phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | cortical interneuron circuit integration— “Despite the central role of these interneurons in cortical function, the developmental steps that regulate the establishment of their specific connectivity patterns are not understood.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “These results suggest that thalamic inputs are critical in determining the balance between local and long-range connectivity and are fundamental to the proper integration of Reelin-expressing interneurons into nascent cortical circuits.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To confirm the absence of cortically evoked synaptic responses, we performed in vitro electrophysiology and at the same time filled layer I Re + interneurons with biocytin to reveal their morphology.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here we report that, during early development, superficially positioned Reelin-expressing neurogliaform interneurons in the mouse somatosensory cortex receive afferent innervation from both cortical and thalamic excitatory sources.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, the mechanisms by which the formation of these complex cortical circuits is regulated, including the establishment and maintenance of an appropriate balance between thalamic and intracortical inputs, are unknown.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “These results suggest that thalamic inputs are critical in determining the balance between local and long-range connectivity and are fundamental to the proper integration of Reelin-expressing interneurons into nascent cortical circuits.” | |
| transfer | from virology: monosynaptic rabies tracing, adapted to single starter cells and to developmental time points— “In addition to providing specific insights regarding the development of connectivity onto Re + interneurons, our findings suggest that monosynaptic tracing using the rabies virus provides an effective method for determining the afferent connectivity of cortical neurons at different developmental time points.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from retinogeniculate development: the finding that specific rather than global activity refines connectivity, used as the frame for this result— “These observations emphasize that understanding how brain wiring is achieved will require a case-by-case examination of how different cell types and the cortical microcircuits they contribute to are assembled.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Developing interneurons discriminate between otherwise similar glutamatergic afferents according to which postsynaptic receptor subtype those afferents engage— “Re + interneurons distinguished between seemingly similar inputs on the basis of the postsynaptic receptors that the afferents impinge on.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | NR2B-containing NMDA receptors are preferentially allocated to the dendritic postsynaptic sites that receive thalamic input, giving ascending afferents a privileged signalling channel— “Our results extend these observations and suggest that there is a preferential allocation of NR2B-containing NMDARs to the postsynaptic sites in the dendrites of Re + interneurons that receive thalamic input.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | NMDA receptor activation drives the interneuron's integration into the nascent circuit, so that losing it both stunts the arbor and shifts the balance of afferents toward local cortical sources— “Together these data suggest that activation of NMDARs mediates the proper integration of maturing interneurons in the brain.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | sparse electroporation plus focal rabies injection yields one starter cell per brain, so the traced inputs belong to a single identified interneuron— “The focal rabies injection together with the sparse electroporation of ventrally generated interneurons further diluted by their dispersion during tangential migration to the cortex 15 allowed us to target one starter cell in each experimental brain” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | anatomical tracing is confirmed functionally by optogenetic mapping with TTX and 4AP, isolating monosynaptic responses— “In accordance with the anatomical tracing, we recorded light-evoked monosynaptic excitatory responses from these neurons in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block polysynaptic events and 4-aminopyridine (4AP) to enhance presynaptic vesicular release” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the requirement is timed: removing the receptor at P3 reproduces the defect and at P6 does not, placing the critical window between them— “After electroporating Dlx5/6-Cre ER (estrogen receptor) and CAG-STOP-GFP plasmids in NR1 fl/fl mice at E15.5, we subsequently administered tamoxifen at P3 or P6 and analyzed Re + interneuron morphology at P8. Tamoxifen administration at P3 but not at P6 phenocopied the morphological defects observed in the embryonic Dlx5/6-Cre ablation… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the effect is subunit-specific - NR2B-containing receptors are required, NR2A-containing ones are not— “In exploring the mechanisms underlying this observation, we found that thalamocortical synapses use NMDA receptors (NMDARs) containing the NR2B subunit and that cell-autonomous removal of these receptors (but not NR2A-containing receptors) led to severe morphological defects in Re + interneurons.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | AMPA receptor signalling remains intact and is not sufficient: the cells still fail to develop axons or integrate— “Remarkably, even in the presence of substantial glutamatergic signaling through AMPARs, Dlx5 / 6-Cre;NR1 fl/fl interneurons failed to develop proper axonal processes and to integrate properly into nascent cortical circuits.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the total input count is preserved while its composition flips, so this is reallocation rather than loss— “Furthermore, the total number of presynaptic traced cells was not significantly different between control (190 ± 55) and Dlx5/6-Cre;NR1 fl/fl (150 ± 47; P = 0.646) interneurons ( Fig. 7d ).” | mechanisms[8] |
| extends | previous work showing that sensory experience shapes the topography of the sensory cortices (refs 33-37)— “Our findings extend previous work demonstrating that sensory experience shapes the topography of the sensory cortices 33 – 37 directly and not through second order cortical neurons.” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | the authors' own preceding study of how dampened excitation affects interneuron positioning and maturation (ref 9)— “In an effort to understand the contribution of activity to interneuron development, we compared in a preceding study how dampening excitation of… | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | the classical view that layer IV is the primary recipient of ascending thalamic sensory input | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | the authors' own earlier finding that Re-positive but not VIP-positive interneurons require activity to mature Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | retinogeniculate work showing that specific activity, not overall activity level, drives afferent refinement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | published rabies tracing of mature VIP interneurons showing no bias toward thalamic synapses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| sense | balance here is a RATIO of afferent sources whose total is conserved - thalamic falls from 60% to 16% while intracortical rises from 14% to 42%, with the same number of presynaptic cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the same glutamatergic input is distinguished not by its transmitter but by which postsynaptic receptor it acts on, which is what lets one afferent source matter and another not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | Re-positive and VIP-positive interneurons are used throughout as a built-in contrast: every manipulation that impairs one leaves the other intact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the absence of cholinergic input is scoped to this age, not to this cell type - the authors expect it to appear later Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| control | the same rabies-tracing experiment repeated in a LARGER AND DIFFERENT SUBSET of superficial interneurons, including VIP- and calretinin-expressing subtypes — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a bias in the method itself - if rabies tracing simply fails to label some synapse types, the absence of nucleus basalis input onto Re+ interneurons would be an artefact of the tracer rather than a fact about the circuit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | NR2B —distinct-from→ NR2A — THE AXIS IS WHICH SUBUNIT'S REMOVAL PRODUCES THE DEFECT. 'thalamocortical synapses use NMDA receptors (NMDARs) containing the NR2B subunit and ... cell-autonomous removal of these receptors (BUT NOT NR2A-CONTAINING RECEPTORS) led to severe morphological defects in Re+ interneurons.' Both subunits are present; only one is load-bearing for the morphology, and the contrast is a loss-of-function result rather than a difference in expression. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · AMPAR —distinct-from→ NMDA — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says interneurons failed to develop 'even in the presence of substantial signaling through AMPARs' when NMDARs were removed; distinct-from is implied, not stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · AMPAR —distinct-from→ NMDA — AMPAR signalling is present and explicitly insufficient, which is what makes the requirement receptor-specific rather than activity-general Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · AMPAR —distinct-from→ NMDA — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named only AMPARs. This sentence sets the two against each other in the paper's own construction - 'the contribution of NMDARs VERSUS AMPARs'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · AMPAR —distinct-from→ NMDA — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · neurogliaform —distinct-from→ VIP — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but this span says Re+ but not VIP+ interneurons were impaired; 'neurogliaform' is not named here, so distinct-from rests on the record's other span. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · neurogliaform —distinct-from→ VIP — the built-in contrast: every manipulation impairing one leaves the other intact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · neurogliaform —distinct-from→ VIP — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named only VIP. This sentence names both, says 'marked DIFFERENCES in the requirement for activity', and uses 'UNLIKE' between the two cell types. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| differs in | neurogliaform —distinct-from→ VIP — THE AXIS IS WHETHER DEVELOPMENT REQUIRES ACTIVITY. 'We observed marked differences in the requirement for activity in VIP multipolar cells, which were apparently unaffected by attenuated levels of excitation, unlike Re+ neurogliaform cells, whose migration and morphological development were markedly impaired.' Two interneuron classes in the same manipulation, and only one needs the activity - so a study using either alone would conclude the opposite about interneuron development in general. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | neurogliaform —distinct-from→ VIP — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | AMPAR —distinct-from→ NMDA — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | AMPAR —distinct-from→ NMDA — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the completeness of the silencing: WE COULD NOT FORMALLY EXCLUDE THE POSSIBILITY THAT RESIDUAL CORTICAL GLUTAMATERGIC SIGNALING TO Re+ INTERNEURONS PERSISTED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the complete-blockade analysis: IN AN EFFORT TO INCREASE THE SAMPLE SIZE FOR THIS ANALYSIS, WE GENERATED MICE containing a second allele combination, because the first genotype was too rare Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that these cells lack neuromodulatory input: WE DID NOT OBSERVE APPRECIABLE INPUTS ... FROM ASCENDING NEUROMODULATORY FIBERS, supported by SUPPLEMENTARY FIG. 3 AND DATA NOT SHOWN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the interneuron-to-interneuron connectivity comparison: NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED (CTRL: 27% +/- 6 VERSUS 42% +/- 4, P = 0.103) - a null on a small sample rather than an established absence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the cross-species reading: THE INCREASE IN ABUNDANCE OF THIS POPULATION ACROSS SPECIES IS SPECULATED TO REFLECT THE LARGER DEMAND FOR ASSOCIATIVE FUNCTIONS IN THE HUMAN BRAIN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the generality of the activity-dependence claim: VIP+ INTERNEURONS MAY USE EITHER INTRINSIC GENETIC PROGRAMS OR AS-YET-UNIDENTIFIED SOURCES OF ACTIVITY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The authors could not rule out that some cortical glutamatergic signalling survived their viral tetanus-toxin blockade of intracortical input. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The complete-intracortical-blockade genotype yielded very few animals, so a second mouse line had to be generated to enlarge the sample. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | the absence of neuromodulatory input is overridden by inference from the authors' own prior work, which says it must appear eventually Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | interneuron-to-interneuron connectivity did not change significantly, with only three mutant animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the cross-species claim about the proportion of these interneurons is explicitly a speculation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | whether VIP interneurons use intrinsic programs or unidentified activity sources is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Contrary to the classical view that layer IV is the main recipient of ascending sensory input, Reelin-expressing interneurons in layers I-III receive direct thalamic afferents during the first postnatal week. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Whisker deprivation left cortical layering and interneuron migration intact but severely truncated the axons and dendrites of Reelin-expressing interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The results suggest thalamic activity is fundamental to the axo-dendritic development of Re+ interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Blocking intracortical glutamate release, by contrast, left the morphological development of the same interneurons unaffected. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Light-evoked NMDAR responses had a larger NR2B component with thalamic (VGlut2-ChR2) than with cortical (Emx1-ChR2) activation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The maturation requirement is specific to NR2B: NR2A-null and AMPA-receptor-blocked interneurons developed normally. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The NMDA receptor requirement is confined to a narrow window between postnatal days 3 and 6. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Deleting NR1 in these interneurons cut thalamic input from 60% to 16% and raised intracortical pyramidal input from 14% to 42%. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | superficial Reelin interneurons receive direct thalamic input in the first postnatal week, contrary to the layer IV expectation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | each interneuron received about 196 presynaptic partners, 56% of them thalamic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | no appreciable input from dorsal raphe or nucleus basalis was found at this age Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | the same tracing method did find nucleus basalis input to VIP and calretinin interneurons, so the absence is not a method artifact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | removing NMDA receptors cut thalamic input from 60% to 16% and raised intracortical from 14% to 42% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the total number of presynaptic cells did not change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the requirement falls between P3 and P6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | cortical layering and pyramidal cell distribution were normal despite the interneuron defects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | cells with rudimentary dendrites nonetheless received exuberant aberrant intracortical innervation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| quantity | 196 ± 48 — mean number of presynaptic neurons traced to a single Reelin-expressing starter interneuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 56 o 6% — share of traced presynaptic inputs originating in the VPM and POm thalamic nuclei (the ± sign is corrupted in the source text) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 30% ... 50% — share of all interneurons that are superficial Reelin- or VIP-expressing cells, in mouse versus human brain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | −83.89 ± 17.62 pA versus −3.60 ± 3.60 pA — mean intracortically evoked EPSC amplitude in control versus cortex-wide tetanus-toxin (Emx1-TeLC) mice, showing near-complete blockade Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 190 ± 55 versus 150 ± 47; P = 0.646 — total presynaptic cells per starter cell in control versus NMDA-receptor-ablated interneurons, statistically indistinguishable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 60% ± 6 to 16% ± 2 — drop in the thalamic share of afferent connectivity after cell-autonomous NMDA receptor removal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 196 plus or minus 48 presynaptic neurons per interneuron, 56% thalamic, 14% local excitatory, 30% interneuron — the normal afferent composition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | thalamic 60% to 16%, intracortical 14% to 42%, interneuron 27% to 42% (n.s.) — the composition after NMDA receptor removal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 190 versus 150 presynaptic cells, p = 0.646 — total input unchanged while composition flipped Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | about 10 ms EPSC latency — checked against prior studies using the same approach Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | about 30% of interneurons in mouse and 50% in human — the proportion of superficial interneurons across species Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| variable | chronic bilateral whisker plucking (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | genetic blockade (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | thalamic afferent connectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | intracortical pyramidal cell innervation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | dendritic length (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | complexity of axonal arbors (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| definition | VAMP2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | critical period Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| key-terms | neurogliaform, Reelin, VIP, interneuron, thalamic, intracortical, NMDA, NR2B, NR2A, AMPAR, rabies, starter cell, whisker, somatosensory, critical period, nucleus basalis, monosynaptic, electroporation, channelrhodopsin, barrel |
| Mann-Whitney U test P | as written: Mann-Whitney test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test P | as written: unpaired t -test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| standard error of the mean ± | as written: (s.e.m.) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| p-value P | as written: P = 0.002; Ecx, P = 3.8E-06 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| unpaired t-test on morphological measures | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| proportion of presynaptic partners by source | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | monosynaptic rabies tracing from single starter interneurons, ChR2-assisted circuit mapping, whisker deprivation, and cell-autonomous conditional removal of NMDA receptor subunits — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | activity-dependent assembly of cortical microcircuits — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: cortical interneuron circuit integration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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