phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | working memory-long-term memory interaction in the hippocampus— “Here, we used two complimentary approaches to investigate whether WM-related activity patterns occur also during LTM encoding of sequentially presented items and whether they are related to the primacy effect, i.e., improved LTM encoding of items presented at the beginning of the list.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Our present findings demonstrate that hippocampus-independent WM at early list-positions is not beneficial for LTM and results in subsequent forgetting.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Intracranial electroencephalogram in epilepsy patients and functional MRI in healthy subjects were recorded during a word-list learning task.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here, we used two complimentary approaches to investigate whether WM-related activity patterns occur also during LTM encoding of sequentially presented items and whether they are related to the primacy effect, i.e., improved LTM encoding of items presented at the beginning of the list.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, it is still an open question which forms of WM support memory for these items.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “However, deactivations of the hippocampus as previously observed during WM maintenance of individual items predicts failure of LTM encoding.” | |
| transfer | from classical memory psychology: serial position curves and the primacy effect, imported as the behavioural handle on a neural question— “It has been proposed that the primacy effect is due to the fact that items at early list positions undergo more extensive rehearsal than items presented later ( Rundus, 1971 ; Brodie and Murdock, 1977 ). This idea suggests a link between LTM formation and rehearsal processes, which are attributed to working memory” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | Early list items processed by single-item, hippocampus-independent working memory leave the hippocampus deactivated, so no encoding into long-term memory takes place and the item is forgotten— “Our present findings demonstrate that hippocampus-independent WM at early list-positions is not beneficial for LTM and results in subsequent forgetting.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | When multi-item, hippocampus-dependent working memory is recruited instead at early list positions, the same hippocampal engagement supports long-term encoding— “Recruitment of hippocampus-dependent WM at early list positions thus actually supports LTM formation.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Items early in the list are rehearsed more, and later items interfere with earlier ones, which is why the primacy advantage arises and why hippocampal engagement stops predicting memory later in the list— “Based on the model of Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) , we suggest that items later in the list are not rehearsed as much as the items earlier in the list (explaining the primacy effect) and that later items interfere with previous words.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | working memory is divided by neural signature: hippocampal activation for multiple items, deactivation for individual items— “A recent study showed that maintenance of multiple items was associated with hippocampal activation (hippocampus-dependent WM), while maintenance of individual items induced hippocampal deactivations (hippocampus-independent WM).” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | positive DC slopes in the iEEG are taken to correspond to BOLD deactivations, which is what lets the two datasets be read together— “These results are consistent with our iEEG findings because positive DC shifts likely correspond to deactivations” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | items at the start of a list are proposed to be rehearsed more, linking the primacy effect to working memory— “It has been proposed that the primacy effect is due to the fact that items at early list positions undergo more extensive rehearsal than items presented later ( Rundus, 1971 ; Brodie and Murdock, 1977 ). This idea suggests a link between LTM formation and rehearsal processes, which are attributed to working memory” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | successful early items are encoded in runs: encoding the first raises the conditional probability of encoding the second and third— “For the iEEG subjects, encoding success at the second position was indeed slightly higher if the first item was successfully encoded: While overall probability for LTM encoding at the second list position was 0.35, it increased to 0.51 if only trials where the first word was already successfully encoded were taken into account (conditional… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | only the hemisphere contralateral to the seizure focus was analysed, in patients with confirmed unilateral sclerosis— “Only data from the hemisphere contralateral to the seizure onset zone were considered for analysis.” | mechanisms[7] |
| builds-on | Fernández et al., 1999— “Here, we directly addressed this issue by reanalyzing iEEG data from a LTM study with lists of 12 serially presented words ( Fernández et al., 1999 ) as well as new fMRI data using the same paradigm ( Fig. 1 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Axmacher et al., 2007— “This pattern is similar to our previous findings during WM encoding and maintenance of single items ( Axmacher et al., 2007 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)— “Based on the model of Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) , we suggest that items later in the list are not rehearsed as much as the items earlier in the list (explaining the primacy effect) and that later items interfere with previous words.” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | the authors' own Sternberg study distinguishing hippocampus-dependent from hippocampus-independent working memory— “Our data suggest that WM for individual items is related to a hippocampal deactivation (hippocampus-independent WM), and that this deactivation is reduced during WM for multiple items (hippocampus-dependent WM).” | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | Fernandez et al. 1999, whose iEEG data are reanalysed here for a different question | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | the rehearsal account of the primacy effect | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | fMRI findings that working-memory maintenance facilitates long-term encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | working memory is subdivided here by NEURAL SIGNATURE rather than by task or capacity: hippocampus-dependent when multiple items are held, hippocampus-independent when one is Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | a deactivation is used as a positive finding - the absence of hippocampal engagement is the marker, not a null Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | effects of position and LINEAR effects of position are distinguished explicitly, with the a priori assumption of the second stated: that if there are effects across positions, these should be linear Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the DC potential and the BOLD signal are treated as two measures of one underlying quantity, on the strength of a cited correspondence rather than a within-subject comparison Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| control | a group of healthy control subjects investigated with fMRI alongside the patient recordings — held — rules out the hippocampal working-memory effect being a property of the epileptic brains the depth electrodes are implanted in Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| audit | deactivation —causes→ long-term memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says hippocampal deactivation predicts failure of encoding; the edge carries no direction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | deactivation —causes→ long-term memory — predicts FAILURE of encoding; the sign matters and the schema records only the pair Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | deactivation —causes→ long-term memory — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | working memory —causes→ long-term memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the idea 'SUGGESTS A LINK' between LTM formation and rehearsal attributed to working memory; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| evidential status | working memory —causes→ long-term memory — ATTRIBUTED TO NAMED WORK AND OFFERED AS AN IDEA: 'IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT the primacy effect is due to the fact that items at early list positions undergo more extensive rehearsal than items presented later (Rundus, 1971; Brodie and Murdock, 1977). THIS IDEA SUGGESTS a link between LTM formation and rehearsal processes'. The relation is real and this paper builds on it; it belongs to two papers from the 1970s. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | working memory —causes→ long-term memory — via rehearsal, which is the proposed account of the primacy effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | working memory —causes→ long-term memory — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | primacy —contrasted-with→ recency — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span reports only the recency effect; the contrast with primacy is not in it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every claim about what was held in working memory: THERE IS NO BEHAVIORAL MONITORING OF WM PERFORMANCE IN THE CURRENT EXPERIMENT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about what was held in mind: WE DO NOT KNOW FOR SURE HOW LTM IS ACTUALLY AFFECTED BY THE WM PERFORMANCE FOR SPECIFIC ITEMS, I.E., IT IS UNKNOWN WHICH ITEMS ARE ACTUALLY MAINTAINED IN WM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the link to the in vitro literature: THIS ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL DATA IN VITRO AND THE NEURAL PATTERNS DURING WM MAINTENANCE MUST REMAIN SPECULATIVE AT THE CURRENT STAGE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the position-specific null: THIS LACK OF AN EFFECT IS RELATED TO THE REDUCED STATISTICAL POWER FOR POSITION-SPECIFIC ANALYSES OF SUBSEQUENT MEMORY EFFECTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — any comparison between the two populations: DESPITE THIS SHORTER RECALL PHASE, THE NUMBER OF WORDS RECALLED BY THE FMRI SUBJECTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THE NUMBER OF WORDS RECALLED BY THE PATIENTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any comparison between the fMRI and intracranial versions: they differ in presentation time (1000 ms, since goggles REQUIRED LONGER PRESENTATION TIMES), interstimulus interval and block count Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — any serial-position claim carried across the two groups: NO RECENCY EFFECTS AT THE END of the list were found in the fMRI subjects, against primacy AND recency in the patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the whole-brain effects: THESE EFFECTS DID NOT SURVIVE CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS, BUT DID HAVE A LARGE EXTENSION OF 60 VOXELS FOR THE SERIAL POSITION CONTRAST OF SUBSEQUENTLY FORGOTTEN WORDS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the subsequently-forgotten results, with their exact values: WE FOUND A TREND FOR AN EFFECT OF POSITION (F (2,36) = 2.943; p = 0.070) AND FOR A LINEAR EFFECT OF POSITION (F (1,18) = 4.249; p = 0.054) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[3] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3] - the position-specific analyses, underpowered Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — any bilateral hippocampal claim: FOR THE RIGHT HIPPOCAMPUS, A THREE-WAY ANOVA DID NOT REVEAL AN EFFECT OF, OR INTERACTION WITH, THE FACTOR POSITION (ALL p > 0.3), BUT A SIGNIFICANT MAIN EFFECT OF MEMORY (F (1,18) = 8.898; p < 0.01) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| for which use | limitation — the rote-strategy assumption: ALL SUBJECTS WERE REQUIRED TO USE A ROTE STRATEGY ... AVOIDING MEMORY AIDS - instructed, and verified only by asking afterwards Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: we suggest that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | No behavioural measure of working-memory performance was collected, so it is unknown which items were actually held in WM. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The link between the observed activity and actual long-term memory consequences of WM performance cannot be established. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The proposed link to persistent activity recorded in vitro is acknowledged as speculative. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Position-specific subsequent-memory analyses were statistically underpowered. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the two populations differ in recall performance despite a shorter recall phase for the fMRI group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the paradigms differ between the two versions in presentation time, interstimulus interval, block count and recall duration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | patients showed both primacy and recency; the fMRI subjects showed no recency at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the whole-brain effects did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and are reported at the cluster level instead Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | several supporting results are trends at p between 0.05 and 0.07, labelled as such Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | a position-specific null is attributed to reduced statistical power Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | effects appear in the left hippocampus and not the right, without an account of why Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| limitation | the required rote strategy is verified only by asking participants afterwards Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | As expected, more items were successfully encoded at the beginning of the list than at later positions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Early-list words that were later forgotten were accompanied by hippocampal deactivation signatures in both fMRI and intracranial EEG. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | No such deactivation appeared for later list items or for items that were successfully remembered. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | In the intracranial data the linear decline of DC slope across list positions was significant only for subsequently forgotten items. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | A second, independent general linear model reproduced the effect: left-hippocampal negative BOLD for forgotten items at position one was absent at position seven. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The position effect was left-lateralised: the right hippocampus showed a main effect of subsequent memory but no position effect. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | For both later-remembered and later-forgotten items, activity was most pronounced in the anterior cingulate cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Successful encoding at the start of a list came in runs: encoding the first word raised the probability of encoding the second. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The authors conclude that failing to engage hippocampus-dependent working memory early in a list causes the later encoding failure. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | hippocampal deactivation at the first list position occurred for items that were later forgotten Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | no such deactivation appeared for items that were later remembered Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | DC slopes were positive early in the list for subsequently forgotten items and flattened later Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | only the first position differed significantly from zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | in the iEEG subjects, encoding the first item raised the conditional probability of encoding the second (0.35 to 0.51) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the patients showed a recency effect at the end of the list Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | the healthy fMRI group showed primacy but no recency at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | a second general linear model comparing the first and seventh positions reproduced the result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| quantity | Eight — epilepsy patients contributing intracranial EEG data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | Nineteen — healthy participants in the fMRI experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 4.9% — proportion of EEG trials rejected as artefacts before analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 0.35 / 0.51 — unconditional versus conditional probability of encoding the second list item in the iEEG patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | smaller than 0.19 — maximum collinearity between the fMRI model regressors for adjacent list items (0 = orthogonal, 1 = collinear) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | F (11,198) = 21.156; p < 10 −16 — effect of serial position on recall performance in the fMRI participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 8 epilepsy patients and 19 healthy subjects — the two samples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 0.35 rising to 0.51 for the second item given the first — conditional encoding probability in patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 4.9% of trials excluded for artefacts — iEEG data rejection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | MNI 30/-15/-18 and -30/-15/-18 — the anatomically defined hippocampal regions of interest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | recall phase 90 s for iEEG versus 60 s for fMRI, presentation 400 ms versus 1000 ms — the paradigm differences between the two versions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| value source note | quantity — THE VALUE DRAWS ON THE PAPER BEYOND THIS QUOTE: part of it is printed elsewhere in the paper, not in this quote ('presented in uppercase letters for a duration of 400 ms.'). The 90 s is the 60 s of this quote plus the 30 s it says the other version lasted longer. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | p = 0.054, p = 0.070, p = 0.054 — the trends reported as consistent with the iEEG result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | list position (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | group (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | DC slopes (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | negative BOLD response (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | hemisphere (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | serial position Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | subsequent memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | slope of the DC potential Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | primacy effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | linear effects of position Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | effects of position Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | hippocampus-dependent WM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | hippocampus-independent WM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | working memory, long-term memory, primacy, recency, hippocampus, deactivation, DC potentials, BOLD, serial position, intracranial, anterior cingulate cortex, rote, Sternberg, epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis, free recall, encoding, medial temporal lobe, rehearsal, subsequent memory |
| ANOVA F | as written: A two-way ANOVA with “position” as repeated measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| ANOVA F | as written: a one-way ANOVA with position as repeated measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| sphericity correction ε | as written: Huynh–Feldt corrected for inhomogeneities of covariance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| t-test p | as written: post hoc t tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| t-test | as written: two-tailed paired t tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| t-test t | as written: second-level one-sample t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| regression | as written: we fitted a linear regression line on the DC slopes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| general linear model | as written: box-car regressor in a general linear model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| multiple-comparison correction | as written: false discovery rate p < 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| statistical-significance | as written: an uncorrected threshold of p < 0.001 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| repeated measures ANOVA with Huynh-Feldt correction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| linear regression of slopes across positions | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| conditional versus unconditional probability | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| cluster-level significance | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | intracranial EEG DC potentials in 8 epilepsy patients reanalysed from a 1999 study, plus new fMRI in 19 healthy subjects on the same word-list paradigm — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: fmri Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | the primacy effect and its hippocampal correlates — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: working memory-long-term memory interaction in the hippocampus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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