phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | optogenetic neural inhibition— “Optogenetic inhibition of the electrical activity of neurons enables the causal assessment of their contributions to brain functions.” | |
| claim-type | method— “We present a red-shifted cruxhalorhodopsin, Jaws, derived from Haloarcula ( Halobacterium ) salinarum (strain Shark) and engineered to result in red light–induced photocurrents three times those of earlier silencers.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To enable noninvasive large-volume optogenetic inhibition, we engineered and characterized Jaws, a spectrally shifted cruxhalorhodopsin derived from the species H. salinarum (strain Shark) 17 , which mediates strong red light–driven neural inhibition.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “A major limit to the utility of optogenetic inhibition is the addressable quantity of neural tissue. Previous optogenetic hyperpolarizing proton pumps (Arch 1 , ArchT 3 , Mac 1 ) and chloride pumps (eNpHR 4 , eNpHR3.0 (ref. 2 )) have successfully inhibited volumes of approximately a cubic millimeter, but many neuroscience questions require… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Because red light is less absorbed by hemoglobin than blue, green or yellow wavelengths, we reasoned this red-light sensitivity might render deep brain regions more accessible. We validated this through Monte Carlo modeling and direct measurement in the live mouse brain” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Optogenetic inhibition of the electrical activity of neurons enables the causal assessment of their contributions to brain functions. Red light penetrates deeper into tissue than other visible wavelengths. We present a red-shifted cruxhalorhodopsin, Jaws, derived from Haloarcula ( Halobacterium ) salinarum (strain Shark) and engineered to… | |
| transfer | from tissue optics / radiative-transfer photon-transport modelling: Monte Carlo simulation of light propagation with Henyey-Greenstein and Gegenbauer-kernel anisotropic scattering phase functions, imported to predict how deep red light penetrates brain tissue and skull— “To achieve accurate simulations of light propagation close to the optical fiber, before the orientation of photon trajectories is randomized by multiple scattering events, we used an anisotropic scattering model with either Henyey-Greenstein or Gegenbauer kernel phase functions, as indicated below.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from microbial biology: a rhodopsin from a halophilic archaeon, screened as a scaffold rather than studied for itself— “We therefore screened members of the cruxhalorhodopsin class in primary neuronal culture to identify molecules with both red-shifted action spectra and robust photocurrents ( Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 2 ) and identified a hyperpolarizer we named Halo57, the cruxhalorhodopsin from H. salinarum (strain Shark), with less than 60% homology… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from ion channel biology: trafficking sequences taken from the Kir2.1 potassium channel to improve membrane delivery— “We subsequently engineered Halo57 by identifying K200R and W214F point mutations 19 , 20 ( Fig. 1b ), which significantly boosted photocurrents without altering its red action spectrum ( n = 9 or 10 cells; P = 0.02, ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test), and by appending the KGC 21 or ER2 (ref. 22 ) trafficking sequences from the potassium… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from biomedical optics: Monte Carlo modelling of light transport, used to justify the wavelength choice before any protein was made— “Because red light is less absorbed by hemoglobin than blue, green or yellow wavelengths, we reasoned this red-light sensitivity might render deep brain regions more accessible. We validated this through Monte Carlo modeling and direct measurement in the live mouse brain” | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | Haemoglobin absorbs red light less than shorter wavelengths, so red-shifting the opsin's action spectrum lets usable light reach deeper brain tissue, which is what makes large-volume and transcranial inhibition possible.— “Because red light is less absorbed by hemoglobin than blue, green or yellow wavelengths, we reasoned this red-light sensitivity might render deep brain regions more accessible.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | A minority of recorded neurons increase firing under illumination because inhibition of upstream neurons removes their drive (network disinhibition), not because the opsin excites them.— “As others have reported, we observed a small number of neurons across multiple in vivo experiments that increased firing during optical illumination delivered either transcranially or from a 200-µm fiber, most likely as a result of network inhibition from upstream neurons” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | red light reaches deeper because hemoglobin, myoglobin and lipid absorb it less than blue or yellow— “It has been previously well established that optical penetrance of mammalian tissues in the red to near-infrared (600–1,000 nm) wavelengths is better than that of bluer wavelengths, as a result of substantially less absorption from hemoglobin, myoglobin and lipid.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the gain came from two point mutations plus trafficking sequences borrowed from a potassium channel— “We subsequently engineered Halo57 by identifying K200R and W214F point mutations 19 , 20 ( Fig. 1b ), which significantly boosted photocurrents without altering its red action spectrum ( n = 9 or 10 cells; P = 0.02, ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test), and by appending the KGC 21 or ER2 (ref. 22 ) trafficking sequences from the potassium… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | rebound after illumination is attributed variously to hyperpolarisation-activated currents or to chloride accumulation shifting the reversal potential— “A rebound burst of action potentials is common after illumination of cells expressing halorhodopsins 18 , 27 – 30 or archaerhodopsins 18 , 27 , 31 , which respectively pump chloride inward and protons outward.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | ramping the light down rather than switching it off halves the rebound rate and delays it fourfold— “We attempted to ameliorate this by gradually ramping down illumination over a duration of 200–1,000 ms and found that the mean rebound instantaneous firing rate dropped significantly, from 52 ± 12 Hz to 23 ± 6 Hz ( n = 16 units; P = 0.0065, paired t -test), suggesting that sculpting of light pulses may enable rebound reduction.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the few neurons that increased firing are attributed to inhibition of upstream neurons rather than a direct effect— “As others have reported, we observed a small number of neurons across multiple in vivo experiments that increased firing during optical illumination delivered either transcranially or from a 200-µm fiber, most likely as a result of network inhibition from upstream neurons” | mechanisms[6] |
| builds-on | the authors' earlier identification of red-shifted cruxhalorhodopsins from H. marismortui and H. vallismortis (the paper's refs 1, 18)— “In earlier work, we identified two cruxhalorhodopsins from the haloarcula H. marismortui and H.… | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | previous halorhodopsin silencers (eNpHR, eNpHR3.0) | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | previous reports of a minority of neurons increasing firing during optogenetic inhibition (the paper's refs 3, 40, 41) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | earlier hyperpolarising pumps, which addressed about a cubic millimetre Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| contradicts | the standing position that noninvasive optical inhibition was not achievable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | existing inhibitors' red-light performance, at 10-30% of peak capacity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | eNpHR-based cone reactivation in retinitis pigmentosa models, by widening the restored spike frequency range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| confirms | prior reports that a minority of neurons increase firing under optogenetic inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | optogenetic inhibition here means a light-driven ION PUMP moving chloride inward, not a channel and not a synaptic silencer - the class matters because rebound and reversal behave differently Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | noninvasive means no implanted optical device; the skull is intact but the virus was still injected surgically, and the paper's no-surgery scenario is explicitly future work with a transgenic line Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | red-shifted is relative and small in absolute terms - a 14 nm shift from the standard halorhodopsin - and the practical gain comes from where that sits on the tissue absorption curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | percent inhibition here is computed over neurons SHOWING suppression, with unchanged and increased-firing units reported separately rather than folded in Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | Jaws and Jaws-ER2 are two molecules differing in trafficking sequence and are reported separately throughout Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | yellow light at 593 nm, close to the spectral peak of both opsins, used to identify which neurons express the opsin, with paired recordings of the same neurons across wavelengths — held — rules out mistaking a non-expressing neuron for an expressing one when assessing performance at the red-shifted wavelength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | paired recordings with an acutely inserted 200-um fiber as a positive control against transcranial illumination through the intact skull - marked PARTIAL because the paper reports in its own words that this did not settle the question — partial — rules out hyperpolarisation of superficial apical dendrites, producing somatic or downstream network inhibition, as the explanation of the noninvasive result - the paper states it CANNOT EXPLICITLY RULE OUT that possibility Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · Jaws —is-a→ cruxhalorhodopsin — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'Jaws' is not named in this span, which identifies Halo57 as the cruxhalorhodopsin Jaws was engineered from; the relation holds only through that chain. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · Jaws —is-a→ cruxhalorhodopsin — RE-GROUNDED. The old span described a screen of the class without naming Jaws. This sentence names both IN APPOSITION - 'a red-shifted cruxhalorhodopsin, Jaws' - which is kind-membership stated as directly as a paper ever states it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| effect direction | point mutations —causes→ photocurrents — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | point mutations —causes→ photocurrents — SIGN: increases, without moving the action spectrum - the two properties were separable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| effect direction | Jaws —causes→ rebound — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| holds when | Jaws —causes→ rebound — relative to eNpHR3.0 and ArchT - the comparison is between opsins, not against no opsin Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | Jaws —causes→ rebound — SIGN: worse than the tools it replaces. The paper reports the axis on which its own tool loses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | Jaws —causes→ rebound — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — partial | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the noninvasive results specifically: WE CANNOT EXPLICITLY RULE OUT THE POSSIBILITY THAT THE OBSERVED NONINVASIVE RESULTS WERE THE RESULT OF INDIRECT NETWORK ACTIVITY OR APICAL DENDRITIC ILLUMINATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim of depth-specific inhibition: IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO NONINVASIVELY ILLUMINATE ONLY DEEP VOLUMES WITH OUR EXPERIMENTAL SETUP WITHOUT ALSO TARGETING SURFACE AND INTERMEDIATE LAYERS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — experimental designs built on this inhibitor: JAWS DOES YIELD POST-ILLUMINATION REBOUND, WHICH LIKELY HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR CAREFUL EXPERIMENT DESIGN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — every comparison in the paper: NO BLINDING WAS CARRIED OUT, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF COTRANSFECTED OPSIN-GFP AND TDTOMATO DATA SETS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as items 0 and 1 - surface and intermediate layers are illuminated too, so deep effects are not isolated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the choice between inhibitors: JAWS PRODUCED GREATER EFFECTS THAN eNpHR3.0 OR ArchT - more post-illumination rebound than the tools it replaces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the transfer of the penetrance advantage between preparations: MYELINATION MAY STILL AFFECT OPTICAL PROPAGATION IN NEURAL TISSUE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the generality of the engineering strategy: THE TWO HOMOLOGOUS POINT MUTATIONS DID NOT ENHANCE THE N. PHARAONIS HALORHODOPSIN - the mutations do not transfer Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the vision-restoration claim: THE RESULTANT SPIKING RATES ARE LIMITED TO LESS THAN 200 HZ, SUBSTANTIALLY LESS THAN THE FULL WILD-TYPE RANGE OF 15-450 HZ Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The noninvasive results cannot be shown to be direct rather than mediated by network effects or illumination of superficial apical dendrites. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Transcranial illumination cannot be confined to deep tissue with this setup. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Jaws still produces post-illumination rebound spiking, which constrains experimental design. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Experiments were essentially unblinded and unrandomised. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the method cannot illuminate deep tissue without also illuminating everything above it, so direct deep inhibition cannot be separated from surface or dendritic effects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | Jaws produces MORE post-illumination rebound than the inhibitors it replaces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | myelination still affects light propagation, so red penetrance is not uniform across preparations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the two beneficial mutations do not transfer to the halorhodopsin they were modelled on, so the engineering is scaffold-specific Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | even improved, the restored retinal spiking reaches about 190 Hz against a wild-type range of 15-450 Hz Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Jaws produced significantly larger red-light photocurrents than the existing silencers eNpHR3.0 and ArchT at every light power tested in cultured neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Jaws strongly suppressed visually evoked cortical activity in vivo and restored light-driven retinal ganglion spiking in retinitis pigmentosa model mice. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Jaws can mediate noninvasive transcranial optical inhibition of neurons deep in the brain of awake mice. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Transcranial red-light illumination cut firing by roughly 92% in suppressed units across motor, somatosensory, insular and piriform cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Gradually ramping the light down cut mean rebound firing from about 52 to 23 Hz, suggesting that shaping light pulses may reduce rebound. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Jaws gave significantly larger red-light photocurrents than eNpHR3.0 or ArchT at every power tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | visually evoked activity fell by about 86% in Jaws-expressing cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | under red light Jaws inhibited about 89-97% while eNpHR3.0 fell to 27.5%, against 76% at its own yellow peak Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | transcranial illumination through intact skull suppressed firing by about 92% in neurons showing suppression, 1-3 mm deep Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | transdural illumination suppressed firing by about 86% in medial prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | efficacy was similar across several millimetres of depth and across baseline firing rates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | in the retinitis pigmentosa model Jaws drove mean ganglion spiking of 189.5 Hz against 67.8 Hz for eNpHR, roughly tripling the bandwidth Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | REPORTED AGAINST ITSELF: Jaws produced greater post-illumination rebound than eNpHR3.0 or ArchT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | ramping the light down cut mean rebound firing from 52 Hz to 23 Hz Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the two homologous point mutations did not enhance N. pharaonis halorhodopsin Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | CONTROL NULL: expressing Jaws did not alter basal cell properties in culture or in slice, and its kinetics matched other inhibitors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | CONTROL BY DESIGN: cells were selected by an independent tdTomato marker so the photocurrent comparison could not be driven by opsin expression level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | DECLARED UNRESOLVABLE: surface and intermediate layers are necessarily illuminated too, so direct deep inhibition cannot be separated from dendritic or network effects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the conclusion is downgraded accordingly to highly suggestive of direct inhibition rather than demonstrated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| quantity | 86 ± 3% — reduction of visually evoked cortical activity in Jaws-expressing visual cortex under yellow light Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 67.8 ± 7.0 Hz versus 189.5 ± 15.9 Hz — mean retinal ganglion cell spiking frequency driven through eNpHR versus through Jaws in blind mouse retina (a threefold bandwidth increase) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 14-nm — red shift of the Jaws action spectrum relative to the N. pharaonis halorhodopsin family Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 10–30% — fraction of peak capacity at which pre-existing optogenetic inhibitors operate under red light Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 1–3 mm — depth below the brain surface at which neurons were inhibited transcranially in awake mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 14 nm — spectral shift of Jaws relative to the standard halorhodopsin - small in absolute terms, decisive on the absorption curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 10-30% — fraction of peak capacity at which existing inhibitors work under red light Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 27.5 ± 30.3% — eNpHR3.0 red-light inhibition - note the spread exceeds the mean Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 189.5 vs 67.8 Hz — mean restored ganglion spiking with Jaws against eNpHR, against a wild-type range of 15-450 Hz Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 52 to 23 Hz — rebound firing before and after ramping the light down Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 1-3 mm — depth range at which transcranial inhibition was effective Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 13 suppressed, 9 unchanged, 3 increased — unit outcomes under transcranial illumination, reported separately Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | light power (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | degree of suppression (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | uninfected dentate granule cells (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | photocurrents Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | rebound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | transcranial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| definition | optogenetic inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | Jaws Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | Halo57 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | cruxhalorhodopsin Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | rebound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | retinitis pigmentosa Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | Jaws Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | Jaws, cruxhalorhodopsin, eNpHR3.0, ArchT, photocurrents, rebound, transcranial, optical fiber, retinitis pigmentosa, cone photoreceptors, hemoglobin, action spectra |
| concept | Jaws — not defined in this paper's own words; the engineered red-shifted chloride pump Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | photocurrents — not defined in this paper's own words; light-driven current, the engineering target Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | rebound — not defined in this paper's own words; burst of spikes after illumination ends Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | point mutations — not defined in this paper's own words; K200R and W214F, the source of the photocurrent gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| ANOVA P | as written: ANOVA followed by a Newman-Keuls multiple comparison post-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| ANOVA with Dunnett's post hoc test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| paired t-test t | as written: two-tailed paired sample t -test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Shapiro-Wilk normality test | as written: tested for normality with a Shapiro-Wilk test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Kolmogorov-Smirnov test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| principal component analysis | as written: principal component analysis discrimination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| ANOVA with Newman-Keuls post hoc test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| Kolmogorov-Smirnov test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| paired t -test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| Dunnett | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| claim type | method — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | screening of a rhodopsin class, two point mutations and trafficking sequences, then comparison against existing inhibitors in culture, retina, slice and awake cortex — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: system-or-tool-building Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | light-driven hyperpolarisation of genetically targeted neurons — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: optogenetic neural inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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