phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | millisecond spike-timing precision in auditory cortex— “One central question pertains to the relevance of millisecond-precise spike times of individual auditory cortical neurons for stimulus encoding.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “This dependence demonstrates that auditory cortex neurons can carry stimulus information at high temporal precision.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We recorded single neurons’ responses in the caudal auditory cortex of passively listening macaque monkeys.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “One central question pertains to the relevance of millisecond-precise spike times of individual auditory cortical neurons for stimulus encoding.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “We investigated the dependence of stimulus information on the temporal precision at which spike times were registered and found that registering spikes at a precision coarser than a few milliseconds significantly reduced the encoded information. This dependence demonstrates that auditory cortex neurons can carry stimulus information at high… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “In addition, we found that the main determinant of finely timed information was rapid modulation of the firing rate, whereas higher-order correlations between spike times contributed negligibly.” | |
| transfer | from information theory: Shannon's mutual information, defined over a set of stimuli and a set of responses, is imported as the direct measure of what a spike train tells an observer about the sound— “We thus used Shannon information [ I ( S ; R ); Eq. 1 ] to directly quantify the information carried by temporal spike patterns sampled at different temporal precision.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from information theory: Shannon mutual information estimated directly, chosen because it bounds all the information a response could carry rather than what a particular decoder can extract— “Shannon information measures the reduction of uncertainty about the stimulus gained by observing a single trial response (averaged over all stimuli and responses) and was computed from many (average 55) repeats of the same stimulus sequence by using the direct method” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from visual neurophysiology: the finding that response precision scales with stimulus speed, imported as the prediction that the auditory answer should depend on stimulus dynamics— “Our results reveal a dependency of neural response precision on the prominent stimulus time scales: The average PSTH-derived response precision ( Figs. 1 D and 2 D ) was finer, and the information loss with decreasing response precision ( Figs. 1 E and 2 E ) was larger, for the chord stimulus, which had a much shorter autocorrelation time… | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Faster stimulus dynamics drive more rapid membrane depolarizations, whose steeper threshold crossings produce more precisely timed spikes, which in turn carry stimulus information at finer temporal precision.— “On the basis of this hypothesis, our results suggest that stimuli with faster dynamics elicit more rapid membrane depolarizations and, hence, more precisely timed spikes that, in return, then encode stimulus information at high temporal precision.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | effective precision is degraded by shuffling spikes between neighbouring bins, which lowers resolution without changing the statistical dimensionality of the data— “This shuffling procedure entailed shuffling spikes in nearby time bins (compare Methods and Fig. S2 A ) and can be used to progressively degrade the effective precision of a spike train without affecting the statistical dimensionality of the data.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | direct mutual information is used instead of decoding precisely because a decoder can miss information a neuron actually carries— “We computed direct estimates of the mutual information between stimulus and neural response, which can capture all of the information that neural responses carry about the sound stimuli.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | and the two are then run against each other on the same data, showing the method itself shifts the apparent coding timescale— “We found that linear decoding resulted in smaller losses of stimulus information when degrading temporal precision and, hence, would have indicated a coarser encoding time scale than that found with direct estimates of the stimulus information” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the stimulus is chosen to make the test hardest - random chords have a correlation time of a few milliseconds and are the case where precise timing was argued not to survive— “Given that this stimulus has a short (few milliseconds) correlation time scale ( Fig. 1 B ), and given the debate about whether there could be a precise temporal encoding in the absence of response locking to fast sequences of stimulus presentations ( 7 ), random chords are particularly suited to determine whether precise spike timing can… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | a second stimulus class with a much slower correlation structure is run so that stimulus dynamics becomes a variable rather than a constant— “In a second experiment we further tested the importance of sampling responses at millisecond precision using an additional set of neurons ( n = 31) recorded during the presentation of natural sounds. This stimulus ( Fig. 2 A )… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the peak-width measure is explicitly declared insufficient before the information analysis is introduced, because a spike could carry information by where it falls within a peak | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the information estimate is built to assume nothing about which acoustic features drive the cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | significance of information loss is established per neuron against an artificial response carrying no information at that precision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the rate-versus-correlation question is settled by computing the information available to an observer who sees only the time-dependent rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | the precision bound is bracketed from both sides rather than reported as a single figure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | the discrepancy with earlier work is attributed to two separable method differences, and the experiment that would separate them is specified Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| contradicts | previous studies reporting 10- to 20-ms coarse coding precision in auditory cortex (refs. 9 and 11) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Desbordes et al. (ref. 19), PSTH autocorrelogram measure of response precision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | ref. 18, response precision scaling with stimulus speed in visual thalamus of anesthetized cats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the conclusion that millisecond-precise spike timing adds nothing beyond spike rate on the 10-20 ms scale in auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | decoding-based analyses, which understate the information carried at fine precision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | paradigms presenting brief isolated sounds separated by silence, which may themselves produce the coarser precision reported Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | established millisecond precision at peripheral and subcortical auditory stages, upward to cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| supports | findings in rat somatosensory cortex and retina that sensory codes require millisecond resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| extends | the visual thalamus result that response precision is higher for faster stimuli, to auditory cortex in the alert primate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | temporal coding - as spike-time correlations carrying information beyond the rate versus as fast modulation of the rate itself; the paper finds the second and so the dichotomy dissolves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | precision of the neural code - defined operationally as the coarsest resolution that still yields all the information a response carries Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | response precision - as PSTH peak width versus as information loss under degraded resolution; the first is declared insufficient and the second is what the claims rest on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | coding timescale - as a property of the neuron versus as a property of the neuron given a stimulus; the same cells are more precise for faster sounds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | millisecond precision - established at the auditory periphery and subcortex, but contested at cortex; the paper places cortex between the two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | a sound presented in silence versus embedded in a continuous stream of similar sounds - two paradigms that may give different answers about the same neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | each stimulus repeated many times - 55 repeats on average, range 39 to 70 — held — rules out a spike-timing precision estimate built on too few trials to separate reliable timing from chance alignment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | decoding-based analyses, which understate the information carried at fine precision — THE AXIS IS THE TEMPORAL SENSITIVITY OF THE DECODER. 'This lower temporal sensitivity suggests that some decoding procedures may fail to reveal part of the information encoded by neurons at very fine precisions.' A published estimate of how much information a neuron carries is bounded by the resolution of the tool used to read it - so a lower number is evidence about the decoder as much as about the neuron. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | paradigms presenting brief isolated sounds separated by silence, which may themselves produce the coarser precision reported — THE AXIS IS THE STIMULATION PARADIGM, AND THE PAPER TURNS IT ON ITSELF. 'Our finding of a higher coding precision than in previous studies might well result from this difference in stimulation paradigm.' The disagreement with the literature is attributed to the paper's own method BEFORE ANYONE ELSE CAN ATTRIBUTE IT - and its [4] makes the complementary point about OTHER people's decoders, so one paper supplies both halves of why the numbers differ. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| edge | time-dependent firing rate —contrasted-with→ higher-order correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | temporal precision —operationalised-as→ mutual information — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'Shannon information [I(S;R)]', not 'mutual information'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | temporal precision —operationalised-as→ mutual information — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | stimulus dynamics —causes→ temporal precision — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the results 'SUGGEST' precision 'MAY depend' on stimulus dynamics; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | stimulus dynamics —causes→ temporal precision — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| edge | decoding —contrasted-with→ mutual information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| edge | random chords —contrasted-with→ natural sounds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | temporal precision —operationalised-as→ PSTH autocorrelogram — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'response precision', not 'temporal precision'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | temporal precision —operationalised-as→ PSTH autocorrelogram — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | effective precision —causes→ information per spike — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'response precision', not 'effective precision'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | effective precision —causes→ information per spike — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | membrane voltage —causes→ spike timing — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'a simple hypothesis' is that precision is determined by the voltage slope; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | membrane voltage —causes→ spike timing — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the precision figure, with its direction: OUR RESULTS MAY RATHER PROVIDE A LOWER BOUND ON THE EFFECTIVE PRECISION, LEAVING THE POSSIBILITY THAT AUDITORY CORTEX NEURONS MIGHT ENCODE SENSORY INFORMATION AT THE (SUB) MILLISECOND SCALE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the comparison with earlier reports, which is the paper's novelty: OUR FINDING OF A HIGHER CODING PRECISION THAN IN PREVIOUS STUDIES MIGHT WELL RESULT FROM THIS DIFFERENCE IN STIMULATION PARADIGM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the generality of the time scales: FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD DIRECTLY INVESTIGATE THE CONTEXT DEPENDENCY OF NEURAL CODING TIME SCALES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - faster stimuli could reveal finer coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the natural-sound results specifically: THE PROPORTIONAL INFORMATION LOST BY REDUCING THE EFFECTIVE TEMPORAL PRECISION WAS SMALLER THAN THE RESULTS OBTAINED DURING STIMULATION WITH RANDOM CHORDS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - continuous versus isolated presentation may explain the difference from previous work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the mechanistic account: A SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS IS THAT PRECISION OF SPIKE TIMES IS DETERMINED BY THE SLOPE OF THE MEMBRANE VOLTAGE WHEN CROSSING THE FIRING THRESHOLD - offered as a hypothesis, not shown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the link to behaviour: IT IS TEMPTING TO HYPOTHESIZE THAT SUCH MILLISECOND-PRECISE SINGLE NEURON-ENCODING SERVES AS NEURAL SUBSTRATE FOR RECENTLY REPORTED BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Because coding precision tracks stimulus dynamics, the reported precision is a lower bound and could be finer with faster stimuli. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The higher precision found here relative to earlier work may be an artefact of the continuous-sequence stimulation paradigm rather than a general property. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The context dependence of coding time scales was not directly tested and is left to future work. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the precision reported is a lower bound, since faster stimuli might reveal finer coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | coding precision was much more variable across neurons for natural sounds, and the population loss was smaller than for random chords Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the difference from previous reports may itself be an artefact of presenting sounds continuously rather than in isolation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the biophysical account of why faster stimuli give more precise spikes is offered as a simple hypothesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the link to behaviour is explicitly a temptation rather than a result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Registering auditory cortex spike times at a resolution coarser than a few milliseconds significantly reduces the stimulus information that can be recovered. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The effective coding resolution in this dataset lies between 1 ms and roughly 4-6 ms, since degrading precision from 1 to 2 ms cost no information but 4-6 ms did. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Nearly all of the stimulus information resides in the finely timed modulation of firing rate, with higher-order correlations between spike times contributing negligibly. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Response precision and the cost of coarsening it were greater for the fast-varying random chords than for natural sounds, so coding precision tracks the stimulus's own time scale. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Linear decoding showed smaller information losses when precision was degraded, so it would have indicated a coarser encoding timescale than direct estimates. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | median PSTH autocorrelogram half-width was 5 ms for random chords, indicating precision finer than 10 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | information loss was 5%, 11% and 20% at effective precisions of 4, 6 and 12 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | loss was significant for 7% of neurons at 4 ms and 46% at 12 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | no neuron lost information going from 1 ms to 2 ms bins, so the precision is coarser than 1 ms but finer than about 4 to 6 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | information per spike fell from 4.3 bits at 1 ms to 3.6 and 2.6 bits at 6 and 12 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the time-dependent firing rate accounted for 99% of the total information, so higher-order spike correlations add essentially nothing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | for natural sounds the proportional information loss was smaller than for random chords Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM, AND THE AUTOMATIC CANDIDATE WAS WRONG TOO) · but a subset still showed significant loss, 11% at 6 ms and 17% at 12 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| retracted | finding — RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM, AND THE AUTOMATIC CANDIDATE WAS WRONG TOO. The old evidence was the sentence immediately BEFORE the one carrying the numbers. the project's candidate generator proposed 'the information loss amounted…' - A DIFFERENT QUANTITY: the MEDIAN INFORMATION LOSS, not the FRACTION OF NEURONS with a significant loss. Taking it would have made the claim say 20% where the paper says 17%. The right sentence is the next one and gives 11 and 17% exactly as the claim does. A GOOD CANDIDATE GENERATOR IS A BAD EDITOR, in the project's own words. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | so millisecond timing carries information about natural sounds that a 10 ms spike count cannot recover Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | linear decoding showed smaller losses than direct information, and would have implied a coarser coding timescale from the same data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | precision was finer and information loss larger for the faster-varying stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | cortical precision is high but coarser than at peripheral and subcortical auditory stages Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| quantity | 5 ms — population median half-width at half-height of the PSTH autocorrelogram (response precision) during random chord stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 5, 11, and 20% — median information loss at effective precisions of 4, 6, and 12 ms relative to 1 ms precision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 4.3 bits/spike — median information per spike at 1 ms precision for neurons with significant loss at 12 ms, dropping to 3.6 and 2.6 bits/spike at 6 and 12 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 99 ± 0.2% — share of total stimulus information captured by the time-dependent firing rate alone at precisions below 48 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 46% — proportion of random-chord neurons with statistically significant information loss at 12 ms effective precision (7% already at 4 ms) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 16 ms — median PSTH-derived response precision during natural sound stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 5 ms — population median PSTH autocorrelogram half-width for random chords Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 5, 11, and 20% — median information loss at 4, 6 and 12 ms effective precision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 4.3 bits/spike — information per spike at 1 ms precision, falling to 2.6 at 12 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 99 ± 0.2% — share of total information available from the time-dependent rate alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | n = 41 and n = 31 — neurons recorded for random chords and for natural sounds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| value source note | quantity — THE VALUE DRAWS ON THE PAPER BEYOND THIS QUOTE: part of it is printed elsewhere in the paper, not in this quote ('responses of 41 neurons to a sequence of pseudorandom tones…'). | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | average 55 repeats — stimulus repetitions per recording, range 39 to 70 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 40-s and 52-s — durations of the random chord and natural sound sequences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | three adult rhesus monkeys — the sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| variable | effective temporal precision (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | information loss (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | response precision (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | statistical dimensionality (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | effective precision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | stimulus information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | correlation time scale Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | information per spike Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | Shannon (mutual) information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | precision of the neural code Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | random chords Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | precision of the neural code Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | Shannon information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | shuffling procedure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | random chords Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | spike timing, temporal precision, mutual information, decoding, peristimulus time histogram, PSTH autocorrelogram, random chords, natural sounds, higher-order correlations, time-dependent firing rate, information per spike, effective precision, stimulus dynamics, auditory cortex, limited sampling bias, Shannon, bits/spike, spike-sorted, macaque, neural code |
| mutual information I ( S ; R ) | as written: Shannon information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| bootstrap P | as written: nonparametric bootstrap procedure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| median | as written: the median and 25th and 75th percentile across neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| p-value P | as written: significant ( P < 0.05) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| autocorrelation | as written: the autocorrelation of individual frequency bands Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM across neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| bias correction | as written: The limited sampling bias of the information values was corrected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| Shannon information | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| bootstrap procedure | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| limited sampling bias | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| autocorrelation | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | single-unit recording in passively listening macaques during long continuous random-chord and natural-sound sequences, with direct Shannon information estimates and a spike-shuffling procedure that degrades effective precision — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | temporal precision of the neural code in auditory cortex — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: millisecond spike-timing precision in auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
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