PATTERN. 'SSA, contrast gain control and other forms of context-dependent adaptation are based on changes in spike rate, whereas our findings demonstrate that random or rhythmic arrangements of temporal intervals can be decoded from A1 spiking.' The existing accounts are not denied their data; they are denied coverage of a signal their measure cannot see. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| note | neural timescale —operationalised-as→ decay time constant — imported from visual-cortex hierarchy work; the quote names the source field as well as the measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | stimulus regularity —operationalised-as→ inter-burst intervals repeated across cycles — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'regular contexts' / intervals that 'repeated across cycles', not 'stimulus regularity'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | A1 —operationalised-as→ best frequency gradient — tonotopy as the criterion for having reached A1 - the same word is the object of study elsewhere in this corpus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | A1 —operationalised-as→ best frequency gradient — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | regular spiking —operationalised-as→ trough to peak interval — cut at 0.6ms; fast spiking is the same measure on the other side of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | fast spiking —same-as→ putative parvalbumin-expressing interneuron — an identity asserted by apposition and hedged by 'putative'; the evidence for it is waveform width, not a marker Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | fast spiking —same-as→ putative parvalbumin-expressing interneuron — 0.6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | context sensitivity —distinct-from→ SSA — discriminated by anatomical distribution: SSA is expressed in IC and MGB too, this is absent in IC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | context sensitivity —distinct-from→ contrast gain control — same demarcation paragraph; its fourth point, rate versus timing, is carried in claim relations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| edge | SSA —is-a→ spike rate adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | decay constant —distinct-from→ mean firing rate — dissociated empirically in the same units and the same 100ms window, not merely conceptually Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | A1 —contrasted-with→ IC — on rhythm classification the cortex succeeds and the midbrain fails - the reverse of the interval-decoding ordering Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| edge | A1 —contrasted-with→ MGB Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| audit | slow neural timescales —causes→ interfere with precise temporal coding — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but slow timescales 'MAY interfere' with precise temporal coding; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | slow neural timescales —causes→ interfere with precise temporal coding — the cost. Same property and same sentence as the edge below, opposite valence - the sign lives in the target, not in a note Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| weight | slow neural timescales —causes→ interfere with precise temporal coding — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| audit | slow neural timescales —causes→ cortical advantage — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the sluggish processing 'COULD SUGGEST' a cortical advantage; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | slow neural timescales —causes→ cortical advantage — the capability: an advantage over subcortical stations for encoding slowly evolving features Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| weight | slow neural timescales —causes→ cortical advantage — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | rhythmic patterns —causes→ shorter decay constants — the headline effect, stated in the same sentence that rules out any change in mean firing rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| edge | A1 —part-of→ IC-MGB-A1 hierarchy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| edge | IC —part-of→ ascending auditory pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the regularity result, with its ceiling measured: SINGLE UNIT SENSITIVITY TO REGULARITY IS LIMITED TO STIMULUS TIMESCALES ON THE ORDER OF 4-8 REPEATING ELEMENTS OR 0.8-1.6s Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the generality beyond A1 and beyond passive listening: it would be important to test the CANDIDATE HIGHER-ORDER AREAS ... PARTICULARLY WHEN MICE ARE BEHAVIORALLY ENGAGED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any mechanistic reading: the timescale dynamics ARE LIKELY THE PRODUCT OF OTHER LOCAL OR LONG-RANGE CIRCUITS THAT RESPOND MORE DIRECTLY TO THE CHANGE IN PREDICTABILITY - the circuit that confers the sensitivity is not identified Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the effect holds for cycles of four to eight and is gone beyond Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1], for engagement specifically - only passive listening was tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1], for anatomy specifically - only A1 was recorded, so the higher-order fields where longer regularities might be encoded were not sampled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — every result reported by cell class: REGULAR and FAST SPIKING are assigned by THE TROUGH TO PEAK INTERVAL ... EXCEEDING 0.6ms, a waveform proxy rather than a molecular identification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: may reflect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Cortical sensitivity to regularity did not extend to longer or more complex cycles, so the integration window demonstrated is bounded at roughly 0.8-1.6 s. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Only A1 in passively listening mice was studied; higher-order fields and behaviourally engaged listening remain to be tested. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The circuit that actually confers sensitivity to the ~800 ms regularity is not identified; candidate local and long-range mechanisms are only conjectured. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the cortical sensitivity has a measured ceiling - it holds for cycles of four to eight intervals and is gone at twelve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | passive listening only; whether engagement in a task extends the integration window is untested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | only A1 was recorded, so the higher-order fields where longer regularities might be encoded were not sampled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | cell class is inferred from spike waveform width, not from a molecular marker Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Neural timescales, measured as the autocorrelation decay constant, roughly double from auditory midbrain to cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Accuracy of decoding the interval between two noise bursts falls progressively from midbrain to thalamus to cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Only cortical ensemble activity, not thalamic or midbrain activity, allowed a classifier to tell rhythmic from random interval sequences. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Rhythmic context shortened neural timescales strongly and reliably in A1, weakly in MGB, and not at all in IC. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Regularity was encoded by the arrangement of spikes in time rather than by any change in mean firing rate. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Cortical sensitivity to regularity was bounded, disappearing for rhythmic cycles longer than roughly 4 to 8 repeating intervals. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The timescale compression occurred in putative pyramidal (regular-spiking) neurons across layers but not in putative parvalbumin interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | A random-random control sequence produced chance-level classification and no timescale change, ruling out simple stimulus-order effects. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | neural timescales roughly double from midbrain to cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | the median interval-decoding threshold rises from 1.4ms in IC to 16ms in MGB to 64ms in A1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | ensemble spiking distinguishes rhythmic from random sequences in A1 but not in MGB or IC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | the discriminating signal is spike arrangement in time; mean firing rate does not change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | in A1, decay constants were slightly reduced for rhythms of eight repeating intervals and did not differ between random and rhythmic epochs with twelve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the timescale compression appears in regular-spiking units across all A1 layers and not at all in fast-spiking units Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | under regular input the cortex comes to resemble the thalamus on the two timing measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | a random-to-random control produced near-chance classification, ruling out the ordinal position of the epoch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| quantity | 1.4ms, 16ms, 64ms — median interval-decoding threshold in inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body and primary auditory cortex respectively Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 0.8s — duration of one complete stimulus cycle, the minimum integration window needed to detect regularity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 40x — how much slower the stimulus feature (800ms rhythm) is than the cortical spiking timescale (20ms) it modulates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | F = 20.95, p = 6x10 −9 — main effect of brain structure on interval classification accuracy in the mixed-design ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 5/164 — number of mice and single units contributing A1 timescale measurements in the random versus rhythmic comparison Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 1.4ms, 16ms, 64ms — median interval-decoding threshold in IC, MGB and A1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 0.8 - 1.6s — the span of stimulus regularity A1 single units are sensitive to Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | approximately 40x — how much slower the driving stimulus feature is than the timescale that reports it (800ms vs 20ms) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 0.6ms — trough-to-peak cut between regular- and fast-spiking units Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 200ms — mean inter-burst interval, with no interval below 100ms so that forward suppression cannot contribute Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 20 ms, 70 dB SPL, 1-64 kHz — duration, level and bandwidth of the frozen noise burst used throughout Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | less than 5% — permitted refractory-period violations for a cluster to count as a single unit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 6-8 weeks — age of the C57BL6 mice at recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| variable | hierarchical stage (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | cycle size (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | neural timescale (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | decoder threshold (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | mean firing rate (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | random-random stimulus (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | stimulus context Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | spike decay time constant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | sound-evoked firing rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| definition | decoder accuracy threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | neural timescale asymmetry index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | spike waveform classification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | SSA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | neural timescale Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | neural timescale asymmetry index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | template matching Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | regular spiking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | neural timescale, temporal integration, stimulus regularity, spike timing, ascending auditory pathway, IC, MGB, A1, SSA, predictive sensory processing, ensemble spiking, rhythm |
| Kruskal-Wallis test | as written: Kruskal-Wallis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| ANOVA F | as written: Mixed design ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| ANOVA F | as written: Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| t-test p | as written: paired t-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| t-test p | as written: one-sample t-test against a population mean of 0 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| effect size d | as written: Effect sizes were estimated with Cohen’s d Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| normality test | as written: Lilliefors test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| multiple-comparison correction | as written: Bonferroni correction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| principal component analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| support vector machine classification | as written: a SVM with a linear kernel Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| cross-validation | as written: 10-fold cross-validation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| Kruskal-Wallis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| Cliff's delta | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| Bonferroni correction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| one-sample t-test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| Cohen's d | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[15] |
| two-way repeated measures ANOVA | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[16] |
| principal components analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[17] |
| support vector machine | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[18] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | simultaneous three-probe extracellular single-unit recording from IC, MGB and A1 of awake head-fixed mice, with template-matching interval decoding and an SVM on principal components of ensemble spiking — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | emergent cortical sensitivity to the regularity of a sequence of intervals, expressed as compression of the spike decay constant — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: hierarchical temporal coding in the central auditory pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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