phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | localized lateral disinhibition by VIP interneurons— “Our data indicate that VIPs can make ∼240 μm diameter holes in the blanket of inhibition mediated by SOMs ( Fino and Yuste, 2011 ; Karnani et al., 2014 ).” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “The data in Figure 1 indicate that VIPs specialize in lateral disinhibition and can block FDDI by inhibiting SOMs.” | |
| method — evidence | — “In this study, we show with intracellular recordings and optogenetics in neocortical layer 2/3 that VIP activation can override lateral disynaptic inhibition between PCs in slices.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “However, little is known about the fine structure of PC disinhibition through the VIP→SOM→PC circuit, although recent evidence suggests a spatially restricted mode of action for this circuit that may be related to “the spotlight of attention” ( Zhang et al., 2014 ). This facilitation of visual responses is enhanced during locomotion ( Fu et… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex often connect in a promiscuous and extensive fashion, extending a “blanket of inhibition” on the circuit. This raises the problem of how can excitatory activity propagate in the midst of this widespread inhibition.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Although our in vitro results may be underestimates due to the inevitability of cut processes in brain slices, the similarity of the in vivo results increases their credibility, and together the data suggest a ∼120 μm lateral radius of effect for single VIPs.” | |
| transfer | from attention research: the spotlight metaphor, imported as the functional interpretation of a local disinhibitory hole— “VIP interneurons, themselves regulated by neuromodulators, may therefore enable selective patterns of activity to propagate through the cortex, by generating a “spotlight of attention” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from dynamical systems: attractors, offered as what selectively sculpted circuits might implement— “This type of local control could be use to dynamically sculpt selective cortical circuits out of a neural network type of connectivity matrix, and use them to implement specific perceptions, behaviors, memory states or, more generally, dynamical attractors.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | A VIP cell inhibits nearby SOM cells, which removes the SOM-mediated blanket inhibition on local pyramidal cells and thereby lets excitation spread through that patch.— “The data in Figure 1 indicate that VIPs specialize in lateral disinhibition and can block FDDI by inhibiting SOMs.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | The horizontally narrow VIP axon confines the disinhibitory action to a small cylindrical volume of cortex, setting the size of the hole.— “A horizontally narrow axon ( Fig. 2 A–D ) may restrict the area of effect of a single VIP to a small cylindrical volume of cortex.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | During locomotion many VIPs are recruited at once, so the disinhibition from any single stimulated VIP is swamped and loses its spatial structure.— “This is likely because of the increased neuronal activity and recruitment of many more VIPs than the stimulated one during locomotion.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the problem: SOM, PV and chandelier cells inhibit most or all pyramidal cells within their axonal arbors, which in principle should stop excitation propagating at all— “Members of the SOM, PV, and chandelier cell populations mediate a broad blanket-like inhibition of most if not all PCs within their axonal arbors ( Fino and Yuste, 2011 ; Packer and Yuste, 2011 ; Karnani et al., 2014 ; Inan et al., 2013 ). This widespread inhibition, in principle, should suppress the propagation of excitatory activity in… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the interneuron population looks designed to block both fast and slow excitatory activity, since PV and SOM are driven by fast and slow inputs respectively— “In fact, because PV and SOM are activated specifically with fast and slow inputs, and relay fast and slow inhibition, it seems as if the interneuron population was selectively designed to block both fast and slow excitatory activity.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | VIP cells inhibit nearby SOM cells, and SOM cells inhibit pyramidal cells, so activating one VIP opens a local hole in the inhibitory blanket— “We find that VIP interneurons have narrow axons and inhibit nearby somatostatin interneurons, which themselves inhibit pyramidal cells. Moreover, via this lateral disinhibition, VIP cells in vivo make local and transient “holes” in the inhibitory blanket extended by SOM cells.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | two-photon spiral scanning excites one targeted VIP and not its neighbours, which is what makes single-cell activation possible— “Targeting the stimulation to other nearby VIPs did not excite the recorded VIP” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the disinhibitory effect requires concurrent sensory drive - there must be activity for the hole to admit— “As the presence of sensory stimulation ( Fig. 6 ) was required for seeing the disinhibitory effect of single VIP activation (data not shown) the spatiotemporal coincidence of excitation and a disinhibitory hole may be necessary to use the hole in blanket inhibition.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | two possible regimes: single VIPs opening tiny patches, or a few nearby VIPs together opening larger ones— “VIPs may be active individually, e.g., during low-activity states or a specific input from prefrontal cortex ( Harris and Thiele, 2011 ; Zhang et al., 2014 ). This mode of activity may thus form highly localized disinhibited patches of cortex. Alternatively, a few closely spaced VIPs may be preferentially activated together, thus forming… | mechanisms[8] |
| extends | Kapfer et al. (2007), Silberberg and Markram (2007) and Murayama et al. (2009) on SOM-mediated frequency-dependent disynaptic inhibition— “While many experiments are consistent with SOMs mediating frequency-dependent disynaptic inhibition (FDDI) between neighboring PCs, a… | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Zhang et al. (2014) on the uniquely localized disinhibitory effect of VIP cells | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | Pi et al. 2013 and Fu et al. 2014 on the VIP to SOM disinhibitory motif - both independently tagged in this corpus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| supports | Zhang et al., who also found VIPs uniquely localised with a radius under 200 microns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | morphological reports that VIP axons are horizontally restricted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| extends | Fu et al. 2014 on locomotion driving VIP activity, by showing the spatial structure is lost in that state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| sense | blanket of inhibition is the specific claim that SOM, PV and chandelier cells inhibit most or all pyramidal cells within their arbors indiscriminately - it is what makes disinhibition necessary rather than merely available Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the hole is measured four different ways - axon extent, paired connectivity, activity correlation, and single-cell optogenetics - and reported as a radius of about 120 microns, equivalently a diameter of about 240 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | spotlight of attention is used as an analogy for what a local disinhibitory hole could implement, not as a claim that it does Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | disinhibited is defined operationally as a visual response increasing by more than two standard deviations during VIP activation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| control | the same analysis re-run triggering on the other cells, mostly pyramidal cells, instead of the original trigger cells — held — rules out a result that follows from which cell was chosen as the trigger rather than from the population structure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| note | VIP —causes→ SOM — inhibits. same edge as Fu2014 and Pi2013 - three corpus papers now carry it, from three labs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | VIP —causes→ SOM — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | SOM —causes→ pyramidal cells — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | VIP —operationalised-as→ spotlight of attention — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but VIP interneurons 'MAY' enable propagation by generating a spotlight of attention; operationalised-as is loose and hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | VIP —operationalised-as→ spotlight of attention — explicitly an analogy - may therefore enable. the low weight carries that this is offered, not shown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | VIP —operationalised-as→ spotlight of attention — 0.4 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | SOM —operationalised-as→ lateral inhibition — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but lateral inhibition 'IS THOUGHT TO work through' SOMs - a mechanism; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| evidential status | SOM —operationalised-as→ lateral inhibition — ATTRIBUTED, NOT MEASURED HERE: the span reports what the field holds - 'disynaptic lateral inhibition between nearby pyramidal cells' 'is thought to work through somatostatin-expressing INs' - with three citations (Kapfer et al. 2007; Silberberg and Markram 2007; Adesnik et al. 2012). This paper's own title is 'Opening holes in the blanket of inhibition', so the received account is the thing it goes on to complicate. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | SOM —operationalised-as→ lateral inhibition — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | SOM —operationalised-as→ lateral inhibition — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every conclusion in the paper, by layer: AS ALL OUR RECORDINGS WERE FROM LAYER 2/3, THEY ONLY APPLY THERE, and VIPs MAY MEDIATE QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT EFFECTS IN THE DEEPER LAYERS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the spatial-reach measurement: OUR IN VITRO RESULTS MAY BE UNDERESTIMATES DUE TO THE INEVITABILITY OF CUT PROCESSES IN BRAIN SLICES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the direction of the in vivo effect: the results are consistent with VIPs disinhibiting nearby cortex BUT MIGHT EQUALLY ARISE FROM the nearby cells driving the VIPs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - layer 2/3 only Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - cut processes underestimate reach Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the correlation does not fix the direction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the spatial-structure result outside quiescence: DURING LOCOMOTION EPOCHS THE DISTANCE DEPENDENCE WAS SCRAMBLED, attributed to recruitment of many more VIPs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the completeness of the disinhibition account: BECAUSE THE INHIBITED CELLS FORMED <1% OF ALL CELLS, WE DID NOT ANALYZE THEM FURTHER, THOUGH WE NOTE THEY MAY BE SOMS - cells that behaved oppositely were set aside Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the stated requirement for sensory stimulation: it WAS REQUIRED FOR SEEING THE DISINHIBITORY EFFECT OF SINGLE VIP ACTIVATION (DATA NOT SHOWN) - the condition for the central effect rests on data not in the paper Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | All recordings came from layer 2/3, so the conclusions do not necessarily hold for deeper layers. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Slice measurements of spatial reach may underestimate the true extent because processes are cut. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The correlational in vivo data are directionally ambiguous: nearby cells could be driving the VIPs rather than the reverse. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | all recordings are from layer 2/3 and the authors say the conclusions only apply there Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | slice results may underestimate the reach because processes are cut Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the correlational results could equally reflect nearby cells driving the VIPs rather than the reverse, which is why the optogenetic experiment was needed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | during locomotion the spatial structure disappears, attributed to many more VIPs being recruited Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | six cells were inhibited rather than disinhibited and were set aside as under 1% of the sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the requirement for sensory stimulation is supported by data not shown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Optogenetically silencing SOM interneurons abolished the disynaptic inhibition between paired pyramidal cells, giving direct loss-of-function evidence that SOMs mediate lateral inhibition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Activating VIP interneurons during the presynaptic spike train also blocked the disynaptic inhibition, showing VIPs can veto lateral inhibition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Reconstructed VIP axons were narrower than SOM or PV axons and descended away from the pia. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | SOMs postsynaptic to a VIP were significantly closer to it than unconnected SOMs, so VIP inhibitory output is spatially restricted. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Two-photon activation of a single VIP in vivo disinhibited visual responses selectively in cells near the stimulated VIP. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The disinhibitory reach of one VIP cell measured about 120 μm in radius, i.e. a hole roughly 240 μm across. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Spontaneous VIP activity was closely tied to activity within a 50 um radius, whereas pyramidal-cell activity showed only weak distance dependence. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | The spatial localization of the single-VIP effect disappeared during locomotion. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | disinhibited cells sat significantly closer to the activated VIP than cells in general, 66 against 101 microns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | the effective disinhibitory radius of a single VIP is about 120 microns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | equivalently, VIPs open holes of about 240 microns diameter in the SOM blanket Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | connected VIP-SOM pairs sat closer together than unconnected ones, 112 against 163 microns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | 33 of 638 cells were disinhibited and 6 were inhibited by single-VIP activation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the spatial structure of the effect disappears during locomotion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | targeting a neighbouring VIP did not excite the recorded one, establishing single-cell resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| quantity | 33/638 cells — cells whose visual responses were significantly disinhibited by single-VIP activation, out of all imaged cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | ∼240 μm — diameter of the disinhibitory hole a VIP opens in SOM-mediated blanket inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 440 ± 53 μm, 233 ± 29 μm — vertical and horizontal axon extent of VIP cells, against 756 ± 85 / 615 ± 82 μm for SOMs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 41 ± 16 ms — onset latency of the disynaptic inhibition in the second pyramidal cell after the spike train began Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | six of eight — individual VIP cells successfully driven to spike by targeted two-photon spiral stimulation in slices Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 112 ± 25 μm vs 163 ± 14 μm, p = 0.01 — intersomatic distance of SOMs connected versus not connected to a recorded VIP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | ∼233 μm/2 = 116 μm ... ∼112 μm — convergent anatomical and functional estimates of a single VIP's lateral reach Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | about 120 microns — effective disinhibitory RADIUS of a single VIP cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | about 240 microns — the same result expressed as a DIAMETER - not a discrepancy with the 120 figure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | axons about 233/2 = 116 microns laterally; SOMs inhibited within about 112; correlations raised at 75 to 150; optogenetic disinhibition within 60 to 120 — four independent estimates of one quantity, converging on about 120 microns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | connected 112 plus or minus 25 microns, not connected 163 plus or minus 14, p = 0.01 — VIP to SOM connection probability against distance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | disinhibited 66 plus or minus 9 microns against all cells 101 plus or minus 2, p = 0.002 — how much closer the affected cells were Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 33 disinhibited, 6 inhibited, 599 unchanged of 638 cells across 27 experiments — the classification outcome Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| variable | two-photon optogenetic activation (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | distance from spiral target (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | change in visual responses (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | blanket of inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | disinhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | frequency-dependent disynaptic inhibition (FDDI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | holes in the blanket of inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | locomotion epoch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | blanket of inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | disinhibited cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | blanket of inhibition, disinhibition, VIP, somatostatin, parvalbumin, pyramidal cells, lateral inhibition, two-photon, optogenetics, C1V1, GCaMP6s, spiral, visual cortex, layer 2/3, spotlight of attention, interneuron, locomotion, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neocortex, axon |
| rank sum test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| paired t-test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| t-test | as written: unpaired Student's t tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| correlation | as written: Pearson's correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| z-test p | as written: Z test against zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: >2 × SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| rank sum test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| Z test against zero by distance bin | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| pairwise Pearson correlation against intersomatic distance | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | two-photon optogenetic activation of individual VIP cells with C1V1 during calcium imaging in vivo, plus paired slice recordings and morphological reconstruction — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | lateral disinhibition in neocortex — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: localized lateral disinhibition by VIP interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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