phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | temporal context reinstatement during memory search— “We sought to determine whether context reinstatement may be observed in electrical signals recorded from the human brain during episodic recall.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Analyzing electrocorticographic recordings taken as 69 neurosurgical patients studied and recalled lists of words, we uncovered a neural signature of context reinstatement.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To test the context reinstatement hypothesis, we studied 69 neurosurgical patients who were implanted with subdural electrode arrays and depth electrodes during treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We sought to determine whether context reinstatement may be observed in electrical signals recorded from the human brain during episodic recall.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Although this behavioral evidence provides indirect support for context-based theories of memory, there is no direct neurophysiological evidence for contextual reinstatement.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Upon recalling a studied item, we found that the recorded patterns of brain activity were not only similar to the patterns observed when the item was studied, but were also similar to the patterns observed during study of neighboring list items, with similarity decreasing reliably with positional distance.” | |
| transfer | from multivariate statistics: principal components analysis and the Kaiser criterion, used to turn thousands of correlated frequency-electrode measurements into a small orthogonal basis in which event-to-event similarity is preserved— “In this way, each component reflects a linear combination of the power in each frequency band across all recording electrodes, such that the pairwise neural similarities between events are preserved.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from connectionist modelling: a 20-neuron simulated network, used not to model the brain but to derive what each competing account would predict for the lag profile— “Pattern of activations for a simulated 20-neuron neural network as a 15-item list is studied.” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from signal processing: the Hilbert transform on band-passed signals, with power computed across the whole session before segmentation specifically to avoid edge artifacts— “To reduce edge artifacts, we computed power at each frequency for the entire recording session before parsing the recordings into experimental events.” | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Recalling an item revives the contextual state bound to it at study, and that retrieved context then cues other items encoded in similar contexts, which is what produces the contiguity effect.— “This retrieved context, in turn, activates other memories that were associated with similar contexts, producing the contiguity effect seen in recall tasks ( Fig. 4 B ).” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | A slowly drifting contextual state becomes associated with each event as it is experienced, so that later recall of the event reinstates that state.— “These theories posit that a gradually changing contextual state becomes associated with each experienced event, and that recalling an event revives the contextual state associated with the original experience.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | context is operationalised by a property the theory predicts — slow drift — so the features analysed are exactly those that could carry a context signal— “we selected PCA-derived features from study events that showed significant positive autocorrelations ( Materials and Methods ), a defining feature of temporal context, for further analysis” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the circularity that would create is blocked by splitting selection from test: the filter is fitted on study events only, and the hypothesis is tested on recall events— “To prevent selection bias, recall events were not used in the feature selection process.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the filter's cost is stated rather than hidden — removing content information also removes the forward asymmetry the behavioural effect shows, so a known feature of the phenomenon is invisible by construction— “In this way, if our feature selection framework filters out content information, one would not expect to see asymmetry in the neural data (further discussion is provided in SI Materials and Methods ).” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the discriminating prediction is bidirectional decay: content reinstatement alone predicts a forward boost, autocorrelated noise predicts no lag structure, and only context predicts symmetric decay— “Of these three simulations, only the context reinstatement model predicts that neural similarity will decrease substantially with absolute lag in both the positive and negative directions, as observed in the neural data (further details and discussion are provided in SI Materials and Methods ).” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | rival accounts are built and run rather than argued against — three neural network simulations using the same presented and recalled items as the real analysis | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the rehearsal alternative is tested through a consequence it would have elsewhere: if rehearsal drove the effect, neural contiguity should track the primacy effect, and it does not | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | individual differences carry the inference: the same patients supply both the neural measure and the behavioural one, so the two can be correlated across people rather than compared as group means Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | a gradual-drift result is treated as insufficient on its own, because ordinary autocorrelated processes would produce it too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | only negative lags are used for the reinstatement measure, because forward lags cannot separate content from context Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | the inclusion threshold is justified as an explicit trade-off between dimensionality and sample size rather than presented as a natural cutoff Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| builds-on | retrieved context theories of episodic memory (refs 1, 5, 6, 24) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Tulving (ref 2) - episodic retrieval as mental time travel Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| supports | retrieved context theories of episodic memory (refs 1, 5, 6, 24), by supplying the neurophysiological evidence they lacked Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | prior demonstrations that an item's own representation is reinstated at recall (refs 25, 26), by showing the neighbours' representations return too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| contradicts | theories deriving contiguity from direct item-to-item associations formed within seconds (refs 11–14) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | rehearsal-based accounts of the neural contiguity effect, via the absent primacy correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | Tulving's characterisation of episodic retrieval as mental time travel Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | the hypothesis that medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex maintain and update temporal context Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | context — as external environmental conditions versus as an internal, ever-changing mental state; the paper's theory requires both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | context — operationalised: the principal components whose activity is positively autocorrelated during study, and nothing else Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | reinstatement — of content (the item's own representation) versus of context (the states of its neighbours); the whole design exists to separate these Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | contiguity effect — behavioural (transitions between neighbouring items at recall) versus neural (similarity declining with absolute lag); the paper coins the second and correlates the two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | contextual features — as environmental cues, as recently studied items, as internal mental states, or as a process evolving randomly; four readings the founding theories left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | gradual change — as evidence for context versus as the signature of any autocorrelated process; the paper insists the first requires more than the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | the analysis checked against rehearsal during study as an alternative source of the temporal context effect — held — rules out rehearsal, per se, as the explanation of the neural context-reinstatement finding - the paper reports the check came back against it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | the feature vectors given enough dimensions that a neural signature of context reinstatement could be observed at all if it were there — held — rules out a null that means the measure could not have detected the effect rather than that the effect is absent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| audit | context reinstatement —causes→ contiguity effect — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but models 'SUGGEST' that contextual reinstatement underlies the contiguity effect; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | context reinstatement —causes→ contiguity effect — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | contiguity effect —is-a→ temporal clustering — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | episodic memory —contrasted-with→ semantic memory — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| edge | content reinstatement —distinct-from→ context reinstatement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| edge | temporal context —operationalised-as→ autocorrelation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | temporal context —operationalised-as→ feature vectors — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: autocorrelation is named 'a defining feature of temporal context' (previous sentence); operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | temporal context —operationalised-as→ feature vectors — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | context reinstatement —operationalised-as→ neural similarity — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but only the context-reinstatement model PREDICTS the observed neural-similarity pattern; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | context reinstatement —operationalised-as→ neural similarity — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | free recall —contrasted-with→ cued recall — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| weight | medial temporal lobe —part-of→ temporal lobe — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the parietal and occipital results: OUR FINDINGS IN THE PARIETAL AND OCCIPITAL LOBES WERE INCONCLUSIVE DUE TO INSUFFICIENT DATA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the extratemporal null: OUR INABILITY TO FIND NEURAL SIGNATURES OF CONTEXT REINSTATEMENT IN EXTRATEMPORAL BRAIN REGIONS DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN THAT THOSE REGIONS ARE NOT INVOLVED IN CONTEXT REINSTATEMENT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any structure-level claim: OUR ANALYSIS DOES NOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN STRUCTURES CONTAINED WITHIN THE REGIONS OF INTEREST WE EXAMINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the analysed sample: WE FURTHER EXCLUDED AN ADDITIONAL 68 SESSIONS IN WHICH FEWER THAN FIVE CANDIDATE CONTEXT FEATURES WERE IDENTIFIED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - absence of evidence is not read as evidence of absence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the regions of interest are too coarse to name a structure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - two of the four lobes could not be assessed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the full attrition behind every result: FEATURES ... WERE IDENTIFIED IN 132 (OF 144) RECORDING SESSIONS, then 68 MORE WERE EXCLUDED for having fewer than five features Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that separates the two accounts: REHEARSAL-BASED MODELS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH FROM CONTEXT-BASED MODELS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the primacy-based control: ALTHOUGH REHEARSAL IS ONE OF THE HYPOTHESIZED MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PRIMACY, WE RECOGNIZE THAT OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS ENHANCED ATTENTION TO EARLY LIST ITEMS, MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO PRIMACY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — which regions could be sampled at all: THE CLINICAL TEAM DETERMINED THE PLACEMENT OF THESE ELECTRODES WITH THE GOAL OF LOCALIZING SUSPECTED EPILEPTOGENIC FOCI AND IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONAL REGIONS TO BE AVOIDED IN SURGERY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | Rehearsal-based models → context-based models — THE TWO CANNOT BE SEPARATED IN THIS STUDY - the DESIGN form / It bounds what the paper's own results can mean, and it lives in a methods paragraph where nothing downstream will find it. TWO MODEL CLASSES THAT CANNOT BE TOLD APART BY THE DATA, with the reason given: a context-based mechanism is needed to explain the rehearsal pattern, so the two are entangled by construction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Parietal and occipital results were inconclusive because of insufficient data. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Null results outside temporal lobe do not establish that other regions are uninvolved. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The analysis cannot resolve structures within the coarse regions of interest. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | A large share of recording sessions was discarded for having too few candidate context features. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | a null in other regions is not read as evidence of absence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the regions of interest are too coarse to identify a structure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | two of the four regions could not be assessed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | substantial attrition: features were found in 132 of 144 sessions, then 68 further sessions were dropped for having fewer than five Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | rehearsal-based and context-based accounts are conceded to be hard to tell apart in principle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | the primacy control rests on rehearsal being the mechanism of primacy, which the paper acknowledges is not settled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | electrode placement was set by clinical need, not by the hypothesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Neural similarity between pairs of studied words fell off as the distance between their serial positions grew, showing that the ECoG signal drifts gradually across a list. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Brain activity recorded just before a word was recalled was more similar to activity during study of that same word than to activity during study of any other list word. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Similarity between recall activity and study activity declined with absolute lag in both the forward and backward directions, the pattern predicted by context reinstatement rather than item-content reinstatement. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Participants whose neural reinstatement effect was stronger also recalled neighbouring list items successively more often, linking the neural signature to the behavioural contiguity effect. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Restricting the analysis to temporal lobe electrodes still produced the graded decrease of similarity with lag in both directions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The frontal-lobe reinstatement signature showed no relationship to how strongly participants clustered their recalls in time, unlike the temporal-lobe signature. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Primacy strength was unrelated to neural contiguity, arguing against rehearsal during study as the source of the reinstatement effect. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | The forward asymmetry that characterises behavioural contiguity was absent from the neural similarity data and from the context-reinstatement simulation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Among the autocorrelated-noise, content-reinstatement and context-reinstatement simulations, only the context-reinstatement network reproduced the observed symmetric decline of similarity with lag. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | neural similarity between two study events fell with the positional distance between them, so the recording drifts gradually across a list Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | recall-time activity was most similar to study of the same word, at lag zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | similarity also declined with absolute lag in both directions — the signature that separates context from content Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | patients with a stronger neural reinstatement signature showed a stronger behavioural contiguity effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the temporal-lobe signature of context reinstatement correlated with the temporal clustering of recalls (r = 0.48) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the frontal lobe signature did not track behavioural clustering Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | neural contiguity did not correlate with the primacy effect, arguing against a rehearsal account Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the forward asymmetry of the behavioural contiguity effect was absent from the neural data and from the context simulation alike Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | only the context reinstatement simulation reproduced bidirectional decay; noise and content models did not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | participants recalled 22.7% of studied words, with about a third of all responses being repetitions or intrusions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | of temporal lobe electrodes, 13.9% were in hippocampus and 27.0% in other medial temporal structures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| quantity | 69 — number of neurosurgical epilepsy patients whose intracranial recordings were analysed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 22.7 ± 1.0% — proportion of studied words that participants recalled, mean ± SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | r = 0.42, P = 0.007 — across-participant correlation between the whole-brain neural reinstatement measure and behavioural temporal clustering Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | r = 0.48, P = 0.03 — correlation between the temporal-lobe reinstatement signature and behavioural temporal clustering Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 1,815 / 1,737 / 512 / 138 — electrodes assigned to the temporal, frontal, parietal and occipital regions of interest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 132 (of 144) — recording sessions in which gradually changing candidate context features could be identified Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 13.9% / 27.0% / 59.1% — share of temporal-lobe electrodes in hippocampus, in other medial temporal lobe structures, and elsewhere in temporal lobe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 69 patients — neurosurgical patients recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 39 participants — those with at least five autocorrelated features, on whom the main tests were run Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 132 of 144 sessions — recording sessions in which context features were found at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 68 sessions — further sessions excluded for having fewer than five candidate features Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | δ: 2–4 Hz, θ: 4–8 Hz, α: 8–12 Hz, β: 12–30 Hz, and γ: 30–99 Hz — the five frequency bands in which power was measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 200–1,600 ms — the study-event window relative to word onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | −600 to 200 ms — the recall-event window relative to vocalization — mostly before the word is spoken Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 22.7 ± 1.0% — proportion of studied words recalled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 32.4 ± 2.6% — share of all responses that were repetitions or incorrect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | r = 0.42, P = 0.007 — correlation between neural reinstatement and behavioural contiguity across patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | r = 0.48, P = 0.03 — the same correlation restricted to temporal lobe electrodes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| quantity | 1,815 / 1,737 / 512 / 138 electrodes — electrode counts in temporal, frontal, parietal and occipital regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[18] |
| quantity | 15 or 20 nouns — list length in the free recall task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[19] |
| quantity | 1,600 ms / 800- to 1,200-ms — word presentation duration and interstimulus interval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[20] |
| quantity | 18 s / 45 s — arithmetic distractor duration and the recall period Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[21] |
| quantity | 1 to 4 wk — duration electrodes remained implanted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[22] |
| variable | oscillatory power (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | single-digit addition problem (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | neural similarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | temporal clustering score Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | mean oscillatory power Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | serial position Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | regions of interest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| definition | contiguity effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | feature vectors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | temporal clustering score Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | context Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | contiguity effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | similarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | feature vectors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | temporal clustering score Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | context representation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| key-terms | context reinstatement, temporal context, episodic memory, semantic memory, contiguity effect, temporal clustering, free recall, cued recall, lag, feature vectors, principal components analysis, neural similarity, electrocorticography, oscillatory power, autocorrelation, primacy effect, content reinstatement, autocorrelated noise, retrieved context, rehearsal-based models, mental time travel, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, serial position, Kaiser criterion, Hilbert transform, normalized dot product, local field potentials, EEG |
| concept | feature vectors — not defined in this paper's own words; the set of autocorrelated principal components, the paper's stand-in for context Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| regression β | as written: we regressed the mean neural similarity between feature vectors on lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test t | as written: paired-sample t test across 39 participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| t-test t | as written: t test on distribution of t values from the regressions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| correlation r | as written: r = 0.42, P = 0.007 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| principal components analysis PCA | as written: principal components analysis (PCA) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| Kaiser criterion for component retention | as written: the Kaiser criterion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| autocorrelation | as written: significant positive autocorrelation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| z-score standardisation z | as written: we z -transformed power values relative to the distribution of all events Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: ±1 SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| t test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| paired-sample t test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| β coefficient | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| principal components analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| Kaiser criterion | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| z -transformed | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| SEM | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[15] |
| normalized dot product | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[16] |
| method | electrocorticography in epilepsy patients during delayed free recall; oscillatory power in five bands per electrode, reduced by PCA, with components selected for slow autocorrelation during study and tested for similarity to recall-time activity as a function of lag — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | temporal context reinstatement during episodic memory search — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: temporal context reinstatement during memory search Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
· back to index
· concepts · authors
· עברית
© 2026 Shir Sivroni · ORCID 0009-0000-2597-2824