phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | tonotopic organization of human auditory cortex— “The organization of tonotopic fields in human auditory cortex was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Two mirror-symmetric frequency gradients were found extending along an anterior-posterior axis from a zone on the lateral aspect of Heschl's gyrus (HG), which responds preferentially to lower frequencies, toward zones posterior and anterior to HG that are sensitive to higher frequencies.” | |
| method — evidence | — “FMRI data were collected from 8 right-handed subjects (7 male, 1 female; ages 20-37 years).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “The organization of tonotopic fields in human auditory cortex was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “In particular, we were interested in addressing several open questions that have not been completely resolved, such as the number of frequency gradients, the orientation of the gradients relative to HG, and the variability of the gradients across subjects.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “The orientation of these two principal gradients is thus roughly perpendicular to HG, rather than parallel as previously assumed.” | |
| transfer | from macaque single-unit electrophysiology: the core/belt field layout, used as the template against which a human fMRI map is read and labelled— “In the auditory cortex of nonhuman primates, each of the three divisions of primary “core” cortex – A1, R and RT – exhibit tonotopic gradients that are mirror symmetric to each other” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from visual neuroscience: retinotopy used as the contrast case for how a receptive-field gradient behaves at an areal boundary— “In contrast to the visual cortex, where retinotopic gradients reverse direction at the boundary between primary and secondary cortices, the receptive field gradients in auditory cortex run parallel to the primary/secondary (i.e., core/belt) boundary, such that the two mirror symmetric gradients observed in A1 and R extend laterally to belt… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | cortical folding pushes the anterior and posterior high-frequency zones close together in 3-D, so volume-based smoothing and inter-subject variation blur them into one, hiding the perpendicular gradients from earlier studies— “The cortical folding that produces HG causes the high-frequency zones in the sulci posterior and anterior to HG to be physically very close in 3-dimensional space. This physical proximity, together with inter-subject variation in the exact location of the sulci and spatial smoothing used for generating group maps, may have caused these… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | flattening the superior temporal plane onto a surface model pulls the buried sulcal regions apart, which is what makes the perpendicular topology visible— “Flattening the superior temporal plane with surface modeling separates these regions and allows a more accurate analysis of topological relations running perpendicular to the gyrus.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | cortical folding puts the anterior and posterior high-frequency zones physically close together, so volume-based analysis and smoothing blur them into one— “The cortical folding that produces HG causes the high-frequency zones in the sulci posterior and anterior to HG to be physically very close in 3-dimensional space. This physical proximity, together with inter-subject variation in the exact location of the sulci and spatial smoothing used for generating group maps, may have caused these… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | flattening the superior temporal plane separates regions that are adjacent in 3-D, making gradients perpendicular to the gyrus visible— “Flattening the superior temporal plane with surface modeling separates these regions and allows a more accurate analysis of topological relations running perpendicular to the gyrus.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | sparse sampling: the scanner runs only in a 1.6 s silent gap after the 8 s tone sequence, so scanner noise never overlaps the stimulus— “A trial lasted 9.6 seconds and started with an 8-second tone sequence followed by a 1.6-second gap. MRI scanning was performed only during the 1.6-second gap to prevent interference from scanner noise during presentation of the stimulus.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | stochastic alternation between two- and three-tone bursts holds the cortical response up, since auditory neurons adapt after onset— “This alternating pattern was designed to provoke large responses in auditory cortical neurons, which tend to have increased firing rates at stimulus onset but often return to baseline before the end of the stimulus” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | tone ratios chosen so the composite produces no harmonic relationship and no missing-fundamental pitch— “These ratios were selected so that the composite tones would have no harmonic relationships and would not produce a “missing fundamental” pitch, and so that the five tones comprising the stimulus train would be approximately equidistant in pitch space.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | best frequency is interpolated between the six tested bands by weighting adjacent conditions, giving finer resolution than the design has | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | landmark-based surface alignment rather than volumetric alignment, for spatial precision in the temporal lobe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | non-parametric permutation testing because eight subjects will not support a parametric group test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | several sessions per subject, to buy single-subject statistical power and a test-retest estimate at the same time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| replicates | Formisano et al. (2003); Talavage et al. (2004); Woods et al. (2009) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | Formisano et al. (2003), on the orientation of the gradients relative to HG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | Woods et al. (2009), on labelling the posterior lateral gradient as parabelt Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| partially-supports | Formisano et al. 2003: two mirror-symmetric gradients, but running along the axis of HG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| refines | Talavage et al. 2004: three gradients described as narrow lines between high and low poles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | Woods et al. 2009: one low-frequency area on HG flanked by two high-frequency areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| contradicts | Woods et al. 2009: the posterior lateral field is parabelt Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| contradicts | the early two-frequency studies: a single gradient running along the axis of HG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| qualifies | their own reading that these central regions are more sharply tuned Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| supports | macaque evidence that area CM prefers higher than average frequencies without a gradient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| sense | tonotopy - a gradient of preferred frequency mirroring the cochlea; explicitly a map of one stimulus dimension, not of any other response property Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | gradient - as a field bounded by high and low bands, not as a line between two poles; the paper says this reading is itself a source of the literature's disagreement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | frequency-selective - defined operationally as a significant F test across the six tested frequencies, carrying no claim about tuning shape Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | tuning bandwidth - here a ratio of preferred to non-preferred BOLD amplitude, which the paper scare-quotes and then declines to read as tuning width Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | core and belt - cytoarchitectonic and connectional divisions, explicitly not divisions defined by the frequency map being measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | corresponds to / homologous to - used hedged throughout for human-macaque field matches, never as identity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | the intensity of every tone sequence normalised to A-weighted 76.3 dB — held — rules out a loudness difference between sequences - otherwise a tonotopic response could be a response to how loud each frequency happened to be Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | Formisano et al. (2003), on the orientation of the gradients relative to HG — the ORIENTATION of the gradients relative to HG: THESE GRADIENTS ARE ORIENTED APPROXIMATELY ALONG THE AXIS OF HG, WHEREAS THE GRADIENTS WE OBSERVED WERE PERPENDICULAR TO THE LONG AXIS OF HG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| differs in | Woods et al. (2009), on labelling the posterior lateral gradient as parabelt — where the parabelt is and whether it is tonotopic at all: THERE IS LITTLE EVIDENCE FOR TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION IN THE PARABELT OF MONKEYS, and RECENT HUMAN CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA SUGGEST THAT THE PARABELT IS LOCATED MORE VENTRALLY IN THE UPPER BANK OF THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL SULCUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in | Woods et al. 2009: the posterior lateral field is parabelt — which area the same patch of cortex IS - the two papers show A SIMILAR DIAGRAM and label it differently: AREA CL here, POSTERIOR PARABELT there, and the criterion offered is that IN THE MONKEY, THIS GRADIENT DOES NOT EXTEND INTO ADJACENT AREAS; THEREFORE, ITS BOUNDARIES ARE EASILY DETERMINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| differs in | the early two-frequency studies: a single gradient running along the axis of HG — the analysis method, named as decisive across the whole prior literature: ONE THAT WE BELIEVE IS CRITICAL IS THAT THE STUDIES REPORTING GRADIENTS PERPENDICULAR TO HG ALL USED SURFACE-BASED RATHER THAN VOLUME-BASED ANALYSIS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| differs in | their own reading that these central regions are more sharply tuned — which side of the difference moves: the sharper tuning is DRIVEN PRIMARILY BY INCREASES IN RESPONSE TO THE PREFERRED FREQUENCY RATHER THAN DECREASES IN THE RESPONSE TO THE NON-PREFERRED FREQUENCIES, so the pattern IS CORRELATED WITH THE OVERALL STRENGTH OF THE RESPONSE and need not be sharper tuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| note | tonotopy —same-as→ cochleotopy — given as alternate names in one clause, unhedged - a positive control for the join key Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| edge | frequency-selective response —operationalised-as→ F test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| differs in | surface-based —contrasted-with→ volume-based analysis — THE AXIS IS THE ANALYSIS METHOD, AND IT IS OFFERED AS THE EXPLANATION OF THE DISAGREEMENT. 'Although there are many differences in methodology between these studies, one that we believe is critical is that the studies reporting gradients perpendicular to HG all used surface-based rather than volume-based analysis.' The authors name the one difference they think decides the result out of many they could have named - which is the analyst decision this project exists to make legible. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | surface-based —contrasted-with→ volume-based analysis — the contrast the paper says explains the whole literature's disagreement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| effect direction | cortical folding —causes→ physical proximity — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | cortical folding —causes→ physical proximity — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | posterior lateral gradient —same-as→ area CL — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the gradient 'MOST LIKELY corresponds to' area CL; same-as is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | posterior lateral gradient —same-as→ area CL — most likely corresponds to Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | posterior lateral gradient —same-as→ area CL — 0.65 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | posterior lateral gradient —distinct-from→ posterior parabelt — a labelling dispute with Woods et al., settled by appeal to a different evidence type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | posterior lateral gradient —distinct-from→ posterior parabelt — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| differs in | core —distinct-from→ belt — THE AXIS IS WHAT DEFINES THE BOUNDARY. 'with the boundary between core and belt defined by cytoarchitectonic and connectivity patterns rather than tonotopic gradients.' The two regions are not distinguished by the property the paper measures - they are distinguished by a different property entirely, so a tonotopic result cannot confirm or refute the division it is described against. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | core —distinct-from→ belt — the boundary is stipulated from cytoarchitecture and connectivity, not from the phenomenon being mapped Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | retinotopic gradients —contrasted-with→ receptive field gradients in auditory cortex — a structural contrast between sensory systems sharing almost no vocabulary Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the core/belt boundary drawn on the map: THE EXACT BOUNDARY BETWEEN CORE AND BELT CANNOT BE DETERMINED BASED SOLELY ON FREQUENCY RESPONSE, THUS THIS LINE IS AN ESTIMATE GUIDED BY THE KNOWN TOPOGRAPHICAL ORGANIZATION IN THE MACAQUE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the claimed absence of an RT-like gradient: THE LACK OF FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE ACTIVATION IN THIS REGION COULD BE DUE TO LOW SENSITIVITY TO THE STIMULI USED IN THE CURRENT STUDY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the group significance test, and the paper says what it did about it: BECAUSE OF THE SMALL NUMBER OF SUBJECTS, SIGNIFICANCE WAS CALCULATED USING A NON-PARAMETRIC PERMUTATION TEST Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — tuning estimates at the edges of the tested range: POINTS WERE ALSO EXCLUDED IF THEIR LARGEST RESPONSE WAS TO THE LOWEST (200 Hz) OR HIGHEST (6400 Hz) FREQUENCY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1], left open: ALTERNATIVELY, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT AREA RT DOES NOT EXIST IN HUMANS - a sensitivity failure and a real absence are not distinguished Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the sharper-tuning reading: THESE PATTERNS GENERALLY APPEAR TO BE CORRELATED WITH THE OVERALL STRENGTH OF THE RESPONSE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the core/belt line, imported from macaque and cytoarchitecture rather than measured here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the parietal operculum activation, which is not a finding: THIS ACTIVATION IS PRIMARILY AN ARTIFACT OF THE MAPPING BETWEEN VOLUME AND SURFACE SPACES DUE TO PARTIAL VOLUME EFFECTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about where the border between gradients falls: THE LOCATION OF THE LOW-FREQUENCY BORDER BETWEEN THE TWO GRADIENTS VARIED IN RELATION TO HG, with A HIGH DEGREE OF VARIABILITY ACROSS SUBJECTS AND ACROSS HEMISPHERES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — voxel counts and preferred frequency across sessions: SOME INTER-SESSION VARIABILITY WAS SEEN IN THE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANTLY ACTIVATED VOXELS AND THEIR PREFERRED FREQUENCY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — the population every map describes: FMRI DATA WERE COLLECTED FROM 8 RIGHT-HANDED SUBJECTS (7 MALE, 1 FEMALE; AGES 20-37 YEARS) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| for which use | limitation — the attentional state the tonotopic maps were measured in: SUBJECTS WERE INSTRUCTED TO LIE STILL AND LISTEN TO THE TONES. NO SPECIFIC TASK WAS PERFORMED DURING THE EXPERIMENT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[3] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[1] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| replication | contested | |
| limitation | The core/belt boundary drawn on the homology map cannot be established from frequency responses alone and is an estimate imported from macaque anatomy and human cytoarchitecture. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The absence of a gradient corresponding to macaque area RT may be a sensitivity failure of the stimuli rather than evidence that the area is absent in humans. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The sample was small enough to force non-parametric permutation testing for the group analysis. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the tested range truncates the tuning estimate, so points preferring 200 or 6400 Hz were excluded from that analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | an absence the authors decline to resolve: no anterior RT-like gradient, which may be the stimuli or may be the species Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the sharper-tuning reading is undercut by the authors themselves, because the effect tracks overall response strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the core/belt boundary cannot be fixed from frequency response alone, so the line drawn is an estimate imported from other evidence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | apparent parietal operculum activation is an artifact of volume-to-surface mapping, not a finding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | high variability across subjects and hemispheres in where the low-frequency border between gradients falls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | inter-session variability attributed partly to head movement and partly to unmeasured attention and alertness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | eight subjects, seven of them male Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| limitation | no task was performed, so attentional state during scanning is uncontrolled by design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Two mirror-symmetric frequency gradients run anterior-posterior from a low-frequency zone on lateral Heschl's gyrus out to high-frequency zones in front of and behind it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | These principal gradients lie perpendicular to HG, overturning the prevailing assumption that they run parallel to it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | A third, smaller gradient was found on the lateral posterior superior temporal gyrus. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The human maps are argued to be closely homologous to nonhuman primate auditory cortex, with the two main gradients corresponding to macaque A1 and R. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Individual tonotopic maps were highly reproducible across separate scanning sessions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Inspection of unnormalized data suggests the regional differences are driven mainly by a larger response to the preferred frequency rather than a smaller response to non-preferred ones. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| evidence status note | finding — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | two mirror-symmetric gradients run roughly perpendicular to HG, not parallel as previously assumed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | a low-frequency zone on lateral HG is flanked anteriorly and posteriorly by high-frequency zones in every subject Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | a third, smaller gradient runs along lateral posterior STG, mainly in the left hemisphere Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | frequency-selective responses were confined to the superior temporal plane in both hemispheres Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | maps are highly reproducible across sessions within a subject Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | the unnormalized data suggest the difference is driven mainly by a larger preferred response rather than a smaller non-preferred one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | no distinct frequency gradient in area CM, agreeing with macaque evidence for an overall high-frequency preference there Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | prior imaging results and their interpretations varied considerably Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | four previous studies reached four different conclusions, one of them denying the gradients are gradients at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| quantity | 8 — number of subjects scanned, with sex split and age range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 392 trials total — trials per scanning session, from 7 runs of 56 trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | .834 (SD = 0.083) — mean correlation of a subject's tonotopy map between scanning sessions, i.e. test-retest stability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 20 to 30 mm 3 — range of the per-subject cluster-size threshold used for multiple-comparison correction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| evidence status note | quantity — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 76.3 dB — A-weighted intensity to which every tone sequence was normalised Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 9.6 seconds — trial length: an 8-second sound followed by a 1.6-second silent gap in which the scan was acquired Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 Hz — the six centre frequencies tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 8 right-handed subjects, 7 male and 1 female, ages 20-37 — the sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | .834, SD 0.083 — mean between-session correlation of the tonotopy maps Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | better than 20 dB HL from 250 to 8000 Hz — audiometric inclusion criterion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 20 to 30 mm3 — cluster threshold, which varied by subject because smoothness was estimated per subject Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 8 s stimulus then a 1.6 s scanning gap, 9.6 s per trial — the sparse-sampling timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 3000 Hz — Formisano's highest frequency, offered as the reason that study may have missed medial anterior high-frequency cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 3600 Hz, 4 Hz presentation rate — Woods' ceiling and rate, against 6400 Hz and 10 Hz here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| variable | frequency of maximum response (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | mean BOLD signal (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | tuning bandwidth Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | frequency-selective response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | tonotopy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | frequency-selective response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| key-terms | tonotopy, cochleotopy, Heschl, planum temporale, superior temporal gyrus, mirror-symmetric, core, belt, area CL, area CM, posterior parabelt, macaque areas A1 and R, frequency-selective response, tuning bandwidth, surface-based, volume-based analysis, cortical folding, retinotopic gradients, cytoarchitectonic, permutation test |
| concept | cortical folding — not defined in this paper's own words; the gyral geometry that creates the confound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | physical proximity — not defined in this paper's own words; the closeness in 3-D of the two high-frequency zones flanking HG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| general linear model | as written: A general linear model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| F-test F | as written: F-tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| multiple comparison correction p | as written: cluster thresholded to correct for multiple comparisons at an alpha level of .05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| ANOVA | as written: one-way ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| permutation test | as written: non-parametric permutation test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| evidence status note | permutation test — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| correlation | as written: mean between-session correlation coefficient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| F test across six frequency conditions | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| cluster thresholding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| non-parametric permutation test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| between-session correlation coefficient | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| method | fMRI with sparse sampling, six multi-tone frequency bands from 200 to 6400 Hz, analysed on flattened cortical surfaces with landmark-based alignment — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: fmri Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | tonotopy - a cortical gradient of preferred frequency mirroring the cochlea — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: tonotopic organization of human auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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