phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | short-term, long-term and working memory distinctions— “In the recent literature there has been considerable confusion about the three types of memory: long-term, short-term, and working memory.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Thus, we can say that short-term memory exists, but often without great clarity as to whether the limit is a time limit or a chunk capacity limit.” | |
| method — evidence | — “In this chapter I will assess the strength of evidence for three types of memory: long-term memory, short-term memory, and working memory.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “In the recent literature there has been considerable confusion about the three types of memory: long-term, short-term, and working memory.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Long- and short-term memory could differ in two fundamental ways, with only short-term memory demonstrating (1) temporal decay and (2) chunk capacity limits.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “In sum, the question of whether short-term memory and working memory are different may be a matter of semantics.” | |
| transfer | from industrial telegraphy and telephony: the practical demand that created the modern short-term memory task — operators holding rapid dot-dash series, then subscriber numbers — which the paper offers as the ecological source of the nonsense-syllable laboratory— “The nonsense syllables that Ebbinghaus had invented as a tool can be seen to have acquired more ecological validity in an industrial age with expanding information demands, perhaps highlighting the practical importance of primary memory in daily life.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from neurophysiology (Hebb): the cell assembly, imported to give short-term memory a physical criterion independent of awareness— “One might relate short-term memory to a pattern of neural firing that represents a particular idea and one might consider the idea to be in short-term memory only when the firing pattern, or cell assembly, is active ( Hebb, 1949 ).” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from probability theory: the independence rule for a union of two events, S+L−SL, used to split a single recall probability into contributions from two stores— “This model assumes that, for any particular serial position within a list, the likelihood of successful short-term storage (S) and long-term storage (L) are independent, so that the likelihood of recalling the item is S+L−SL.” | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Short-term memory arises as a temporarily activated subset of long-term memory, part of which falls within a capacity-limited focus of attention— “In this framework, short-term memory is derived from a temporarily activated subset of information in long-term memory.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Attention freed by an undemanding distractor task is used for an attention-based rehearsal that refreshes items, so recall falls as the distractor rate consumes that attention— “The notion is that when the distracting task does not require attention, the freed-up attention allows an attention- based rehearsal of the items to be recalled.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Working memory tasks correlate with aptitude because preventing covert rehearsal forces reliance on attention-demanding storage and processing— “According to this view, what may be necessary for a working memory procedure to correlate well with cognitive aptitudes is that the task must prevent covert verbal rehearsal so that the participant must rely on more attention-demanding processing and/or storage to carry out the task.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | A post-perceptual mask overwrites sensory-specific features in activated memory, leaving only categorical information inside the attention-protected focus— “Presumably, the mask was capable of overwriting various types of sensory-specific features in activated memory, leaving behind only the more generic, categorical information present in the focus of attention, which presumably is protected from masking interference by the attention process.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the whole argument is organised as contamination control: for each claimed property of short-term memory, name the confounds that could produce the same result, then ask which studies defeated them— “To assess decay one must take into account, or overcome, contaminating effects of rehearsal, long-term retrieval, and temporal distinctiveness, which will be discussed one at a time in conjunction with evidence for and against decay.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | a nuisance parameter is varied by four-fold across two modalities and the limit does not move, which converts an ambiguous number into a capacity rather than a rate— “Given the striking differences between Sperling and Darwin et al. in the time period available for the transfer of information to a categorical form, the common four-item limit is best viewed as a capacity limit rather than a rate limit.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | a cross-modal additivity prediction is used as the test: if one store holds everything, two modalities together cannot exceed the larger single modality alone— “Moreover, if the cross-modality, capacity-limited store were the only type of storage used, then the sum of visual and auditory capacities in the dual-modality condition should be no greater than the larger of the two unimodal capacities (which happened to be the visual capacity).” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the confound is designed out of the experiment rather than corrected for: one trial per participant, gathered by putting the laboratory in a shopping mall— “Baddeley and Scott (1971) set up a trailer in a shopping mall so that they could test a large number of participants for one trial each, so as to avoid proactive interference.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | chunking is neutralised by choosing tasks in which grouping is impossible — an unpredictable list end, or a four-per-second rate — rather than by trying to measure the chunks— “For example, in running memory span, a long list of items is presented with an unpredictable endpoint, making grouping impossible.” | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the chunk is made observable by defining it operationally through the participant's own output rather than by the experimenter's guess about grouping— “A chunk was defined as a series of words reproduced by the participant in the same order in which the words had been presented.” | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | a masking step is used to strip away everything except the contested store, so that what remains is the thing being measured— “Presumably, the mask was capable of overwriting various types of sensory-specific features in activated memory, leaving behind only the more generic, categorical information present in the focus of attention, which presumably is protected from masking interference by the attention process.” | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | a post-stimulus retention cue splits encoding from maintenance, so the modality-specific and modality-general phases can be measured in the same trial— “The part of working memory preceding the cue showed modality-specific dual-task effects: encoding a stimulus set of one type was hurt more by also encoding another set if both sets were in the same modality.” | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | a warning against reading a box diagram as an ontology: the boxes record the order in which information arrives, not places where memory exclusively lives— “these boxes do not imply that memory is exclusively in one box or another; they are better interpreted as the relative times of the first entry of information from a stimulus into one store and then the next” | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | the paper demonstrates its own subject matter on the reader inside a parenthesis, using sentence structure to load the reader's working memory— “(Your working memory would have been more heavily taxed while reading the previous sentence if I had saved the phrase “one relies on working memory” until the end of the sentence, which I did in within my first draft of that sentence; working memory thus affects good writing.)” | mechanisms[13] |
| mechanism | a mathematical model separates two stores by assuming their contributions are independent, S+L−SL; the paper then reports that the data fit a complementary-resource assumption better— “This model assumes that, for any particular serial position within a list, the likelihood of successful short-term storage (S) and long-term storage (L) are independent, so that the likelihood of recalling the item is S+L−SL.” | mechanisms[14] |
| mechanism | a patient dissociation is used to identify which store a response came from: Korsakoff amnesia spares the last few serial positions in immediate recall and not in delayed recall— “These studies show that, in immediate recall, performance in amnesic individuals is preserved at the last few serial positions of the list.” | mechanisms[15] |
| mechanism | decay is reconceived from a gradual fade to a sudden collapse at a trial-varying point, which changes what an averaged curve is evidence for— “It may be that decay actually reflects not a gradual degradation of the quality of the short-term memory trace, but… | mechanisms[16] |
| mechanism | rehearsal is split into two kinds so that the standard control is shown to be incomplete: articulatory suppression stops the covert-speech kind and leaves the attention-based kind untouched | mechanisms[17] |
| builds-on | Cowan's own earlier theoretical framework (Cowan 1988, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2005) | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Baddeley and Hitch's multi-component working memory model | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | Engle (2002) definition reserving 'working memory' for attention-related aspects of short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| critiques | the field's use of the term working memory, which the paper diagnoses as a usage dispute rather than a substantive disagreement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | Miller's magical number seven, on the authority of Miller's own later account of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| contradicts | the unitary-memory tradition (Melton, Crowder, Nairne, Lewandowsky and others) which holds that one set of principles covers memory at every timescale Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | Baddeley and Hitch's multi-component working memory, kept as a shape but not as a component list Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| critiques | Cocchini et al.'s conclusion that dissimilar memory loads do not interfere, which would argue against a general cross-domain store Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| critiques | Vogel et al. (2005), for splitting participants on the same signal used as the dependent measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| supports | Broadbent's and Cowan's revision of the capacity limit from seven to three or four units Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| sense | working memory — three discrepant definitions named together in one sentence: short-term memory applied to cognitive tasks; a multi-component system; the use of attention to manage short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | working memory — Cowan's own sense: short-term memory plus the mechanisms that make use of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | working memory — Engle's sense: the attention-related aspects only, which redefines short-term memory in the same move Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | working memory — Miller, Galanter and Pribram's original functional sense: memory as it is used to plan and carry out behaviour, with no distinction from short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | short-term memory — broader than primary memory, because a temporarily accessible idea need not have been conscious Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | short-term memory — as a neural sense: an active cell assembly, whether or not the individual is aware of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | rehearsal — covert verbal (articulatory) versus attention-based; only the first is stopped by articulatory suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | rehearsal — as even-paced covert articulation versus as a grouping operation; participants asked what they did overwhelmingly reported grouping Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | capacity limit — as duration (items decay from storage over time) versus as number (a ceiling on how many items are held); the paper treats these as the two separable ways stores could differ Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | decay — as gradual degradation of trace quality versus as sudden collapse at a trial-varying moment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| sense | attention in working memory — its control versus its scope; Cowan et al. treat these as independent contributors to aptitude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[10] |
| sense | forgetting — as inevitable decay versus as interference during the retention interval, the split that founded the unitary-memory tradition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[11] |
| control | a NON-STUDIED control condition, against list words that were each presented exactly four times; what varied was only how many of those presentations were paired — held — rules out sheer exposure frequency as the explanation of recall - every studied word is seen the same number of times, so a difference between conditions must come from the PAIRING rather than from familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | Engle (2002) definition reserving 'working memory' for attention-related aspects of short-term memory — the SCOPE of the term: some researchers WOULD LIKE TO RESERVE THE TERM WORKING MEMORY TO REFER ONLY TO THE ATTENTION-RELATED ASPECTS OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY, where this paper uses it more broadly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in | the field's use of the term working memory, which the paper diagnoses as a usage dispute rather than a substantive disagreement — nothing substantive - the paper says so: THIS, HOWEVER, IS NOT SO MUCH A DEBATE ABOUT SUBSTANCE, BUT RATHER A SLIGHTLY CONFUSING DISCREPANCY IN THE USAGE OF TERMS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| differs in | Miller's magical number seven, on the authority of Miller's own later account of it — whether the original number was ever a claim: HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY INDICATES THAT HE WAS NEVER VERY SERIOUS ABOUT THE NUMBER SEVEN; IT WAS A RHETORICAL DEVICE THAT HE USED TO TIE TOGETHER THE OTHERWISE UNRELATED STRANDS OF HIS RESEARCH FOR A TALK Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | Cocchini et al.'s conclusion that dissimilar memory loads do not interfere, which would argue against a general cross-domain store — THE AXIS IS INTERFERENCE BETWEEN DISSIMILAR LISTS. 'Cocchini et al. (2002) suggested that there is little or no interference between dissimilar lists. If so, that would appear to provide an argument against the presence of a general, cross-domain, short-term memory store.' The critique targets an INFERENCE rather than a measurement: the interference result is not disputed, the conclusion drawn from it is. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| differs in | Vogel et al. (2005), for splitting participants on the same signal used as the dependent measure — circularity in the split: THE SEPARATION OF PARTICIPANTS INTO HIGH VERSUS LOW SPAN WAS BASED ON THE CDA ALSO, AND THE TASK USED TO MEASURE THE CDA INEVITABLY REQUIRED SELECTIVE ATTENTION ON EVERY TRIAL - the grouping variable is the dependent measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| audit | episodic buffer —same-as→ focus of attention — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the episodic buffer is 'POSSIBLY the same as' the focus of attention 'or at least a closely similar concept'; same-as is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | episodic buffer —same-as→ focus of attention — 0.6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | phonological loop —part-of→ activated memory — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | focus of attention —part-of→ activated memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'the activated information', not 'activated memory'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | focus of attention —part-of→ activated memory — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | short-term memory —part-of→ long-term memory — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · temporal decay —distinct-from→ chunk capacity limits — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span lists 'temporal decay' and 'chunk capacity limits' as the two ways long- and short-term memory could differ; it does not say the two are distinct from each other. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · temporal decay —distinct-from→ chunk capacity limits — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither. This sentence names both and states them as TWO fundamental ways of differing - which is exactly the distinctness the edge records. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · temporal decay —distinct-from→ chunk capacity limits — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | temporal distinctiveness —contrasted-with→ temporal decay — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'decay', not 'temporal decay'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | temporal distinctiveness —contrasted-with→ temporal decay — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | interference —contrasted-with→ temporal decay — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'decay of memory', not 'temporal decay'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| differs in | interference —contrasted-with→ temporal decay — THE AXIS IS WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE RETENTION INTERVAL, AND THE DECIDING OBSERVATION IS IN THE SAME SENTENCE. 'forgetting over time was not simply a matter of an inevitable decay of memory but rather of interference during the retention interval; one could find situations in which memory improved, rather than diminish, over time.' Decay predicts a monotone loss; the improvement case is what decay cannot produce, so the two are separated by a possible observation rather than by definition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | interference —contrasted-with→ temporal decay — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | chunk capacity limits —distinct-from→ memory span — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says a span of seven items does not guarantee seven separate chunks; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | chunk capacity limits —distinct-from→ memory span — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | covert verbal rehearsal —distinct-from→ attention-based rehearsal — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'that type of rehearsal' = attention-based reactivation (previous sentence). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| weight | covert verbal rehearsal —distinct-from→ attention-based rehearsal — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| weight | control of attention —distinct-from→ scope of attention — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| audit | control of attention —operationalised-as→ antisaccade task — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the antisaccade task measures the ability to inhibit a look; 'control of attention' is not in the span, so operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| evidential status | control of attention —operationalised-as→ antisaccade task — ATTRIBUTED TO A NAMED STUDY, AND THIS IS A REVIEW, so reporting the field's operationalisations IS the paper's content: 'Kane et al. FOUND that working memory span storage-and-processing tasks correlates well with the ability to inhibit the natural tendency to look toward a suddenly appearing stimulus'. The edge is right about the field and silent about whose measurement it is - which is what this field records. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| weight | control of attention —operationalised-as→ antisaccade task — 0.75 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| evidential status | working memory —operationalised-as→ contralateral delay activity — ATTRIBUTED TO A NAMED STUDY IN A REVIEW: 'VOGEL ET AL. (2005) USED a visual array task modified for use with a component of event-related potentials that indicates storage in visual working memory, termed contralateral delay activity (CDA).' The operationalisation is Vogel et al.'s and the reporting is Cowan's. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| weight | working memory —operationalised-as→ contralateral delay activity — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| audit | central executive —part-of→ working memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'an influential model' = the working memory model (previous sentences); part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| weight | central executive —part-of→ working memory — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| weight | short-term memory —part-of→ working memory — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| audit | chunk capacity limits —operationalised-as→ running memory span — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but running memory span makes grouping IMPOSSIBLE, which is why it bears on chunk capacity; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| weight | chunk capacity limits —operationalised-as→ running memory span — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| weight | sensory memory —distinct-from→ categorical memory — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[17] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the short-term/long-term distinction itself: BOTH PROPERTIES OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY ARE STILL CONTROVERSIAL - the distinction rests on two properties, neither settled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the decay half of the distinction specifically: THE QUESTION OF DECAY IS STILL PRETTY MUCH OPEN TO DEBATE, WHEREAS THERE IS GROWING SUPPORT FOR A CHUNK CAPACITY LIMIT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any account of recall that invokes both limits: THE EXACT WAY IN WHICH THESE LIMITS WORK TOGETHER IS NOT YET CLEAR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — every decay-based explanation in the review: THE CONCEPT OF DECAY IS NOT YET ON VERY FIRM GROUND AND WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the content of the term short-term memory: WE CAN SAY THAT SHORT-TERM MEMORY EXISTS, BUT OFTEN WITHOUT GREAT CLARITY AS TO WHETHER THE LIMIT IS A TIME LIMIT OR A CHUNK CAPACITY LIMIT - the category is used while its individuating property is undetermined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — every capacity number in the literature: BECAUSE IT IS NOT USUALLY CLEAR WHAT CHUNKS HAVE BEEN USED IN RECALL, IT IS NOT CLEAR HOW MANY CHUNKS CAN BE RETAINED AND WHETHER THE NUMBER IS TRULY FIXED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the Vogel et al. individual-differences result: THE SEPARATION OF PARTICIPANTS INTO HIGH VERSUS LOW SPAN WAS BASED ON THE CDA ALSO - the grouping variable is the measure under test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the field's main justification for the term working memory: MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED ON EXACTLY WHAT WE LEARN FROM THE HIGH CORRELATION BETWEEN WORKING MEMORY AND INTELLECTUAL APTITUDES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the proposed decay experiment: SUCH RESULTS MIGHT BE ACCOUNTED FOR ALTERNATIVELY AS THE RESULT OF INTERFERENCE ... WITHOUT THE NEED TO INVOKE DECAY - conceded before it is run Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - how the two limits combine Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| replication | contested | |
| no type for this | short-term → working memory — NO BOUNDARY CAN BE DRAWN - the CONCEPTUAL form of the negative relation / This is a claim about the concepts themselves, not about this study's data. No edge type can express it: all eight assert that a relation HOLDS. From the paper that also says short-term memory exists 'without clarity as to whether the limit is time or capacity'. Here the field's two central terms are said to have no clear boundary AT ALL from one influential standpoint - and our corpus separately carries edges that treat them as distinct things. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Both of the properties on which the short-term/long-term distinction rests remain controversial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Decay in particular is left unresolved by the review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | How time limits and chunk capacity limits jointly govern recall is not settled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the decay claim is still not secure after fifty years of work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the two limits cannot be cleanly separated even when both are granted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the number of chunks used in recall is not usually observable, so the capacity number is not directly measurable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | a design in which the grouping variable is also the grouping measure — Vogel et al. split participants by the very signal being compared Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the interpretation of the working-memory/aptitude correlation, the field's main reason for using the term, is unsettled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | a proposed decay experiment is conceded in advance to be reinterpretable as interference, so the design cannot settle the question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | how the capacity limit and the time limit combine is left unresolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Reviewing the evidence, the chapter concludes that the chunk capacity limit is well supported whereas temporal decay remains unsettled. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Later studies suggested the capacity limit is more typically three or four units. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Chen and Cowan (2005) showed the time limit and the chunk capacity limit in short-term memory are separate. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The results suggest there could be decay in short-term memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The focus of attention again held three to four items for both unimodal visual and bimodal stimuli. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Retention after the cue showed dual-task effects that were not modality-specific. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Because the four-item limit appears in vision and audition despite very different sensory persistence, it is a capacity limit and not a transfer-rate limit. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Individual capacity varies from roughly two to six items in adults and predicts cognitive aptitude. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Whether short-term and working memory differ may be a matter of semantics. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | the capacity limit is more typically three or four units, not seven Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | Miller was never serious about seven — by his own later account it was a rhetorical device to tie unrelated strands of research together for a talk Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | individual capacity ranges from about two to six items in adults and is a strong correlate of cognitive aptitude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | visual and auditory experiments give a common four-item limit despite very different transfer times, so it is best viewed as a capacity rather than a rate limit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the focus of attention held between three and four items for unimodal visual or bimodal stimuli Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | after initial encoding, working memory storage over several seconds may occur abstractly, in the focus of attention Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | Lewandowsky et al. found no decay across response intervals from 400 to 1600 ms under articulatory suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | when recall timing had to match presentation timing, a long first half of the response intervals hurt recall (.67 vs .70) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the Peterson delay effect is absent on the first few trials and when delays are tested in separate blocks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | an effect of test delay appeared within the first 5 s but not at longer delays Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | in delayed recall the amnesic patients show a deficit at all serial positions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | when recalling from a long-term category such as US states, people produce items in spurts of about three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | capacity estimated at about 3.5 chunks in every learning condition, with prior exposure changing the chunk composition rather than the number Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | in adults asked how they did a digit span task, grouping was by far the most common answer and saying the items to themselves was rarely mentioned Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | at four items per second in running span, instructions to rehearse make performance worse rather than better Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | the time limit and the chunk capacity limit are separable: long free-recall lists are governed by capacity, short strictly-scored serial lists by time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | a random seven-digit list interfered with visual array comparison but the participant's own telephone number did not, and only when recited aloud Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | in schizophrenia the working memory deficit was in capacity, not in the control of attention — against the authors' own expectation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | of the central executive functions, updating correlated with aptitudes while inhibition and shifting did not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | high-span individuals notice their own name in an ignored dichotic channel much less often than low-span individuals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | in children too young for covert verbal rehearsal, even a plain digit span task correlates excellently with aptitudes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | recognition of earlier list portions, but not the last few items, activated hippocampal areas associated with long-term retrieval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | a possible sudden collapse rather than gradual fade, seen for tone memory between 5 and 10 s with temporal distinctiveness controlled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | free recall of word lists at every level of structure yielded an average of four to six chunks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| quantity | three or four units — the capacity limit of short-term storage once chunking is controlled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | about 3.5 chunks — model-estimated capacity limit, constant across learning conditions, in the paired-word list study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | approximately seven items — adult memory span, which the chapter argues overstates capacity because items are not separate chunks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | four to six chunks — average number of chunks recalled across all structure conditions in the free-recall chunk study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | M = .70 vs M = .67 — recall proportion with short versus long first-half response intervals when recall timing had to match presentation, the pattern taken as evidence of decay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | M =.71 vs M =.74 — recall proportion with short versus long first-half intervals under free-paced recall, where no decay cost appeared Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 5 s — delay window within which a proactive-interference-free study found a genuine test-delay effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | two to six items — range of individual adult capacity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | three or four units — the revised chunk capacity limit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | about seven items — adult memory span, which is not the same as the chunk capacity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | about two to six items — range of individual capacity in adults Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | three items — Broadbent's error-free limit, and the size of recall spurts from a long-term category Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | about 3.5 chunks — capacity estimated by the chunk model in every learning condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | four to six chunks — average recalled across all levels of list structure in Tulving and Patkau Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 400 and 1600 ms — range of inter-item response time over which Lewandowsky et al. found no decay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | M = .70 versus M = .67 — recall with a short versus long first half when recall timing had to match presentation timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | M =.71 versus M =.74 — the same comparison when participants recalled at their own pace — the effect reverses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | up to 18 s — the filled delay in the Peterson and Peterson trigram procedure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| quantity | first 5 s — window in which a delay effect survived the one-trial-per-participant control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[18] |
| quantity | between 5 and 10 s — delay range over which tone memory appeared to collapse suddenly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[19] |
| quantity | about 4s — auditory sensory memory decay period in Darwin et al., against about 1 s for Sperling's visual case Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[20] |
| quantity | 4 per second — presentation rate in running span fast enough to make rehearsal impossible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[21] |
| quantity | 0.5 s and 2 s — the short and long inter-digit intervals in the Cowan and Aubuchon timing design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[22] |
| quantity | 31 days — longest retention interval in Ebbinghaus's self-experiments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[23] |
| quantity | more than 200 subscribers — the Lowell telephone exchange that introduced numbers, in 1879 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[24] |
| quantity | 0, 1, 2, or 4 prior word–word pairings — the learning levels used to vary chunk composition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[25] |
| quantity | seven printed digits — list length in the Cowan and Aubuchon timing experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[26] |
| quantity | 75% — proportion of trials on which the probed set was the cued one in Gold et al. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[27] |
| variable | memory span Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | inter-digit blank intervals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | response cue Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | presentation rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | memory load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | contralateral delay activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | serial position Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | cognitive aptitude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| definition | long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | duration difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | capacity difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | focus of attention Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | chunk Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | covert verbal rehearsal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | articulatory suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | contralateral delay activity (CDA) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | Long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | Short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | primary memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| definition | working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[13] |
| definition | A chunk Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[14] |
| definition | covert verbal rehearsal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[15] |
| definition | articulatory suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[16] |
| definition | A duration difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[17] |
| definition | A capacity difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[18] |
| definition | continual distractor list recall Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[19] |
| definition | running memory span Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[20] |
| definition | contralateral delay activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[21] |
| definition | temporal distinctiveness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[22] |
| definition | central executive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[23] |
| definition | scope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[24] |
| key-terms | long-term memory, short-term memory, working memory, primary memory, secondary memory, temporal decay, chunk capacity limits, chunk, focus of attention, activated memory, central executive, episodic buffer, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, covert verbal rehearsal, articulatory suppression, temporal distinctiveness, proactive interference, control of attention, scope of attention, running memory span, digit span, memory span, serial position curve, recency effect, continual distractor list recall, sensory memory, contralateral delay activity, fluid intelligence, antisaccade task, interference, free recall, serial recall, dichotic listening, cell assembly, nonsense syllables |
| concept | long-term memory — not defined in this paper's own words; a vast store of knowledge and a record of prior events, granted by all theoretical views Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | working memory — not defined in this paper's own words; the contested term — defined three discrepant ways, which the paper treats as a usage problem Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | focus of attention — not defined in this paper's own words; the subset of activated memory that is limited in chunk capacity, in Cowan's framework Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | central executive — not defined in this paper's own words; the attention-related processes that manage and manipulate the stores in Baddeley's model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | articulatory suppression — not defined in this paper's own words; repeatedly pronouncing a simple utterance during a task in order to eliminate covert verbal rehearsal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | recency effect — not defined in this paper's own words; better recall of the last items, which persists even after a filled delay in continual distractor recall Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[25] |
| concept | contralateral delay activity — not defined in this paper's own words; an event-related potential component indicating storage in visual working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[28] |
| interaction effect | as written: significant interaction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| mean M | as written: M Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| M | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| significant interaction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| S+L−SL | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| correlate | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| mathematical model | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| claim type | critique — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | conceptual review — assembles experimental evidence around a contamination framework, naming for each claimed limit the confounds that must be overcome before the evidence counts — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | memory over the short term — its duration limit, its capacity limit, and its relation to attention — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: short-term, long-term and working memory distinctions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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