phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | auditory working memory— “This work concerns the neural bases for human auditory working memory (AWM), the process of keeping sounds in mind for short periods of time when the sounds are no longer present in the environment.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “The data support a system for auditory working memory based on the maintenance of sound-specific representations in auditory cortex by projections from higher-order areas, including the hippocampus and frontal cortex.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in human participants, we demonstrate that the maintenance of single tones in memory is associated with activation in auditory cortex.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “The brain basis for auditory working memory, the process of actively maintaining sounds in memory over short periods of time, is controversial. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in human participants, we demonstrate that the maintenance of single tones in memory is associated with activation in auditory cortex. In addition… | |
| research question — evidence | — “In contrast to a number of human neuroimaging studies in the visual domain showing the involvement of early visual areas in working memory ( Pasternak and Greenlee, 2005 ; Postle, 2006 ; for review, see D'Esposito and Postle, 2015 ), evidence for the involvement of auditory cortex in AWM is both limited and conflicting.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “The data support a system for auditory working memory based on the maintenance of sound-specific representations in auditory cortex by projections from higher-order areas, including the hippocampus and frontal cortex.” | |
| transfer | from visual working memory research: multivoxel pattern analysis of the delay period, imported to ask whether auditory delay activity is content-specific— “Using standard univariate (GLM) analysis, no difference in activity during the maintenance period was found for retention of a low versus a high tone. We used MVPA to test whether patterns of activity during the maintenance period could distinguish between low and high tones.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from attention research: the retro-cue, whose protective effect is used to explain why two studies of the same question disagree— “Behavioral studies ( Matsukura et al., 2007 ; Pertzov et al., 2013 ) show that, without any cue, items maintained in memory tend to be forgotten rapidly, but a selective retro-cue leads to protection of the cued item from temporal decay during the maintenance period. It is also known that maintaining multiple items, without a selective cue… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Tone-specific representations in left inferior frontal gyrus drive subvocal rehearsal that re-activates auditory cortex, forming a closed loop that keeps the sound representation alive during the delay— “Our data, therefore, suggest that HG and LIFG, possibly via PT, form a closed loop where tone-specific representations in the LIFG initiate subvocal rehearsal, which activates the auditory cortex.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Subjects who lose the tone from the focus of attention retrieve it from activated long-term memory, engaging hippocampus but importing proactive interference from tones of previous trials, which is why hippocampal activity tracks poorer accuracy— “These subjects, however, would perform poorly on the task because recalling the tone from LTM would entail proactive interference from tones that were presented on previous trials, which are also held in LTM; as per the model of Cowan (1995) , these tones are held in the activated part of LTM.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Default-mode-network engagement during the delay indexes mind wandering, which withdraws resources from maintenance and lowers accuracy— “Greater activation in this network, therefore, implies more mind wandering during the maintenance period and, therefore, poorer performance.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | hippocampal activity here may form part of the activated LTM component of WM, because tones changed across trials and were maintained for long intervals of time (16 s)— “In our study, we used tones that changed across trials that were maintained for long intervals of time (16 s). It is, therefore, likely that subjects relied on LTM to perform the task activating hippocampus in the process. Activity in hippocampus in that case would form part of the activated LTM component of WM.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | left inferior frontal gyrus and HG may form a closed loop in which tone-specific frontal representations drive subvocal rehearsal that reactivates auditory cortex— “Our data, therefore, suggest that HG and LIFG, possibly via PT, form a closed loop where tone-specific representations in the LIFG initiate subvocal rehearsal, which activates the auditory cortex.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | a retro-cue protects the cued item from decay, which is why cueing one of two tones gives activation where holding both uncued gave suppression— “Behavioral studies ( Matsukura et al., 2007 ; Pertzov et al., 2013 ) show that, without any cue, items maintained in memory tend to be forgotten rapidly, but a selective retro-cue leads to protection of the cued item from temporal decay during the maintenance period. It is also known that maintaining multiple items, without a selective cue… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | PT may hold symbolic templates further from the sensory pattern, which would make its content harder to decode from blood flow— “Possible explanations for this finding include the idea that the representation in PT is in the form of high-level symbolic representations or “templates” ( Griffiths and Warren, 2002 ) as opposed to activity in HG that might more closely match the sensory pattern of the stimulus. Templates in PT might be more removed from the stimulus… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | posterior hippocampus may be more involved in real-time analysis of auditory stimuli, which predicts stronger connectivity with auditory cortex— “One possible interpretation is that the posterior hippocampus, compared with the anterior hippocampus, is more involved in the analysis of auditory stimuli in real time, during perception. This in turn predicts greater functional and structural connectivity between auditory cortex and the posterior hippocampus.” | mechanisms[7] |
| contradicts | Linke et al. (2011)— “We observed sustained activation of the auditory cortex during a maintenance period, which is in contrast to findings from Linke et al. (2011) , who observed suppression during maintenance.” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Linke and Cusack (2015)— “The later study of Linke and Cusack (2015) , which required maintenance of a single sound in WM showed activation during maintenance, like the present study.” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Jeneson and Squire (2011)— “In light of the proposal by Jeneson and Squire (2011) , we predicted that subjects who could not maintain a sustained focus of attention on the tone to be maintained would rely more on LTM, and, therefore, hippocampus would be activated to a greater extent in these subjects.” | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | Linke 2011's observation of suppression in auditory cortex during maintenance of two tones— “We observed sustained activation of the auditory cortex during a maintenance period, which is in contrast to findings from Linke et al. (2011) , who observed suppression during maintenance. This might be attributable to differences in the task in the two… | claim_relations[3] |
| reconciles | the conflicting reports of increased and decreased auditory cortical activity during auditory working memory | claim_relations[4] |
| confirms | Linke and Cusack 2015's activation during maintenance of a single sound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | Jeneson and Squire's account in which hippocampal activity during working memory reflects recourse to long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | visual working memory studies showing content-specific subthreshold activity during the delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | SUSTAINED ACTIVITY IS NOT WORKING MEMORY: a region can hold information in subthreshold patterns without elevated activity, and elevated activity can reflect sustained attention instead Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the maintenance regressor is only interpretable because its correlation with the encoding regressor was MEASURED at 0.04 - the phases are adjacent in time and the BOLD response is lagged Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the classifier sees only the middle 10.5 s of the delay, with 4 s trimmed at each end, because the probe tone belonged to the same category and could otherwise leak into the decoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | connectivity is never compared with rest, because heart rate and other physiological variables differ between task and rest and are known to confound functional connectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the inclusion criteria differ BY ANALYSIS and each difference is justified: poor performers are excluded from classification to reduce noise and retained in the univariate analysis because the brain-behaviour correlation requires the spread Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | d-PRIME is d', the signal-detection sensitivity index, and not a priming prime despite carrying the word: it is the per-subject detection measure (0.89, 0.99, 1.16) used as the exclusion criterion for the pattern analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | only the middle 10.5 seconds of the maintenance period were modelled, discarding 4 seconds at each end — held — rules out that the maintenance signal is contaminated by the haemodynamic response to stimulus onset or to the probe at the end Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | subjects performed a pitch discrimination task outside the scanner before taking part — held — rules out that a failure of memory is really a failure of PERCEPTION - a subject who cannot hear the pitch difference cannot remember it either Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| note | sustained activity —distinct-from→ WM — TWO WAYS THE OLD INDEX FAILS: a region can carry content without elevated activity, and elevated activity can be sustained attention instead Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | encoding —distinct-from→ maintenance — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span discusses separating encoding and maintenance regressors; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | encoding —distinct-from→ maintenance — CONFOUND MEASURED, NOT ASSUMED: the two regressors correlate at 0.04, so maintenance activity is not encoding leaking forward through the lagged BOLD response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | retrieval —distinct-from→ maintenance — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says the probe likely re-cued the maintained category; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | retrieval —distinct-from→ maintenance — LEAKAGE THE OTHER WAY: the probe was of the cued category, so 4 s is trimmed from each end of the delay before decoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | HG —contrasted-with→ PT — PT carries 84.42% of the surviving maintenance voxels and yet HG is the one whose PATTERNS decode the tone - activation and content dissociate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | LIFG —contrasted-with→ RIFG — CRITERION: both are active throughout maintenance and only the LEFT carries decodable content - activation and content dissociate here too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | RETRACTED (TWO EFFECTS OF A COMMON CAUSE, TAGGED AS CAUSING EACH OTHER - a class I have not named before) · hippocampus —causes→ behavioral performance — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span states a prediction; causes states it as a finding. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | RETRACTED (TWO EFFECTS OF A COMMON CAUSE, TAGGED AS CAUSING EACH OTHER - a class I have not named before) · hippocampus —causes→ behavioral performance — SIGN NEGATIVE, AND PREDICTED IN ADVANCE FROM THE RIVAL'S MODEL: more hippocampal activity should mean worse performance if it reflects falling back on long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| retracted | RETRACTED (TWO EFFECTS OF A COMMON CAUSE, TAGGED AS CAUSING EACH OTHER - a class I have not named before) · hippocampus —causes→ behavioral performance — TWO EFFECTS OF A COMMON CAUSE, TAGGED AS CAUSING EACH OTHER - a class I have not named before. The edge is 'hippocampus --causes--> behavioral performance'. The span is a chain of PREDICTIONS: '…on LTM, and, THEREFORE, hippocampus WOULD BE ACTIVATED…'. The upstream cause is failure to sustain attention, which produces LTM reliance; LTM reliance produces BOTH greater hippocampal activation AND poor performance. Hippocampal activation is a MARKER of the same upstream process, not a cause of the performance. Reading the two consequences as one causing the other is the classic confound, and here the paper itself lays the structure out. WHAT THE SPAN DOES SAY: housed below as the common-cause structure, since no type can record 'these two share a cause'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | RETRACTED (TWO EFFECTS OF A COMMON CAUSE, TAGGED AS CAUSING EACH OTHER - a class I have not named before) · hippocampus —causes→ behavioral performance — 0.6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | DMN —causes→ behavioral performance — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but DMN activity was NEGATIVELY CORRELATED with performance, interpreted as mind wandering; causes overstates a correlation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| effect direction | DMN —causes→ behavioral performance — reduces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| evidential status | DMN —causes→ behavioral performance — CORRELATIONAL, NOT INTERVENTIONAL: the paper reports a negative CORRELATION between DMN activity and performance; nothing was manipulated, and the mind-wandering account that follows is offered as an interpretation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | DMN —causes→ behavioral performance — SIGN NEGATIVE: read as mind wandering during the delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | DMN —causes→ behavioral performance — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | PPI —operationalised-as→ connectivity — and the rest BASELINE IS REFUSED for it: heart rate differs between task and rest, so every contrast is task-against-task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the retrieval interpretation of the dorsal-anterior right IFG: WE CANNOT DISSOCIATE WHETHER THE ACTIVITY IS RELATED TO MOTOR RESPONSE OR TO RETRIEVAL OF WM INFORMATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the rehearsal reading of motor activity: THE ROLE OF MOTOR AREAS IN WORKING MEMORY IS STILL CONTROVERSIAL AS STUDIES USING NONREHEARSABLE STIMULI ALSO SHOW ACTIVITY IN MOTOR AREAS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the subvocal-rehearsal account of the LIFG activity: WE DID NOT EXPLICITLY INSTRUCT THE SUBJECTS TO FOLLOW ANY PARTICULAR STRATEGY, so rehearsal is inferred and not controlled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - at retrieval, motor and memory cannot be separated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2], with the standing dispute attached Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the group-level classification result: FOR HG, 9 OF 13 SUBJECTS PERFORMED ABOVE THE CHANCE LEVEL ... FOR THE LEFT IFG, EIGHT SUBJECTS WERE ABOVE THE CHANCE LEVEL AND FIVE PERFORMED BELOW Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the sample size, which differs by analysis on purpose: three poor performers WERE DROPPED FROM THE ANALYSIS ... WE DID NOT DROP THESE SUBJECTS FROM THE UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS BECAUSE WE WANTED TO ANALYZE THE CORRELATION OF BRAIN ACTIVITY WITH BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[4] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[0] |
| replication | contested | |
| no type for this | LTM → hippocampus — COMMON CAUSE, NOT A CHAIN. Subjects who cannot sustain attention rely more on LTM; LTM reliance predicts BOTH greater hippocampal activation AND poorer performance, the latter via proactive interference from previously presented tones. The hippocampal signal and the performance drop are sibling effects. Stated as a PREDICTION, not a result. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Retrieval-phase activity in the dorsal-anterior right IFG cannot be attributed to retrieval rather than motor response. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The rehearsal interpretation of motor-area activity during maintenance is contested in the wider literature. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Subjects were not instructed to use any particular strategy, so the subvocal-rehearsal account of the LIFG activity is inferred rather than controlled. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | for the frontal focus active only at retrieval, motor response and memory retrieval cannot be dissociated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | no strategy was instructed, so rehearsal is inferred rather than controlled, and the role of motor areas in working memory is itself contested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | classification was above chance in only two of five regions, and in left inferior frontal gyrus five of thirteen subjects fell below chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | three subjects were dropped from the pattern analysis for poor performance but kept in the univariate analysis, because the correlation with behaviour needed them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | During the 16 s maintenance period, sustained auditory-cortex activity was concentrated in PT, with 84.42% of suprathreshold voxels lying there. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | No suppression of auditory cortex activity was observed in any of the three task phases. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Only HG (55.61%) and left inferior frontal gyrus (54.25%) carried information about whether a low or high tone was being held; PT, hippocampus and right inferior frontal gyrus classified at chance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Univariate analysis found no maintenance-period activity difference between holding a low and a high tone. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Hippocampus was significantly active in all three phases of the task - encoding, maintenance and retrieval. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Along the hippocampal long axis, encoding activity was stronger anteriorly and retrieval activity stronger posteriorly. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Hippocampal activity during maintenance correlated negatively with task accuracy: subjects with more hippocampal activity performed worse. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Auditory cortex was strongly connected to the right hippocampus, both posterior and anterior. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | no suppression of auditory cortical activity was seen in any phase of the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | during maintenance 84.42 percent of surviving auditory voxels lay in PT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | hippocampal activity was constant along the anterior-posterior axis during maintenance but rose posteriorly during encoding and retrieval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | THE UNIVARIATE NULL THAT MOTIVATED THE PATTERN ANALYSIS: mean activity did not differ between holding a low and a high tone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | only HG at 55.61 percent and left inferior frontal gyrus at 54.25 percent classified the held tone above chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | AND THE PER-SUBJECT SPLIT IS REPORTED: 9 of 13 above chance in HG, and only 8 of 13 in left inferior frontal gyrus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | PARAMETRIC ASSUMPTION CHECKED: a permutation test over 100,000 resamples gave p values almost identical to the t tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | THE REGRESSOR CONFOUND MEASURED: encoding and maintenance regressors correlated at only 0.04 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | and the analysis was repeated on only the middle of the delay period, with very similar results Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | DECODING LEAKAGE PREVENTED: the probe belonged to the cued category, so 4 s was trimmed from each end before classification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | THE REST BASELINE WAS REFUSED for connectivity, because physiological variables differ between task and rest and confound functional connectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | INCLUSION CRITERIA DIFFER BY ANALYSIS, each justified: three poor performers dropped from classification and kept in the univariate analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | A PREDICTION DERIVED FROM THE RIVAL'S MODEL: if hippocampal activity means falling back on long-term memory, it should correlate NEGATIVELY with performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | and that is what was found - activity in both hippocampi increased as performance worsened Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | default mode network activity also correlated negatively with performance, read as mind wandering Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | as did right inferior frontal junction activity, read as updating working memory from long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | parietal activity correlated POSITIVELY with performance, read as sustained attention Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | A CONTRADICTION RESOLVED BY A DESIGN VARIABLE: the earlier suppression finding used two uncued tones, this study cued one of two after presentation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | and a later study holding a single sound found activation, agreeing with this one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | in that comparison auditory cortex showed no long-range connectivity, only connections between HG and PT within it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | during maintenance auditory cortex connected to right hippocampus and to left inferior frontal gyrus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | accuracy ranged from 67 to 98 percent and was better for the first tone than the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | seventeen adults with normal hearing and no musical training took part Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| quantity | 16 s — duration for which a single cued tone had to be held in working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | Seventeen healthy adults — number of participants recruited for the fMRI experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 67% to 98% (mean, 83.5%; SD, 10%) — range and mean of participants' overall task accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | first tone, 85.7%; second tone, 81.3% — accuracy advantage for retaining the first rather than the second tone of the pair Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 0.04 — correlation between the encoding and maintenance regressors in the design matrix, used to argue maintenance activity is not contaminated by encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 100,000 — number of resamples used to build the null distribution for group classification accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 0.0013 and 0.015 — nonparametric p values for above-chance decoding in HG and left inferior frontal gyrus, matching the parametric t test values Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 0.04 — correlation between encoding and maintenance regressors, the measured bound on contamination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 55.61% and 54.25% — above-chance classification accuracy in HG and left IFG, where chance is 50% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 9 of 13 and 8 of 13 — subjects above chance in the two decodable regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 84.42% — share of maintenance-surviving auditory voxels lying in PT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 67% to 98% — range of behavioural accuracy across subjects, the spread the correlations depend on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | BOLD activity (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | accuracy scores (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | age of the subjects (covariate) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | maintenance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | sustained activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | auditory working memory (AWM) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | activated LTM component Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | AWM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | MVPA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | activated LTM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| key-terms | AWM, maintenance, encoding, retrieval, auditory cortex, HG, PT, hippocampus, LIFG, RIFG, MVPA, PPI, retro-cue, LTM, DMN, sustained activity, WM, rehearsal |
| concept | DMN — not defined in this paper's own words; default mode network, read as mind wandering Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | behavioral performance — not defined in this paper's own words; the accuracy score every brain-behaviour correlation is against Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| t-test t | as written: one-tailed t tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| ANOVA F | as written: two-way repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| general linear model GLM | as written: general linear model (GLM) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| regression | as written: regression analysis with age of the subjects as a regressor of no interest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| multiple-comparison correction (false discovery rate) | as written: false discovery rate method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| permutation test | as written: nonparametric test for MVPA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| cross-validation | as written: leave-one-session-out cross-validation strategy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| small-volume correction | as written: small-volume correction (using anatomically defined volumes) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| psychophysiological interaction analysis PPI | as written: psychophysiological interactions (PPIs) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| support vector machine | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| false discovery rate | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| one-tailed t tests | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | event-related fMRI with separate encoding, maintenance and retrieval regressors, multivoxel pattern classification, and psychophysiological-interaction connectivity — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: fmri Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | sustained activity in auditory cortex, hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus across a sixteen-second maintenance period — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: auditory working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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