phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | temporal coding of sound envelope shape across auditory cortical fields— “Here, we examine the possibility that A1, VAF, and cSRAF could provide unique temporal codes for discriminating and classifying sound based on the temporal shape of the sound envelope.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “We find response durations and optimal time constants for discriminating sound envelope shape increase in rank order with: A1 < VAF < cSRAF.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Data were collected from 223 single neurons from 16 male Brown Norway rats.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We find response durations and optimal time constants for discriminating sound envelope shape increase in rank order with: A1 < VAF < cSRAF. Accordingly, sustained spiking is more prominent and results in more robust sound discrimination in non-primary cortex versus A1.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Functional hierarchies in the visual cortices support the concept that classification of visual objects requires successive cortical stages of processing including a progressive increase in classical receptive field size. The present study is significant as it supports the idea that a similar progression exists in auditory cortices in the… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We find response durations and optimal time constants for discriminating sound envelope shape increase in rank order with: A1 < VAF < cSRAF. Accordingly, sustained spiking is more prominent and results in more robust sound discrimination in non-primary cortex versus A1.” | |
| transfer | from machine learning / text classification: a Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier of McCallum and Nigam 1998, used to READ OUT THE SPIKE TRAINS from individual neurons and CATEGORIZE THE SOUND SHAPE— “A Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier ( McCallum and Nigam, 1998 ) is used to read out the spike trains from individual neurons to categorize the sound shape.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from psychophysics / signal detection theory: the sensitivity index d-prime, a measure of behavioural discriminability, is repurposed to normalize a spike-train distance so that neural discrimination is expressed on a behavioural scale— “The distance metric was normalized by trial variances to compute a sensitivity index or discrimination index as commonly used to measure behavioral discriminability” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from visual neuroscience: the functional hierarchy of successive stages with progressively larger receptive fields, carried from space into the time axis— “Functional hierarchies in the visual cortices support the concept that classification of visual objects requires successive cortical stages of processing including a progressive increase in classical receptive field size. The present study is significant as it supports the idea that a similar progression exists in auditory cortices in the… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from spike-train metrics: an exponential-kernel spike distance, normalized by trial variance so that it reads as a sensitivity index— “The exponential time constant, τ, determines the temporal resolution or integration time of the distance metric. For large values of τ, the signals being compared contain mostly slow fluctuations in the spike rate ( Fig. 3 E , F ). For small τ, the spike distance metric is sensitive to the precise timing of spikes. We varied τ in 16… | transfers[3] |
| transfer | from psychophysics: a D-prime of 1 corresponds to about 70% accuracy, WHICH IS TYPICALLY CONSIDERED A CRITICAL LIMIT FOR DISCRIMINATING A SIGNAL BEHAVIORALLY— “Here, a D′ = 1 corresponds ∼70% accuracy, which is typically considered a critical limit for discriminating a signal behaviorally ( von Trapp et al., 2016 ).” | transfers[4] |
| transfer | from machine learning: a Bernoulli naive Bayes classifier reading spike trains as bit patterns, with its independence assumption declared and used deliberately— “By design, the naive Bayes classifier treats responses bins from different neurons as if they are independent. This property allows the classifier to take advantage of any independent and nonredundant responses within the population to build more robust classification.” | transfers[5] |
| mechanism | Longer sustained responses in ventral non-primary cortex require a downstream reader to integrate over a longer time constant, which is what produces the hierarchy of optimal time scales— “The longer time scales needed for optimal discrimination in VAF and cSRAF suggest the longer response durations ( Fig. 2 D ) contribute to sound discrimination.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Pooling across neurons averages out the timing jitter of individual spike trains, restoring classification accuracy in temporally imprecise fields— “The pooling advantage in general is consistent with the proposition that pooling activity of groups of neurons can compensate for spike train imprecision in individual neurons” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Field-specific thalamocortical pathways impose a time-frequency trade-off, buying A1 its temporal resolution at the cost of spectral resolution and vice versa for non-primary fields— “It is possible these specializations reflect time-frequency tradeoffs in sound processing where A1, and its corresponding thalamocortical pathway, have superior temporal resolution at the expense of spectral resolution.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | longer response durations in the ventral fields give a downstream reader more time to integrate, so the time constant that best discriminates sound shape is longer there— “A1 has optimal time constants <25 ms on average for sound shape f c between 6 and 16 Hz; whereas, cSRAF has optimal time constants >35 ms for these same sounds ( Fig. 5 H , asterisks; for A1 vs cSRAF: Student's t test, p < 0.001; Wilcoxon rank-sum, p < 0.01). The longer time scales needed for optimal discrimination in VAF and… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | onset spikes carry most of the discrimination in every field, and what is left after they are removed is what separates the fields - the sustained spikes work better in VAF and cSRAF— “Discrimination matrices illustrate that all three cortical fields discriminate sound shape well with onset spikes alone for many pairwise sound comparisons ( Fig. 7 A–C , yellow, orange, red voxels). Using onset spikes alone, sound discrimination performance decreases significantly with increasing sound f c ( F (8,1323) = 141.32, p <… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | and pooling compensates for imprecision - performance rises 2 to 3 fold over the average single neuron, with half maximal performance reached from fewer than 10 neurons— “The pooling advantage in general is consistent with the proposition that pooling activity of groups of neurons can compensate for spike train imprecision in individual neurons ( Zohary et al., 1994 ; Geffen et al., 2009 ; Bizley et al., 2010 ; Schneider and Woolley, 2010 ; Carruthers et al., 2015 ). The new twist in the present study is that… | mechanisms[5] |
| extends | Phillips et al., 2002; Heil, 2003; Zheng and Escabí, 2013; Lee et al., 2016— “This study finds cortical neuron population response delays and durations change with the temporal shape of the sound envelope, providing a potential neural code and extending prior studies in midbrain and A1 ( Phillips et al., 2002 ; Heil, 2003 ; Zheng and Escabí, 2013 ) and non-primary auditory cortex ( Lee et al., 2016 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Malone et al., 2015 (A1 response duration versus sound burst duration)— “Because duration of the sound burst decreases with increasing f c in our sounds (see Materials and Methods), this result is consistent with prior observations in A1 ( Malone et al., 2015 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Larson et al., 2009 (robustness of pairwise discrimination to response jitter)— “This supports the concept that pairwise discriminations are robust to differences in response duration or jitter, as reported previously ( Larson et al., 2009 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| builds-on | Van Rossum (2001) spike-distance metric— “Our metric is motivated by the spike-distance metric of Van Rossum (2001) , which uses an exponential smoothing kernel to change the temporal resolution for integrating spikes in spike trains.” | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | prior work showing that response duration tracks sound envelope shape in A1, by measuring the same thing in two non-primary fields— “Across all sound conditions the average response duration increases significantly ( p < 0.001) and in rank order with: A1 < VAF < cSRAF ( Fig. 2 F ). These results indicate that response duration varies in a distinct manner from response peak delay. Moreover, response duration could encode the slope and/or duration of the sound burst… | claim_relations[4] |
| contradicts | the reading that a longer time scale means better sound coding - the field with the longest time scale classifies worst— “Here, we provide additional evidence that the ability to classify 10 sound shapes with spike-timing pattern is inversely related to the temporal imprecision of cortical responses with: A1 > VAF > cSRAF. Thus, cSRAF typically has weak onset and longer duration responses with correspondingly less accurate sound classification performance… | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | a spike-timing code over a spike-rate code, since rate classification stays near chance even when pooled— “In contrast, the pooled output performance is close to chance levels when we use a spike-rate-based sound classifier in all cortical fields ( Fig. 8 L , dotted lines, M–O ). Nevertheless, classification performance significantly varies with the method of classification (spike timing vs rate, A1: F (9,980) = 144.2, p = 0; VAF: F (9,980) =… | claim_relations[6] |
| supports | pooling as compensation for single-neuron imprecision, extended to a field where responses are sluggish and imprecise— “The pooling advantage in general is consistent with the proposition that pooling activity of groups of neurons can compensate for spike train imprecision in individual neurons ( Zohary et al., 1994 ; Geffen et al., 2009 ; Bizley et al., 2010 ; Schneider and Woolley, 2010 ; Carruthers et al., 2015 ). The new twist in the present study is that… | claim_relations[7] |
| predicts | that brain structures reading cSRAF need longer integration times than structures reading A1, and that pooling runs from A1 to non-primary rather than the reverse— “A hierarchy in time scales between A1 and non-primary cortices may reflect functional hierarchies for pooling, decoding and classifying sounds. The degree of sound classification performance improvement with neuron response pooling is robust in A1 and cSRAF for short ( Table 2 ; f c > 8 Hz) and longer ( Table 2 ; f c < 8 Hz… | claim_relations[8] |
| qualifies | its own hierarchy claim, which holds for time constants and durations but reverses for discrimination and for classification— “Though the differences are small, A1 and VAF have significantly higher mean discrimination than cSRAF averaged across all 45 pairwise discriminations ( Fig. 5 A–C ). Conversely, cSRAF neurons are marginally better at discriminating across 30 pairwise sound comparisons when sound burst f c is <11 Hz ( Fig. 5 A–C ; f c < 11 Hz) and… | claim_relations[9] |
| sense | A HIERARCHY OF TIME SCALES: response durations and optimal time constants for discriminating sound envelope shape INCREASE IN RANK ORDER WITH A1 < VAF < cSRAF, so sustained spiking is more prominent and discrimination more robust in NON-PRIMARY cortex— “We find response durations and optimal time constants for discriminating sound envelope shape increase in rank order with: A1 < VAF < cSRAF. Accordingly, sustained… | senses[0] |
| sense | AND THE RANK ORDER REVERSES WITH THE MEASURE: A1 and VAF have significantly HIGHER mean discrimination than cSRAF across all 45 pairs - CONVERSELY cSRAF is better across 30 pairwise comparisons when the sound is slower than 11 Hz. The same three fields, opposite orders, one figure apart | senses[1] |
| sense | and reverses again by task: A1 AND VAF OUTPERFORM cSRAF in 10 alternative forced choice classification, where the ranking A1 > VAF > cSRAF is the INVERSE of the time-scale ranking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | and once more by stimulus, inside the pooling analysis: the effect of pooling was GREATER ON AVERAGE IN A1 than in cSRAF, HOWEVER the benefit was GREATER IN cSRAF for two of the longest duration sound bursts - THE ADVANTAGES OF POOLING VARY WITH THE TIME SCALE OF THE SOUND Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | with the inverse relation stated as the finding rather than as a caveat: the ability to classify 10 sound shapes IS INVERSELY RELATED to the temporal imprecision of cortical responses, A1 > VAF > cSRAF - the field that discriminates on the longest time scale classifies worst Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | THE OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF `ONSET SPIKE` IS A WINDOW THAT DIFFERS EIGHTFOLD BETWEEN THE FIELDS BEING COMPARED: the onset response time window is 29.6 ms for A1 and 180.7 ms for cSRAF at the slowest sound, and a single window is measured PER CONDITION AND PER REGION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | and the paper says so plainly: onset response time windows VARY WITH SOUND BURST HALF-DURATION AND SLOPE as determined by the sound shaping filter, and are given FOR EACH SOUND BURST VARIATION AND CORTICAL FIELD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | A TERM REDEFINED MID-PAPER, EXPLICITLY: onset spikes are a MIXTURE of stimulus-evoked and spontaneous activity, a subset is categorised as spontaneous BY RANDOM SAMPLING against a Poisson criterion, and IN THE REMAINDER OF THIS MANUSCRIPT WE USE THE TERM ONSET SPIKES TO DENOTE THE EVOKED ONSET SPIKES ONLY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | SYNTHETIC DATA INSIDE THE MEASUREMENT CHAIN, DECLARED: as the time constant approaches the length of the spike train THE SPIKE DISTANCE IS BIASED, so the spike train was EXTENDED BY SYNTHESIZING a periodic spike train WITH MATCHED TEMPORAL STATISTICS, sampling rate and times from the original, out to 100 s Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | TWO CANDIDATE CODES THIS DESIGN CANNOT SEPARATE: we CANNOT DISAMBIGUATE potential neural codes for sound burst slope versus duration AS THESE CUES COVARY IN OUR SOUNDS - and the untestable possibility is still stated, that non-primary cortices are more sensitive to duration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| sense | an imported threshold that gives the index its meaning: a D-prime of 1 corresponds to about 70% accuracy, WHICH IS TYPICALLY CONSIDERED A CRITICAL LIMIT for discriminating a signal behaviorally - a behavioral criterion borrowed to read a number computed from spikes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[10] |
| sense | an assumption declared and then used as a feature: the naive Bayes classifier TREATS RESPONSE BINS FROM DIFFERENT NEURONS AS IF THEY ARE INDEPENDENT, which ALLOWS THE CLASSIFIER TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF any independent and nonredundant responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[11] |
| sense | and a scope restriction that is easy to miss: THE FIRST 500 ms WAS REMOVED FROM EACH SPIKE TRAIN to restrict analysis to the ADAPTED STEADY-STATE segments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[12] |
| sense | THE PARAMETER IS THE FINDING: the exponential time constant DETERMINES THE TEMPORAL RESOLUTION OR INTEGRATION TIME of the metric, large values leave mostly slow fluctuations in spike rate and small values make it sensitive to precise timing - the range tested is what lets one number stand for two rival codes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[13] |
| sense | SPIKE RATE IS NEAR CHANCE AND SAID TO BE SO: all three fields classify with LOW PERFORMANCE ACCURACY based on spike rate alone, and spike count per 2 s IS NOT AN OPTIMAL NEURAL SIGNAL for coding sound shape Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[14] |
| sense | and pooling does not rescue it - pooled spike-rate classification is CLOSE TO CHANCE LEVELS in all cortical fields, while the timing-based classifier reaches 80 to 100% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[15] |
| sense | with the number of neurons needed stated per field: HALF MAXIMAL PERFORMANCE from fewer than 10 neurons everywhere, but A1 and VAF require 3 and 5 against 16 for cSRAF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[16] |
| sense | and a resolution limit read off the point where performance drops - a HALF-RESOLUTION LIMIT ON THE ORDER OF 20 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[17] |
| sense | THE HIERARCHY IS CLAIMED AS DIRECTIONAL: non-primary cortex COULD CERTAINLY POOL RESPONSES FROM A1 to classify sounds BUT THE REVERSE IS LESS LIKELY, and structures reading cSRAF would need longer integration times than structures reading A1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[18] |
| sense | A CONCEPT MOVED FROM SPACE TO TIME, AGAIN: functional hierarchies IN THE VISUAL CORTICES support the concept that classifying objects requires successive stages with a PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN RECEPTIVE FIELD SIZE, and this study supports the idea that A SIMILAR PROGRESSION EXISTS IN AUDITORY CORTICES IN THE TIME DOMAIN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[19] |
| sense | and the specialisation is framed as a trade-off rather than a ranking: A1 has SUPERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION AT THE EXPENSE OF SPECTRAL RESOLUTION, and the non-primary fields the reverse Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[20] |
| control | the noise carrier varied across trials and across bursts, unfrozen — held — rules out spectral cues and repeated fine structure - THIS GUARANTEES THAT, ON AVERAGE, THE ONLY PHYSICAL CUES AVAILABLE TO EACH NEURON ARISE FROM THE TEMPORAL ENVELOPE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | spectral and spatial cues held constant across every condition — held — rules out frequency and location differences contributing to what is read as temporal coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | each sound discriminated against itself — held — rules out a metric that returns a positive value for identical inputs - the diagonal of every matrix is zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | the spike count distribution tested against a Poisson model before the rate classifier was built on it — held — rules out a rate code scored under a distribution the data do not follow Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| control | recording depth restricted to 400 to 650 micrometers — held — rules out differences between fields being differences between cortical layers - this is the depth corresponding to layer 4 in each field Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| differs in | the reading that a longer time scale means better sound coding - the field with the longest time scale classifies worst — the task: pairwise discrimination against 10-alternative classification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | its own hierarchy claim, which holds for time constants and durations but reverses for discrimination and for classification — THE AXIS IS WHICH COMPARISON SET, AND THE ORDERING REVERSES BETWEEN THEM. 'A1 and VAF have significantly higher mean discrimination than cSRAF averaged across all 45 pairwise discriminations. Conversely, cSRAF neurons are marginally better at discriminating across 30 pairwise sound comparisons [at low rates].' The same three fields rank one way over one set of comparisons and the other way over a subset - so a hierarchy claim is a claim about the averaging window, and this record's [32] gives the time-constant ordering that does hold. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| edge | A1 —contrasted-with→ cSRAF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | A1 —causes→ discrimination — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but A1 and VAF showed HIGHER mean discrimination than cSRAF; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | discrimination —operationalised-as→ time constant — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but discrimination was computed FOR EACH time constant to find the optimal one; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[17] |
| note | discrimination —operationalised-as→ time constant — THE PARAMETER IS THE FINDING - large values leave mostly slow fluctuations in spike rate, small values make the metric sensitive to precise timing, and the sweep is what lets one number stand for two rival codes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[17] |
| audit | noise —contrasted-with→ envelope — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but noise carriers varied while envelopes were the object of study; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[19] |
| note | noise —contrasted-with→ envelope — the carrier varied unfrozen across trials and bursts, which GUARANTEES THAT ON AVERAGE THE ONLY PHYSICAL CUES AVAILABLE TO EACH NEURON ARISE FROM THE TEMPORAL ENVELOPE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[19] |
| audit | spectral —contrasted-with→ envelope — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but spectral cues were held constant to study envelope cues; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[20] |
| audit | spike rate —causes→ classification — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but classification BASED ON spike rate performed near chance; causes with no direction is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[22] |
| note | spike rate —causes→ classification — spike count or equivalent spike rate per 2 s IS NOT AN OPTIMAL NEURAL SIGNAL for coding sound shape in primary or non-primary cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[22] |
| differs in | VAF —contrasted-with→ cSRAF — THE AXIS IS THE OPTIMAL TIME CONSTANT, AND THE THREE FIELDS ARE ORDERED ON IT. 'For the range of sound shapes where discrimination is near maximum, time constants are rank ordered and increasing with: A1 < VAF < cSRAF.' The comparison is made FOR THESE SAME SOUNDS, so the stimulus is held constant and the difference is a property of the fields - and it is an ORDERING, which a binary edge cannot hold: the fact that VAF sits between the other two is the content, and it needs two edges to say. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[32] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[2] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[3] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any code attributed to slope or to duration separately: WE CANNOT DISAMBIGUATE POTENTIAL NEURAL CODES FOR SOUND BURST SLOPE VERSUS DURATION AS THESE CUES COVARY IN OUR SOUNDS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the scope of the temporal-coding claim: WE HOLD SPECTRAL AND SPATIAL CUES CONSTANT TO EXAMINE NEURAL CODING OF TEMPORAL CUES IN THE SOUND ENVELOPE INDEPENDENTLY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — distinguishing a code for the slope of the envelope from a code for the duration of the sound burst Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the spike-distance results at long time constants: AS tau APPROACHES THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE SPIKE TRAIN (2 s), THE SPIKE DISTANCE IS BIASED AND YIELDS LARGE VALUES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the population classification figures: BY DESIGN, THE NAIVE BAYES CLASSIFIER TREATS RESPONSES BINS FROM DIFFERENT NEURONS AS IF THEY ARE INDEPENDENT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — every number in the paper, which describes the adapted response and not the onset: FOR ALL DATA ANALYSES, THE FIRST 500 ms WAS REMOVED FROM EACH SPIKE TRAIN TO RESTRICT ANALYSIS TO THE ADAPTED STEADY-STATE SEGMENTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the generality to combined cues: FUTURE EXPLORATION WILL BE NEEDED TO DETERMINE WHETHER NEURONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOUND'S TEMPORAL SHAPE IS EVEN MORE ROBUST ... WHEN SPECTRAL, TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL FEATURES ARE COMBINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| evidence status note | sense — A TABLE IS JOINED INTO THE 'evidence' QUOTE: after the table's title ('Onset response time windows vary…') it runs on through the table's column heads and cells ('f c 2 4 6 8 11 16 …'). The numbers this row states are table cells; read the quote as a title, then a table. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | slope → duration — THE TWO CANNOT BE SEPARATED IN THIS STUDY - the DESIGN form of the negative relation / No edge type can express it: all eight assert that a relation HOLDS. A confounding statement bounds what the paper's own results can mean, and it lives where nothing downstream will find it. PRESERVED HERE BECAUSE THE EDGE IT DEFEATED WAS WITHDRAWN. 'slope --distinct-from--> duration' was retracted in an earlier note of ours for asserting what this sentence denies; without this record the finding would have left the corpus with the edge. 'these cues COVARY in our sounds.' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| no type for this | sound classification performance → temporal imprecision — INVERSE ASSOCIATION, ordered across three cortical fields (A1 > VAF > cSRAF): the better the spike-timing classification, the LESS temporally imprecise the responses. No edge type carries polarity, so recording this as 'causes' loses the sign that is the whole finding. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| limitation | we CANNOT DISAMBIGUATE potential neural codes for sound burst slope versus duration AS THESE CUES COVARY IN OUR SOUNDS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | we HOLD SPECTRAL AND SPATIAL CUES CONSTANT to examine neural coding of temporal cues in the sound envelope independently Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | TWO CANDIDATE CODES THAT THIS DESIGN CANNOT SEPARATE, SAID OUT LOUD: we CANNOT DISAMBIGUATE potential neural codes for sound burst slope versus duration AS THESE CUES COVARY IN OUR SOUNDS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the spike-distance metric is biased at long time constants, and the fix is SYNTHETIC DATA - a periodic spike train with matched temporal statistics, extended to 100 s, standing in for the recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the classifier assumes response bins from different neurons are INDEPENDENT, which the paper states as a design property rather than as a fact about the brain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the first 500 ms of every spike train is discarded, so every number here is about the ADAPTED STEADY-STATE segment and not about the response to a sound that has just begun Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | future exploration will be needed to determine whether classification is even more robust when spectral, temporal and spatial features are COMBINED, and WHEN ANIMALS ARE ATTENDING during a behavioral task, AS HAPPENS IN NATURAL SETTINGS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Average response duration to the sound bursts grows from primary to ventral non-primary cortex in the order A1, VAF, cSRAF. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The integration time constant that gives best pairwise sound-shape discrimination also grows in the same order A1, VAF, cSRAF, establishing a hierarchy of time scales. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Onset spikes carry most of the discrimination in all three fields, while the later sustained spikes discriminate better in the two non-primary fields than in A1. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Spike timing outperforms spike rate as a code for identifying which of ten envelope shapes was played, in primary and non-primary cortex alike. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | A single neuron's spike timing classifies the ten envelope shapes at roughly 25-40% correct, well above the 10% chance level. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Pooling neuron output raises classification accuracy to a maximum of 80-100%. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Peak response delay lengthens with the envelope shape parameter in all three cortical fields alike. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Response duration tracks envelope shape four times more steeply in VAF and seventeen times more steeply in cSRAF than in A1. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | A1 and VAF reach half-maximal classification by pooling only 3 and 5 neurons respectively, whereas cSRAF needs 16. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | A rate code built from spike counts leaves A1 neurons below 15% correct, close to the 10% chance level. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | response durations and optimal time constants for discriminating sound envelope shape INCREASE IN RANK ORDER WITH A1 < VAF < cSRAF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | A1 and VAF have significantly higher mean discrimination than cSRAF across all 45 pairwise discriminations, CONVERSELY cSRAF neurons are marginally better across 30 pairwise comparisons when sound burst f c is <11 Hz Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | A1 AND VAF OUTPERFORM cSRAF in 10 alternative forced choice classification scenarios Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the effect of pooling was GREATER ON AVERAGE IN A1 than in cSRAF, HOWEVER the benefit of pooling was GREATER IN cSRAF for two of the longest duration sound bursts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the ability to classify 10 sound shapes with spike-timing pattern is INVERSELY RELATED to the temporal imprecision of cortical responses, A1 > VAF > cSRAF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | onset response time windows VARY WITH SOUND SHAPE AND ACROSS CORTICAL FIELDS - A1 29.6 where cSRAF is 180.7 at f c of 2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| evidence status note | finding — A TABLE IS JOINED INTO THE 'evidence' QUOTE: after the table's title ('Onset response time windows vary…') it runs on through the table's column heads and cells ('f c 2 4 6 8 11 16 …'). The numbers this row states are table cells; read the quote as a title, then a table. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | onset response time windows VARY WITH SOUND BURST HALF-DURATION AND SLOPE as determined by the sound shaping filter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | IN THE REMAINDER OF THIS MANUSCRIPT WE USE THE TERM ONSET SPIKES TO DENOTE THE EVOKED ONSET SPIKES ONLY, after a subset was categorised as spontaneous by random sampling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the spike distance IS BIASED as the time constant approaches the length of the spike train, so the train was extended BY SYNTHESIZING a periodic spike train WITH MATCHED TEMPORAL STATISTICS out to 100 s Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | we CANNOT DISAMBIGUATE potential neural codes for sound burst slope versus duration AS THESE CUES COVARY IN OUR SOUNDS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | the naive Bayes classifier TREATS RESPONSE BINS FROM DIFFERENT NEURONS AS IF THEY ARE INDEPENDENT, by design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | THE FIRST 500 ms WAS REMOVED FROM EACH SPIKE TRAIN to restrict analysis to the adapted steady-state segments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | spike count or equivalent spike rate per 2 s IS NOT AN OPTIMAL NEURAL SIGNAL for coding sound shape in primary and non-primary auditory cortices Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | pooled spike-rate classification is CLOSE TO CHANCE LEVELS in all cortical fields while the timing classifier reaches 80 to 100% accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | A1 and VAF require fewer neurons, 3 and 5, than cSRAF at 16, to reach half maximal classification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | onset spikes alone discriminate sound shape well in all three fields, WHEREAS SUSTAINED RESPONSES PROVIDE MORE EFFECTIVE DISCRIMINATION IN NON-PRIMARY CORTICES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | non-primary cortex COULD CERTAINLY POOL RESPONSES FROM A1 to classify sounds BUT THE REVERSE IS LESS LIKELY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| quantity | 223 single neurons from 16 male Brown Norway rats — total sample of recorded units and animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 54, 104, and 65 — number of single neurons analysed in A1, VAF and cSRAF respectively Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 19.6 (±0.1), 28.9 (±0.4), 53.6 (±1.9) — mean response duration in ms for A1, VAF and cSRAF averaged over all sound conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 0.97 (± 0.01), 0.98 (±0.01), and 0.92 (±0.01) — mean pairwise discrimination index across all 45 sound pairs in A1, VAF and cSRAF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 2 to threefold — increase in classification performance from pooling the neural population relative to the average single neuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | −122, −113, and −80, respectively; r 2 = 0.82, 0.83 and 0.89 — log-linear regression slopes and fit quality for peak response delay versus envelope shape in A1, VAF and SRAF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | F (9,1323) = 29.6, p = 0 — effect of sound shape on temporal-classifier performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 10 different variations — number of envelope shape conditions, spanning fc from 2 to 64 Hz Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 29.6 — onset response time window for A1 at f c of 2, where the cSRAF value in the same row of the same table is 180.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 100 s — the length of the SYNTHESIZED periodic spike train that stands in for the recording so the distance metric is not biased at long time constants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 500 ms — the segment removed from the start of every spike train before any analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 20 ms — the half-resolution limit read off the point where discrimination performance drops Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 3 and 5 — neurons needed by A1 and VAF for half maximal classification, against 16 for cSRAF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| variable | sound envelope shape (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | exponential time constant (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | number of neurons (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | Pairwise sound discrimination indices (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | percentage correct classification (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | cortical field (moderator) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | interaural level difference (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | noise carrier (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | time constant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | response duration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| variable | discrimination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[13] |
| variable | classification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[14] |
| definition | shape temporal cues Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | encoding time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | period histogram Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | response delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | response duration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | discrimination index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | onset spikes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | sustained spikes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | time constant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | envelope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| key-terms | A1, VAF, cSRAF, cortical field, onset, sustained, spike, spike rate, spike timing, discrimination, classification, classifier, time constant, time scale, response duration, sound, envelope, shape, slope, duration, hierarchy, pooling, population, neuron, imprecision, noise, Poisson, spectral, anesthesia |
| concept | discrimination — not defined in this paper's own words; the pairwise task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | duration — the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| ANOVA F | as written: two-way ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test | as written: Student's t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| multiple-comparison correction | as written: Post hoc Student's t tests with Bonferroni correction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Wilcoxon rank-sum test p | as written: Wilcoxon rank-sum Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| chi-squared test χ 2 | as written: χ 2 test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| bootstrap | as written: bootstrapped 500 times Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| cross-validation | as written: cross validation approach Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| regression r 2 | as written: log-linear regression slopes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean (SEM) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| effect size / sensitivity index D′ | as written: sensitivity index or discrimination index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| two-way ANOVA | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| Wilcoxon rank-sum | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| Poisson | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| D′ | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | sweep an exponential smoothing time constant from 1 to 256 ms, take the value that maximises a normalised spike-distance discrimination index, and read the same spike trains with a naive Bayes classifier in a 10-alternative task — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | temporally precise spiking that follows the rise, fall and duration of the sound envelope rather than its spectrum — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: temporal coding of sound envelope shape across auditory cortical fields Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
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