phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | inter-neuronal noise correlations in population coding— “Here, we examine how associative learning influences the stimulus-specific pattern of inter-neuronal correlations and encoding among neural ensembles in a high-level auditory region in the songbird brain.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We show that learning produces stimulus specific changes in the pattern of inter-neuronal correlations that enhance the ability of neural populations to recognize signals relevant for behavior.” | |
| method — evidence | — “After training, we recorded the simultaneous activity of multiple well-isolated single neurons in the caudolateral mesopallium (CLM) in response to task-relevant and task-irrelevant motifs and a third set of novel motifs under urethane anesthesia ( Supplemental Figure S2A-P ; Experimental Procedures).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Learning-dependent cortical encoding has been well described in single neurons. But behaviorally relevant sensory signals drive the coordinated activity of millions of cortical neurons; whether learning produces stimulus specific changes in population codes is unknown.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “In contrast, little is known about how, or even if, learning might act on the neural ensemble representations by changing emergent properties not observable in single neurons.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We show that learning produces stimulus specific changes in the pattern of inter-neuronal correlations that enhance the ability of neural populations to recognize signals relevant for behavior. This learning-dependent enhancement increases with population size.” | |
| transfer | from psychology (animal learning theory): the concept of 'occasion setting' is imported to reinterpret the CLM motif representation as a predictive mapping onto the learned response rather than a sensory trace— “In this context, which psychologists refer to as occasion setting ( Schmajuk and Holland, 1998 ), we suggest that the neural representation of motifs in CLM is less a sensory trace than a predictive mapping of the learned behavioral response.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from animal learning psychology: occasion setting - the idea that a stimulus signals which response is appropriate rather than predicting reward itself - used to reinterpret what the cortical representation is for— “In this context, which psychologists refer to as occasion setting ( Schmajuk and Holland, 1998 ), we suggest that the neural representation of motifs in CLM is less a sensory trace than a predictive mapping of the learned behavioral response.” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from statistics: multinomial logistic regression, chosen because stimulus identity is categorical and cannot be parameterised— “Because motif identity is best regarded as a nominal, or categorical, variable (i.e. motifs cannot be easily described with a small number of parameters), we use multinomial logistic regression (MNLR) to find the optimal classifier that maximizes the predictability of motif identity from the firing rates of multiple neurons (Experimental… | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | when noise correlation runs opposite to tuning similarity, a downstream reader can subtract the responses of dissimilarly tuned neurons, cancelling the shared noise while adding the signal, so the same spikes carry more information— “In contrast, negative relationships can improve population coding because common noise among dissimilarly tuned neurons can be subtracted, which strengthens the signal while dissipating the noise.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | learning-driven changes to feed-forward synaptic weights (with excitatory-inhibitory noise cancellation) decorrelate similarly tuned neurons and preserve or increase correlation among dissimilarly tuned ones, producing the inverted correlation structure— “The plausibility of such circuitry is supported by a recent network model showing that learning-driven modulations to feed-forward synaptic weights yields decreased noise correlations for similarly tuned cortical neurons, and increased noise correlations for dissimilarly tuned neurons” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | the trigger for the correlation change is the learned stimulus-to-action mapping (the motif signalling which port to peck), not reward pairing, familiarity or exposure, which were equated across motif classes— “Thus, learning-dependent changes in the inter-neuronal correlation patterns depend on associations formed between stimuli and behavior, rather than experience, familiarity, or reward contingency.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | positively correlated noise between similarly tuned neurons impairs coding because pooling cannot remove shared noise without removing signal— “Compared to independent noise, positively correlated noise between two similarly tuned neurons impairs encoding because no form of response pooling can attenuate the shared noise without simultaneously attenuating the signal” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | positively correlated noise between oppositely tuned neurons improves coding because subtraction removes noise and strengthens signal— “In contrast, positively correlated noise between two oppositely tuned neurons can improve encoding because subtracting one response from the other can both attenuate the shared noise and strengthen the signal” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | trial shuffling separates the contribution of single-neuron plasticity from that of correlation change, since it leaves individual responses untouched— “To distinguish these two sources of increased performance, we compared the classification performance without correlations (i.e. with trials shuffled, which does not alter individual neuron responses) to that with correlations intact.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the design equalises reward across all trained motifs so only the stimulus-response association differs— “All the motifs used during training were heard equally often in the context of the task and paired equally with reinforcement, but only the task-relevant motifs signaled the correct behavioral response on each trial. Thus, any effect of learning mediated directly by reinforcement should apply to all of the training motifs.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | testing each motif in isolation confirms the behavioural asymmetry is about which response the motif signals, not about reward— “As expected, each of the single task-relevant motifs evoked responses primarily to a single port, following the learned responses from training ( Figure 1E ). In contrast, responses to the task-irrelevant motifs were evenly distributed between both response ports ( Figure 1E ). Importantly, overall response rates for all the motifs were… | mechanisms[7] |
| builds-on | Oram et al. (1998)— “Our results support the longstanding hypothesis that these activity patterns underlie behaviorally relevant discrimination of sensory signals ( Oram et al., 1998 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Cohen and Kohn (2011); Gu et al. (2011); Kohn and Smith (2005); Zohary et al. (1994)— “Consistent with previous reports ( Cohen and Kohn, 2011 ; Gu et al., 2011 ; Kohn and Smith, 2005… | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Jeanne et al. (2011); Gentner and Margoliash (2003); Thompson and Gentner (2010) | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the inference from earlier work that stimulus-reward association drives auditory cortical plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| confirms | the theoretical prediction that changing the sign of the signal-noise correlation relationship could underlie attention or learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| qualifies | Gu et al., who found perceptual learning did not alter the slope of this relationship Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | theoretical work showing correlations help when signal and noise correlations have opposite sign Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | noise correlation is shared trial-to-trial variability; signal correlation is tuning similarity - and the coding consequence of the first depends entirely on the sign of the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | task-relevant means the motif signalled which response was correct; task-irrelevant motifs were equally familiar and equally rewarded, so relevance here is purely a stimulus-response association Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the classification ratio is defined so that above one means correlations help and below one means they hurt, making the sign of the effect readable directly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the CLM representation is interpreted as a predictive mapping of the learned response rather than a sensory trace - occasion setting rather than encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| control | the trial-shuffling repeated 50 times, with the AVERAGE classification probability used rather than a single shuffle — held — rules out correlations introduced by the shuffle itself - one shuffle can create spurious structure, so a single shuffled baseline could be beaten or missed by chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | the inference from earlier work that stimulus-reward association drives auditory cortical plasticity — THE AXIS IS TASK RELEVANCE OF THE STIMULUS. 'ONLY THE TASK-RELEVANT motifs - those that birds learned to associate with a particular pecking location - elicited neural population activity with a NEGATIVE relationship between signal and noise correlations. In contrast, task-irrelevant motifs ... elicited neural population activity' [with the opposite sign]. The sign of the correlation relationship depends on learned relevance, so a claim about signal-noise correlations is only well-formed once the stimulus class is stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| differs in | noise correlation —contrasted-with→ signal correlation — THE AXIS DETERMINES THE SIGN OF THE EFFECT, NOT ITS SIZE. 'noise correlations can either enhance or impair coding fidelity, depending on how the noise correlation relates to tuning similarity (KNOWN AS SIGNAL CORRELATION) for each pair of neurons.' A claim that noise correlations help or hurt is not well-formed until this relation is stated - so two papers reporting opposite effects can both be right, and a join on 'noise correlation' alone would make them contradict. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | noise correlation —contrasted-with→ signal correlation — SIGN: correlated noise IMPAIRS coding between similarly tuned neurons and IMPROVES it between oppositely tuned ones. the same edge has opposite consequences depending on the second variable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · task-relevant —contrasted-with→ task-irrelevant — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span names only 'task-relevant motifs'; the task-irrelevant motifs are implied by 'only'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · task-relevant —contrasted-with→ task-irrelevant — matched on familiarity and reward by design, differing only in whether the motif signalled a response - which is what makes the comparison interpretable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · task-relevant —contrasted-with→ task-irrelevant — RE-GROUNDED. The old span said the motifs were heard equally often. This sentence names both AND GIVES THE DIFFERENTIA - 'the primary DIFFERENCE ... was thus the learned association…' between motifs and behavioural choices - so the contrast carries what it consists in. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | noise correlation —causes→ population code — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the RELATIONSHIP between signal and noise correlations affects the fidelity of representations; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | noise correlation —causes→ population code — and the effect cannot be predicted from the average responses of individual neurons, which is the paper's motivating point Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | noise correlation —causes→ population code — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | population code —operationalised-as→ classification ratio — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'encoding', not 'population code'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | task-relevant —contrasted-with→ task-irrelevant — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every pairwise-correlation result: WE FOCUS ON WS NEURONS ... BECAUSE OUR SAMPLE OF NS NEURONS WAS NOT SUFFICIENT (N = 17 PAIRS FROM 36 SINGLE NEURONS) TO PERFORM RELIABLE ANALYSIS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the cell-type specificity claim specifically: THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE PLASTICITY ... PRIMARILY EXISTS WITHIN WS (PUTATIVE EXCITATORY) NEURONS, ALTHOUGH MORE DATA ARE NECESSARY - the negative half rests on the underpowered sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the comparison with the awake primate study: A METHODOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OUR STUDY AND THAT OF (GU, ET. AL. 2011) IS THAT WE USED ANESTHETIZED ANIMALS WHILE GU AND COLLEAGUES USED AWAKE ANIMALS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any circuit account of the effect: FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WILL BE NECESSARY TO ELUCIDATE THE CIRCUITRY THAT YIELDS THIS STIMULUS-SPECIFIC FLEXIBILITY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - narrow-spiking neurons were excluded because the sample was too small for reliable analysis, so the population results are the broad-spiking ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2], with the authors' position: WE THINK IT IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY THAT ANESTHESIA COULD ACCOUNT FOR THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OUR RESULTS FOR TWO REASONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — any single-neuron reading of the learning effect: THE MODULATION OF SINGLE NEURON FIRING RATES IS SUBTLE ... ESPECIALLY IN LIGHT OF THE ANIMALS' ROBUST CHANGES IN BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the size of the correlation effect at the scale it was measured: A MODEST EFFECT IN PAIRS OF NEURONS GROWS CONSIDERABLY WITH POPULATION SIZE, and for irrelevant motifs the effect IS SMALL AND DOES NOT DEPEND ON POPULATION SIZE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the disagreement with the primate study, whose differing parameters are enumerated: THIS STUDY DIFFERED FROM OURS IN MULTIPLE WAYS (E.G. SPECIES, BRAIN REGION, AND SENSORY MODALITY) and type of learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The narrow-spiking (putative interneuron) sample was too small for reliable pair analysis, so the population results rest on wide-spiking pairs only. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The claim that correlation-structure plasticity is confined to putative excitatory neurons is underpowered. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Recordings were made under urethane anaesthesia, unlike the awake comparison study, and the circuitry producing the stimulus-specific flexibility is not identified. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The local or extrinsic circuit mechanism controlling the correlation structure remains to be established. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | narrow-spiking neurons were excluded because the sample was too small for reliable analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | recordings were made under urethane anaesthesia, unlike the study whose result this contradicts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the single-neuron firing rate difference is modest relative to the behavioural change it accompanies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the effect in pairs of neurons is described as modest, and only grows large in bigger populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the comparison with the contradicting study differs in species, brain region, sensory modality and type of learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | For motifs that had guided the birds' choices, the usual positive coupling between signal and noise correlation was inverted to a negative one. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | For task-irrelevant and novel motifs the signal-noise correlation relationship stayed positive. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Mean noise correlation did not differ between motif classes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The magnitude of signal correlation was likewise unaffected by task relevance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Task-relevant motifs showed a higher classification ratio than task-irrelevant or novel motifs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The coding benefit conferred by correlations was flat with population size for irrelevant and novel motifs but grew steadily with population size for task-relevant motifs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Firing rates were modestly higher for task-relevant than task-irrelevant motifs, and similar for irrelevant and novel motifs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | The authors claim priority for observing a negative signal-noise correlation relationship in cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | learning produces stimulus-specific changes in inter-neuronal correlations that enhance recognition of behaviourally relevant signals, and the enhancement grows with population size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | correlations improve encoding when signal and noise correlations have opposite sign and impair it when they share sign Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | task-relevant motifs showed a higher classification ratio than task-irrelevant or novel motifs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | the benefit of correlations grows with population size for task-relevant motifs and not for the others Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | enhanced coding of task-relevant motifs comes from both single-neuron response properties and correlations between neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | single-neuron firing rate differences were modest relative to the behavioural change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | task-irrelevant motifs were indistinguishable from novel motifs in correlation structure despite being equally familiar and rewarded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | a negative relationship between signal and noise correlations had not previously been demonstrated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| quantity | r = −0.15, p = 0.051 — correlation between signal correlation and noise correlation across neuron pairs for task-relevant motifs (negative) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | r = 0.19 and r = 0.23 — the same signal-noise coupling for task-irrelevant and for novel motifs (positive) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | p = 7.9×10 −5 — significance of the difference in regression slopes between motif classes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 0.082 / 0.100 / 0.087 — mean noise correlation for task-relevant, task-irrelevant and novel motifs - small and positive in every class Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | n = 176 pairs from 98 single neurons — the analysed sample of wide-spiking neuron pairs (narrow-spiking sample of 17 pairs was too small to analyse) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 51% vs 25% — decoding accuracy of the example two-neuron classifier against chance for four motifs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 5–6 neurons — population size at which the coding benefit of the learned correlation structure becomes substantial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | Nine — number of wild-caught European starlings trained on the two-alternative choice task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 176 pairs from 98 wide-spiking neurons, against 17 pairs from 36 narrow-spiking — the analysed sample and the excluded one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM) · 3.03 versus 2.74 Hz, p = 0.0080 — the modest single-neuron firing rate difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| retracted | quantity — RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM. The old evidence was a hedging remark - 'The modulation of single neuron firing rates is subtle' - carrying none of 3.03, 2.74 or 0.0080. The sentence that states the comparison is now the evidence. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | p = 1.8e-8 for the interaction — the dependence of the coding effect on the sign relationship Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | sets of up to 8 neurons — the population sizes available for the scaling analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | behavioral relevance (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | number of neurons (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | noise correlation (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | signal correlation (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | classification ratio (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | motif assignment (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | analysis window (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | task relevance of the motif Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | population size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | noise correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | signal correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | classification ratio Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | motif Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | inverted correlation structure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | wide spiking (WS) and narrow spiking (NS) neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | classification ratio Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | task-relevant motif Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | task-irrelevant motif Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| key-terms | noise correlation, signal correlation, population code, task-relevant, task-irrelevant, classification ratio, CLM, motifs, occasion setting, multinomial logistic regression, shuffled, wide spiking, starling, associative learning, encoding fidelity, operant, urethane, pooling, trial-to-trial, songbird |
| concept | CLM — not defined in this paper's own words; the higher-order songbird auditory region recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| Spearman correlation r | as written: Spearman correlation coefficient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Pearson correlation | as written: Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| ANCOVA p | as written: ANCOVA motif class × regression slope interaction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| repeated measures ANOVA p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Friedman test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| Kruskal-Wallis test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| t-test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| multinomial logistic regression β | as written: multinomial logistic regression (MNLR) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| cross-validation | as written: we fit the model to 75% of the trials ... and predicted motif identity for the remaining 25% of trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| trial shuffling (permutation control) | as written: we shuffled the trial ordering of each neuron in each dataset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| Lilliefors normality test p | as written: Lilliefors test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| Hartigan's dip test for bimodality p | as written: Hartigan’s dip test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| principal components analysis | as written: principal components analysis on waveform shape Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| standard error of the mean | as written: means ± standard errors of the mean Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| multinomial logistic regression decoding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[15] |
| trial shuffling | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[16] |
| two-way ANOVA interaction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[17] |
| Friedman test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[18] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | two-alternative operant training on song motifs, then simultaneous recording of up to 8 neurons and multinomial logistic regression decoding with and without trial shuffling — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | learning-dependent plasticity of inter-neuronal correlation structure — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: inter-neuronal noise correlations in population coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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