phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | implicit working memory— “This paper offers to extend our views of WM to include implicit working memory.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Results from five studies show that WM can operate unintentionally and outside of conscious awareness, thus suggesting that the current view should be expanded to include implicit WM.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We developed two new WM paradigms that allow for an examination of the role of conscious awareness in WM.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “It presents five studies that examine the relation between working memory and conscious awareness, with findings strongly suggestive of nonconscious, implicit WM.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “We developed two new WM paradigms that allow for an examination of the role of conscious awareness in WM.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Results from five studies show that WM can operate unintentionally and outside of conscious awareness, thus suggesting that the current view should be expanded to include implicit WM.” | |
| transfer | from perception research (Navon's global/local task): the compound stimulus — a large digit built from small characters — borrowed so the cover task can be about the components while the pattern lives in the whole— “Each number was composed of either little X ’s or of little O ’s, and participants were asked to indicate as quickly as possible, using the keyboard, whether the number they saw was composed of X ’s or O ’s (cf. Navon, 1977 ).” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from implicit learning research: the finding that conscious search damages extraction of complex structure, imported as the prediction that an explicit version of the task will show no effect— “One proposed explanation for these findings maintains that the conscious mind cannot apprehend complex structures of this sort, and so conscious search is bound to fail (cf. Reber, 1993 ).” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Incidental extraction of the pattern generates an anticipation of the next disk's location, which speeds responses when the anticipation is correct and slows them when it is violated— “Because of the hypothesized pattern-driven anticipations of the disks’ locations, RTs to last disks in Pattern sets (where pattern-based anticipations are veridical) should be faster than RTs to the last disks in Broken Pattern sets (where pattern-based anticipations are systematically misleading), with Control sets falling somewhere in… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Conscious, intentional search for patterns produces frequent failures on the pattern-less majority of sets, and those failures interfere with the implicit extraction process— “Given the literature succinctly described above, the conscious search and its prominent failures are likely to interfere with the relevant implicit processes, and to diminish successful pattern extraction.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Discovering a pattern itself imposes a brief processing cost - an implicit 'aha' - that partly cancels the speedup it produces— “One possibility that comes to mind is that maybe there is an inherent slowdown upon the discovery of a pattern, as if the system takes a few milliseconds to develop an implicit “aha” experience.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the field's instruments are read as evidence about the field: every standard WM task is explicit, so the tasks record what researchers believe rather than test it— “We suggest to view these tasks as implicit, or indirect, measures of researchers’ beliefs regarding WM.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the question cannot be asked with the existing instruments because they presuppose its answer, so the paradigm has to be built before the experiment can exist— “Since existing WM tasks take as given that WM is predominantly conscious, they cannot be used to systematically address questions regarding the role of conscious awareness in WM.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | a functional definition is adopted deliberately, so that whether the new task counts as a working memory task is settled by what it requires rather than by precedent— “To answer this question we adopt a functional perspective. Thus, a working memory paradigm is a paradigm that taps the functions of WM.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the design forecloses statistical learning by construction: pattern-following and pattern-breaking endings are equiprobable, so learning history predicts chance on the critical disk— “Note, furthermore, that in each block we keep the probability of a pattern-following last move equal to the probability of a pattern breaking last move (=.5). Thus, one’s learning history during the experiment should lead to chance performance on the fifth disk.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the first block is analysed separately as the empirical version of the same argument, since each pattern has appeared only once and there is nothing yet to have learned— “Although we argued above that the paradigm precludes statistical learning per-se, analysis of the data of the first block is an important empirical test of this assumption.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | awareness is attacked from four directions rather than one — open debriefing, immediate reconstruction, forced-choice recognition, and a correlation between reconstructed and actual moves— “First, participants were asked explicit questions regarding the existence of patterns (self report). Second, they were asked to report whether they intended to extract patterns (self report). Third, participants were asked to immediately reconstruct the last set that they saw (free recall). Fourth, participants were asked to immediately… | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | in the fourth study awareness is manipulated instead of measured, which converts a null result about awareness into a predicted dissociation— “Instead of measuring awareness and intention, it manipulates them.” | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | the excluded participants are turned into a test: if awareness drove the effect it should be larger in those who noticed the patterns, and it is smaller— “The basic idea of this analysis is that if the effect of patterns depends on awareness then it should be stronger for the participants in the Excluded condition, who were conscious of (at least some of) the patterns. Yet, the data does not support this suggestion.” | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | a self-undermining fact — that every finite sequence follows some rule — is stated and then shown to bias the study against its own hypothesis— “In fact, every finite set of disks follows a mathematical rule (i.e., pattern). If participants extract this other pattern, rather than the one we intended them to, then the fifth disk in pattern sets actually breaks the pattern thus transforming this set to a broken pattern set (and vice versa for the broken pattern sets). What is important… | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | the alternative account is not tested but reasoned through: imagine long-term memory doing this task, and it turns out to need the very operations attributed to working memory— “But these types of cognitive functions are usually attributed to WM (see Section 1.1), and parsimony suggests that we continue attributing them to WM, and not to LTM.” | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | stimulus position is jittered specifically to block a strategy that would let attention narrow to the local level and bypass the global stimulus— “This measure was taken to prevent participants from strategically narrowing their attention, thus focusing on the components of the numbers (the local dimension), rather than on the numbers themselves (the global dimension).” | mechanisms[13] |
| mechanism | the fifth study changes the material from spatial to algebraic so the claim rests on the function rather than on the modality— “Unlike in the first four studies the patterns here were not visual. Rather, they were constituted from the relations between the numbers (e.g., X n +1 = X n + 2). In this sense, then, the patterns are conceptual in nature.” | mechanisms[14] |
| replicates | McKone (1995) verbal and Maljkovic & Nakayama (1994) visual implicit short-term memory findings— “McKone’s paradigm is verbal in nature whereas Maljkovic’s paradigm is visual in nature; the results of the current studies replicate both findings in new paradigms.” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | previous implicit short-term memory findings (McKone; Maljkovic and colleagues)— “The current results offer a significant extension to the pervious findings by suggesting that other processes that are considered central to WM can occur implicitly (see p. 4).” | claim_relations[1] |
| critiques | the prevalent view that the active components of working memory are intentional and conscious, and the task set that encodes it— “The prevalent view holds that active components of WM are predominantly intentional and conscious. This conception is oftentimes expressed explicitly, but it is best reflected in the nature of major WM tasks: All of them are blatantly explicit.” | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | Baars and Franklin's claim that all active components of classical working memory are conscious— “Similarly, in a more recent paper Baars and Franklin argued that “all active components of classical working memory are conscious: input, rehearsal, visuospatial operations, recall and report.” ( Baars & Franklin, 2003 , p. 170).” | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | McKone's and Maljkovic's demonstrations of implicit short-term memory, from maintenance alone to updating, computation and control— “The current results offer a significant extension to the pervious findings by suggesting that other processes that are considered central to WM can occur implicitly (see p. 4).” | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | the social-cognition literature showing that high-order processes and goal pursuit can occur non-consciously— “Yet, recent research in social cognition has established that high-order cognitive processes in general, and goal pursuit in particular, can occur non-consciously (for recent overviews of this literature see Bargh (2006) and Hassin, Uleman, and Bargh (2005) ).” | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | models of non-conscious high-order processes, which currently contain no working memory component | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | the implicit-learning finding that directing attention to a complex structure can prevent its extraction | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | working memory — defined functionally, by the operations a task demands, rather than by membership in the established task set; the move that makes the new paradigm admissible | senses[0] |
| sense | working memory — as the field's tasks define it in practice: materials explicitly presented and explicitly manipulated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | implicit — as unintentional (not deliberately recruited) versus as unconscious (not available to awareness); the paper claims both and tests them separately Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | conscious involvement in WM — as attaching to some components (Cowan, Baddeley) versus to all active operations (Baars and Franklin) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | pattern — visual, drawn by connecting disk locations, versus conceptual, constituted by the algebraic relation between successive numbers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | pattern — the one the experimenters built in, versus the mathematical rule any finite sequence trivially satisfies; the second sense makes every broken pattern a pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | implicit working memory — as a mode of one system versus as a separate system; the paper says which it assumes and why, and leaves the question open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | extraction — deliberately left open to cover identification and recognition, because the argument needs only the operations, not the label Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| control | a YOKED control condition in which the first three disk locations are random and only the fourth and fifth follow the pattern - the mirror image of the experimental condition, matched on everything except where the regularity sits — absent-stated-about-other — rules out that performance on the fourth and fifth disks reflects the regularity carried by the first three - the yoked condition matches everything except WHICH disks carry the pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| weight | implicit working memory —part-of→ Working Memory — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | implicit working memory —distinct-from→ implicit learning — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'pattern extraction', not 'implicit working memory'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | implicit working memory —distinct-from→ implicit learning — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | implicit working memory —distinct-from→ long term memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span POSES the question whether the effect is working memory or long-term memory; distinct-from is not asserted as a finding. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | implicit working memory —distinct-from→ long term memory — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | Pattern sets —contrasted-with→ Broken Pattern — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'Broken Pattern condition' and 'a set'; the Pattern sets are named in the previous sentences. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | pattern extraction —operationalised-as→ reaction time — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span names reaction time as the dependent measure; 'pattern extraction' is not in it, so operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | pattern extraction —operationalised-as→ reaction time — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | pattern extraction —causes→ anticipations — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | conscious awareness —operationalised-as→ immediate reconstruction — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'awareness' and 'reconstruct', not 'conscious awareness' / 'immediate reconstruction'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | conscious awareness —operationalised-as→ immediate reconstruction — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | conscious awareness —operationalised-as→ recognition test — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but a recognition test was GIVEN after each set; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | conscious awareness —operationalised-as→ recognition test — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| edge | Implicit condition —contrasted-with→ Explicit condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — absent-stated-about-other | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the attribution to working memory alone: WHETHER THE PROCESSES OF NAMING THE PATTERNS, CREATING ANTICIPATIONS FOR FUTURE LOCATIONS, AND CONTROLLING COGNITION, ARE DONE SOLELY BY WM or involve other systems as in other WM paradigms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the aware-versus-unaware comparison: GIVEN THESE HUGE DIFFERENCES IN NUMBERS WE CANNOT DIRECTLY COMPARE THE EFFECTS USING AN ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — every unawareness claim in the paper: HASSIN'S LAB (WHERE THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED) RUNS MANY NON-CONSCIOUS GOAL PRIMING STUDIES, and TOWARDS THE END OF THE ACADEMIC YEAR, MANY PARTICIPANTS COME TO THE LAB SUSPECTING THAT THERE IS MORE TO OUR EXPERIMENTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2], with what was done instead: HENCE, WE USE AS HEURISTICS THE ACTUAL SIZE OF THE EFFECT IN MILLISECONDS AND EFFECT SIZES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — which comparison held in which study: THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BROKEN PATTERN AND CONTROL SETS WERE SIGNIFICANT IN THREE STUDIES (1, 2, & 3), AND MARGINALLY SIGNIFICANT IN ONE (4), while the Pattern-versus-control difference was significant in fewer Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - whether long-term memory also contributes, left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — block-level analyses, and only two studies have them: THE IDEA TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF PATTERNS IN THE FIRST BLOCK CAME PRETTY LATE IN THE PROJECT. HENCE, WE HAVE INFORMATION ABOUT BLOCKS ONLY IN EXPERIMENTS 1 AND 4 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| for which use | limitation — the one-system-or-two question: WHETHER THEY BELONG TO THE SAME SYSTEM OR TO TWO SEPARATE SYSTEMS, and what the PUTATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT WM are Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
| replication | replicated | |
| limitation | Whether pattern naming, anticipation and control are done by working memory alone or by working memory interacting with long-term memory is left unresolved. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The comparison between excluded (aware) and included participants is heuristic rather than a formal test. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The unequal group sizes prevented a direct statistical comparison of aware and unaware participants. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The proposed implicit "aha" account of the asymmetry between speedup and slowdown is speculative. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the subject pool was contaminated by the laboratory's own research programme — participants arrived suspecting a hidden manipulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the excluded-participant analysis is conceded to be informal, compared by effect size because the group sizes forbid a test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the predicted pattern is asymmetric in a way the hypothesis did not anticipate: the slowdown is reliable and the speedup mostly is not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the explanation offered for that asymmetry is labelled speculation by the authors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | establishing that anything is non-conscious is acknowledged as never fully achievable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | whether long-term memory also contributes is left open, defended by parsimony rather than by data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | block-level data exist for only two of the five studies because the analysis was thought of late Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| limitation | whether implicit and explicit WM are one system in two modes or two systems is unresolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Participants responded faster to the final disk of pattern-following sets than to pattern-breaking sets, with control sets in between, even though the patterns were irrelevant to their explicit task. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The pattern effect was already present in the very first block, which rules out gradual implicit learning as its source. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Judges could detect no awareness of the patterns in participants' immediate reconstructions of the last set they had seen. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Only 5 of the remaining 30 participants (20%) correctly recognized the last set. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The pattern effect appeared only when instructions kept the task incidental; telling participants to search for patterns abolished it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The effect replicated conceptually with numeric (algebraic) rather than visuospatial patterns. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The effect is asymmetric: the slowdown on broken-pattern sets is more reliable than the speedup on pattern sets. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Participants excluded for reporting awareness showed a smaller, not larger, pattern effect than the unaware participants. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | An accompanying fMRI analysis found right prefrontal activation for pattern relative to control sets. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | responses to the last disk were faster after an intact pattern than after a broken one, with controls in between Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the pattern effect was already highly significant in the first block Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | reconstruction correlations with the actual moves did not differ from zero, individually or on average Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | recognition of the last set was 5 of 30 (20%), exactly the chance rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the effect held even when only participants who failed the recognition test were analysed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | telling participants the patterns exist abolished the effect — a significant Instructions by Pattern interaction, with the effect present implicitly and absent explicitly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | the effect replicated with algebraic patterns: fourth terms were answered faster in pattern than in broken-pattern sets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the participants excluded for being aware showed a SMALLER effect than those included — 17 ms against 31 ms, with effect size half again as large in the unaware group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | there is both speedup and slowdown, with the slowdown after a broken pattern the stronger Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the companion fMRI work found increased right prefrontal activation during pattern sets relative to controls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | prior work found an implicit short-term memory component in visual popout lasting 15-30 s Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | in study 2 the pattern effect replicated with faster overall responding, 462 ms against 489 ms for broken patterns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| quantity | M = 528 ms vs. M = 565 ms — mean reaction time to the last disk in Pattern versus Broken Pattern sets in Study 1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 31 ms / 17 ms — size of the broken-pattern minus pattern RT difference for included (unaware) versus excluded (aware) participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 20% — proportion of participants who correctly recognized the last pattern set, exactly the chance rate in a 5-alternative test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 24 (columns) by 18 (rows) — dimensions of the matrix into which the display screen was divided for disk locations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | Twenty — number of participants in Study 1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | partial η 2 = .40 — effect size of the Pattern factor within the Implicit instruction condition in Study 4 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | M = 547 ms, SD = 84 vs. M = 561 ms, SD = 82 — mean RT to the fourth term in Pattern versus Broken Pattern number sets in Study 5 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 24 by 18 — the matrix of columns and rows dividing the screen Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | five millimeters — disk diameter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | sets of five — stimuli per set, demarcated by a 1500 ms fixation point Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 150 ms — interval between response and the next disk Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 10 patterns, 10 broken, 10 controls, 70 random — composition of each 100-set block Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 3.125 — average distance in matrix units between successive disks in experimental sets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 528 vs 565 ms — Study 1 pattern against broken pattern reaction times Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 20% — recognition accuracy in the five-alternative test, exactly chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 31 ms vs 17 ms — the pattern effect in included (unaware) against excluded (aware) participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | partial η 2 = .20 and .14 — effect sizes for included against excluded participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | 20 excluded, 79 included — participants across studies 1–4 in the awareness comparison Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| quantity | 15–30 s — duration of Maljkovic's implicit popout memory effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[18] |
| quantity | ∼140 ms at lag 0, asymptoting at approximately 50 ms at lag 4 — McKone's short-term repetition priming component Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[19] |
| quantity | 200 ms / three SDs — the response-time exclusion window applied in every study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[20] |
| quantity | twenty — participants in Study 1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[21] |
| quantity | fifty-four — participants in Study 4, the implicit/explicit contrast Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[22] |
| quantity | twenty-eight — participants in Study 5, the algebraic replication Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[23] |
| quantity | 25% of the trials — share of pattern and broken-pattern sets in Study 5 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[24] |
| variable | reaction time (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | instructions (moderator) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | reaction time to the last disks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | Pattern: Pattern, Broken Pattern, Control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | Instructions: Implicit vs. Explicit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | Block Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | awareness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| definition | working memory paradigm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | subset hypothesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | active contents or processes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | Pattern sets condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | implicit working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | subset hypothesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | a working memory paradigm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | Pattern sets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | Broken Pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | Control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | lag 0 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | Random Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| definition | active contents or processes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[13] |
| key-terms | working memory, implicit working memory, short-term memory, conscious awareness, executive functions, central executive, episodic buffer, subset hypothesis, implicit learning, repetition priming, popout, pattern extraction, reaction time, immediate reconstruction, recognition test, debriefing, Implicit condition, Explicit condition, long term memory, cognitive control, goal pursuit, automaticity, unconscious, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, inferior frontal sulcus, frontal eye field, lexical decision task, visual search, partial η 2, fixation point, yoked |
| ANOVA F | as written: 3 (Pattern: Pattern, Broken Pattern, Control) × 2 (Block) within subjects’ ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| repeated-measures ANOVA F | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| t-test (planned comparisons) t | as written: Planned comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| effect size η 2 | as written: effect size ... partial η 2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| correlation | as written: The individual correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| standard deviation (outlier trimming) SD | as written: three SDs from the mean Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| interaction test in a mixed factorial design F | as written: a significant interaction between Instructions and Pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| partial η 2 | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| within subjects’ ANOVA | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| Planned comparisons | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| MSE | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| mixed design | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| one tailed | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| correlation | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | two purpose-built incidental paradigms — sequential disks forming spatial patterns, and sequential digits forming algebraic ones — with a perceptual cover task and four converging awareness checks — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | implicit working memory — unintentional, non-conscious operation of the active components of working memory — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: implicit working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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