phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | divisive versus subtractive cortical inhibition— “We evaluated how optogenetically activating somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells’ responses to tones.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “A simple network model shows that threshold nonlinearities can interact with network activity to transform subtractive inhibition of neurons into divisive inhibition of networks, or vice versa.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We then used linear 16-channel silicon probes to record the responses of isolated single units across the auditory cortical layers to pure-tone acoustic stimulation with and without blue-light illumination of the cortical surface.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “One common, conceptually straightforward framework models the effects of synaptic inhibition as a linear transformation with a divisive (scaling) and a subtractive (shifting) component ( Chance and Abbott, 2000 ; Doiron et al., 2001 ; Mitchell and Silver, 2003 ; Prescott and De Koninck, 2003 ; Hao et al., 2009 ). In this view, the essential… | |
| research question — evidence | — “We evaluated how optogenetically activating somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells’ responses to tones. In both awake and anesthetized animals, we found that activating either family of interneurons produced mixtures of divisive and subtractive effects and that… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We conclude that the characteristics of response inhibition specific to a single interneuron type can be “masked” by the network configuration and cellular properties of the network in which they are embedded.” | |
| transfer | from single-neuron biophysics: the divisive/subtractive decomposition, carried from cable theory into claims about interneuron classes in intact cortex— “One common, conceptually straightforward framework models the effects of synaptic inhibition as a linear transformation with a divisive (scaling) and a subtractive (shifting) component ( Chance and Abbott, 2000 ; Doiron et al., 2001 ; Mitchell and Silver, 2003 ; Prescott and De Koninck, 2003 ; Hao et al., 2009 ). In this view, the essential… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from network modelling: a minimal threshold-nonlinear network used to show that the transformation between the two is possible in principle— “A simple network model shows that threshold nonlinearities can interact with network activity to transform subtractive inhibition of neurons into divisive inhibition of networks, or vice versa. Varying threshold and the strength of suppression of a model neuron could determine whether the effect of inhibition appeared divisive, subtractive… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Threshold nonlinearity in a convergent network converts the linear suppression type: suppressed inputs falling below the output neuron's spiking threshold turn subtractive inhibition of single neurons into divisive inhibition of the network, and vice versa— “As one example of such a mechanism, we used a simple network model to show that threshold nonlinearities can interact with inhibition to transform subtractive inhibition of neurons into divisive inhibition of networks, or vice versa.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Because most cortical input to a neuron is intracortical, activating interneurons changes the firing of the neuron's own converging and recurrent inputs, adding a second-order effect on top of the direct linear effect on that neuron— “Thus, although changes in inhibitory tone may have the predicted linear effect on neurons’ responses to any particular current or conductance, they also change the firing properties of the majority of these neurons’ converging/recurrent inputs and may thus have effects on responses qualitatively different from those predicted by single-neuron… | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Rectification of input firing rates (rates cannot go negative) makes subtractive suppression act most strongly at each input neuron's preferred frequency, which the connectivity function then passes on as a divisive-looking loss of drive at the target's best frequency— “Because firing rates cannot be negative, subtractive suppression hasagreater effectatthe center of each input neuron’s tuning profile” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | most cortical input is intracortical, so changing inhibition changes the firing of a neuron's own inputs as well as the neuron, producing effects single-neuron models do not predict— “To explain this observation, we note that cortical neurons are densely interconnected: the majority of cortical neurons receive the majority of their inputs from intracortical or feedback connections rather than from feedforward thalamocortical projections ( Benshalom and White, 1986 ; Abeles, 1991 ). Thus, although changes in inhibitory tone… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | in a network model, threshold nonlinearities plus the strength of suppression of a cell's inputs determine whether the observed effect looks divisive, subtractive or both— “As one example of such a mechanism, we used a simple network model to show that threshold nonlinearities can interact with inhibition to transform subtractive inhibition of neurons into divisive inhibition of networks, or vice versa. Varying just two properties of the model neuron (its threshold and the overall strength of suppression of its… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the character of suppression in downstream neurons is set by their own thresholds and connections rather than by what happened upstream— “The character of suppression in higher-order neurons was determined by their intrinsic properties and connections, regardless of whether the suppression in first-order neurons was divisive or subtractive— in other words, the characteristics of response inhibition specific to a single interneuron type can be “masked” by the network… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | further sources of the same masking are available: interneurons are themselves tuned and receive organised excitation, and many types inhibit one another— “Note that this second-order effect of inhibitory activity on excitatory tuning is merely one among many mechanisms by which this “masking” phenomenon may emerge. Additional sources of obfuscation are abundant in the cortical literature. For example, many types of interneuron are themselves tuned and receive organized excitation from local… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | local subnetworks with different intrinsic or connectional properties can interpret the same inhibition differently— “This indicates that even in the same global network, local subnetworks of neurons with different intrinsic or connectional properties can selectively and differentially interpret the inhibition provided by a given population of interneurons.” | mechanisms[7] |
| replicates | prior reports of low (<10%) misexpression in Sst-Cre and Pvalb-Cre driver lines (Cardin et al., 2009; Sohal et al., 2009; Cardin et al., 2010; Kerlin et al., 2010; Taniguchi et al., 2011; Adesnik et al., 2012; Kvitsiani et al., 2013; Pfeffer et al., 2013)— “This is consistent with expression patterns established by numerous groups ( Cardin et al., 2009 ; Sohal et al., 2009 ; Cardin et al., 2010 ; Kerlin et al., 2010 ; Taniguchi et al., 2011 ; Adesnik et al., 2012 ; Kvitsiani et al., 2013 ; Pfeffer et al., 2013 ) who found low (<10%) levels of misexpression within the cortex.” | claim_relations[0] |
| critiques | the framework in which each interneuron type is assigned a fixed divisive or subtractive function— “This framework has been applied to visual cortex by several groups with seemingly conflicting results ( Atallah et al., 2012 , 2014 ; Lee et al., 2012 , 2014 ; Wilson et al., 2012 ; El-Boustani and Sur, 2014 ; Xue et al., 2014 ), producing an ongoing debate regarding whether separate functions of division and subtraction can be assigned to… | claim_relations[1] |
| reconciles | the apparently irreconcilable visual cortex findings about Sst and Pvalb interneuron effects— “Studies in primary visual cortex (V1) have produced diverse and even apparently irreconcilable findings regarding the effects of activating Sst+ and Pvalb+ interneurons on single unit responses. Various studies have shown that Pvalb+ neurons’ activation may change other neurons’ sensory… | claim_relations[2] |
| qualifies | in vitro demonstrations that somatic and dendritic inhibition suppress single pyramidal neurons divisively and subtractively | claim_relations[3] |
| contradicts | the standard prediction that activating Pvalb and Sst interneurons implements divisive and subtractive suppression respectively Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| sense | DIVISIVE and SUBTRACTIVE are defined here as parameters of a straight line fitted to suppressed against control responses - slope below one is divisive, intercept below zero is subtractive - so they are properties of a FIT, not observed categories Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the framework's central question presupposes that the answer belongs to the interneuron type; this paper's result is that the question is asked at the wrong level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the anatomical prediction is precise and well founded - dendritic synapses change current without changing somatic conductance, perisomatic ones change conductance - and it is confirmed in vitro on single cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the decisive observation is that neurons recorded AT THE SAME TIME on the same probe are suppressed in different ways, which rules out animal-to-animal and preparation variability by construction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | light was set to a level that suppressed firing to about half of control in most units, so the manipulation is calibrated by its effect rather than by its intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | temporal profiles of the tone response computed with and without blue-light illumination, in the same isolated single units across cortical layers — held — rules out a difference between cells or sessions rather than an effect of the optogenetic manipulation - the light-off condition is the same unit, minutes apart Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| note | divisive —contrasted-with→ subtractive — CRITERION, AND IT IS A FIT: slope of one with a negative intercept is subtractive, slope below one with a zero intercept is divisive. Both are parameters of a regression, not observations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | interneuron —part-of→ network — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but interneurons within networks; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | interneuron —part-of→ network — THE LEVEL ERROR IN ONE SENTENCE: network interactions determine the systems-level effects of neuron-level manipulations, and that is what makes the literature look contradictory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | threshold —causes→ divisive — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but threshold nonlinearities can transform subtractive into divisive inhibition; causes 'divisive' is terse. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | threshold —causes→ divisive — in the model, varying threshold and the strength of input suppression alone moves the apparent effect between divisive, subtractive and both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | network —causes→ suppression — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says suppression character was set by intrinsic properties and connections; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | network —causes→ suppression — the character of suppression downstream is set by the downstream cell's own properties, whatever happened upstream - hence 'masked' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | Sst —causes→ bandwidth — SIGN: narrowing - and by the same amount as Pvalb, so bandwidth does not separate the classes either Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| note | A1 —part-of→ auditory cortex — identified functionally, by short latency and the tonotopic reversal, rather than by coordinates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — what the optogenetic experiment tests: BOTH POPULATIONS OF INTERNEURONS WERE ACTIVATED IN A NONSELECTIVE AND TEMPORALLY DIFFUSE MANNER, unlike their recruitment during normal brain operation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the awake-versus-anaesthetised comparison: SOME OF THE OPTOGENETIC PARAMETERS (LIGHT STRENGTH, OPTICAL FIBER DIAMETER) WERE NOT IDENTICAL BETWEEN the two preparations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the proposed network mechanism: THIS SECOND-ORDER EFFECT OF INHIBITORY ACTIVITY ON EXCITATORY TUNING IS MERELY ONE AMONG MANY MECHANISMS BY WHICH THIS MASKING PHENOMENON MAY EMERGE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - differences arising from selective recruitment cannot appear in this design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the masking mechanism as an explanation: THIS SECOND-ORDER EFFECT OF INHIBITORY ACTIVITY ON EXCITATORY TUNING IS MERELY ONE AMONG MANY MECHANISMS BY WHICH THIS 'MASKING' PHENOMENON MAY EMERGE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — results reported by driver line: the lines are consistent with established expression patterns, with a stated misexpression rate that bounds rather than removes off-target labelling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Both interneuron populations were driven nonselectively and with diffuse timing, unlike their natural recruitment, so type-specific functional differences may have been washed out. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Optogenetic stimulation parameters were not matched between the awake and anesthetized preparations. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The proposed network mechanism is only one of several possible routes to the masking effect, and the paper does not exclude the others it lists. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | both interneuron populations were driven nonselectively and diffusely in time, so differences arising from their natural response dynamics would not appear here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the masking mechanism demonstrated is offered as one among many rather than as the mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the driver lines are stated to have under ten percent misexpression, which bounds but does not remove off-target activation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Optogenetically activating either somatostatin- or parvalbumin-positive interneurons produced a mixture of divisive and subtractive suppression of auditory cortical tone responses, and neurons recorded at the same time were often suppressed in qualitatively different ways. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The proportions of divisive, subtractive, mixed and neither-type suppression did not differ significantly between Sst+ and Pvalb+ activation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | About half of suppressed units showed divisive-only suppression (slope below 1 with intercept not below 0), with the remainder split between subtractive-only, mixed, and neither, for both interneuron families. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | A threshold-linear (slope-plus-intercept) description captured most of the variance of suppression for both interneuron types, so the suppression of individual neurons was well described as a linear transformation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Bandwidth changes did not differ between activating Sst+ and Pvalb+ interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Neurons within one cortical column are not equally affected by broad interneuron activation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | In the network model, both divisive and subtractive suppression at single cells can produce divisive-like suppression of the net drive to a downstream neuron. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | In the model, a downstream neuron's suppression type was set by its own intrinsic properties and connections, regardless of whether its inputs were suppressed divisively or subtractively. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | activating either interneuron class produced mixtures of divisive and subtractive suppression rather than one or the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | the proportions of suppression types did not differ between the two classes, g-test p = 0.54 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | a linear framework accounted for a high proportion of the variance of suppression in both strains Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | both classes narrowed frequency tuning bandwidths, and the distributions of change did not differ Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | THE DECISIVE OBSERVATION: neurons recorded simultaneously on one probe were suppressed in uncorrelated ways Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | which rules out preparation and animal-to-animal variability, and the same was seen in awake animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | all four suppression types appeared for both classes in awake mice too, again with no difference in proportions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | THE PREDICTION THAT FAILED: from synapse location and morphology, the standard prediction is that Pvalb+ activation divides and Sst+ activation subtracts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the proposed explanation is that most cortical input is intracortical, so inhibition changes a neuron's inputs as well as the neuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | and a network model shows that varying only threshold and input suppression strength moves the apparent effect between divisive and subtractive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | so a class's characteristic suppression can be MASKED by the network it sits in Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | this reconciles the in vitro clarity with the in vivo mixture rather than treating the discrepancy as a problem Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | the visual cortex literature contains every combination of the two assignments, described as apparently irreconcilable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | the same masking should appear in any network of appreciable complexity, and several further routes to it are named Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | local subnetworks can interpret the same inhibition differently even inside one global network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | anaesthetised and awake preparations agreed despite differing optogenetic parameters, suggesting the masking is robust Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | SCOPE STATED: both populations were driven nonselectively and diffusely in time, so natural differences in their dynamics could not show up Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | light was set near 40 microwatts, which suppressed firing to about half of control in most units Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | somatostatin cells are about a quarter of cortical interneurons and target mainly distal dendrites Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | Pvalb is expressed in roughly ~50% of cortical inhibitory interneurons, including subtypes whose axons form baskets around the soma or chandeliers on the axon initial segment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| quantity | g-test p = 0.54 — No detectable difference between Sst+ and Pvalb+ activation in the proportions of divisive, subtractive, mixed and neither suppression types (anesthetized mice) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | n = 35 of 76 units; n = 27 of 63 units — Number of light-suppressed units showing divisive-only suppression, in Sst-ChR2 and Pvalb-ChR2 mice respectively Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | n = 145 of 250 / n = 91 of 154 — Number of recorded single units that were tone-responsive in the Sst and Pvalb mouse lines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | median r 2 = 0.73 ± 0.17 / 0.81 ± 0.17 — Median quality of the linear (threshold-linear) fit to suppression in awake Sst and Pvalb mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | rank-sum p = 0.63 — No difference between Sst+ and Pvalb+ activation in the distribution of bandwidth changes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 40 µW / 50% / 65%–75% — Light power used in anesthetized recordings, the typical degree of firing suppression it produced, and the fraction of units so suppressed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | g-test p = 0.54 — the null on which the whole argument turns: suppression-type proportions did not differ between classes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | roughly 25% — share of cortical interneurons expressing somatostatin Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | ~50% — share expressing parvalbumin Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | near 40 µW — light power, chosen to suppress firing to about half of control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | <10% — misexpression in the driver lines, the bound on off-target activation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| variable | firing rate over time (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | bandwidth Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | regression slope (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| variable | y-intercept (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[13] |
| definition | subtractive suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | divisive suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | iceberging Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | divisive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | subtractive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | A1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | divisively suppressed neuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | subtractively suppressed neuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | divisive, subtractive, Sst, Pvalb, interneuron, network, threshold, suppression, bandwidth, ChR2, A1, in vitro, dendrites, soma, input resistance, g-test, awake, anesthetized, inhibition |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test | as written: sign-rank tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Wilcoxon rank-sum test p | as written: rank-sum tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| G-test of independence p | as written: g-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| bootstrap | as written: bootstrap analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| regression | as written: standardized major axis regression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| t-test α | as written: a t test of the parameter distribution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| coefficient of determination r 2 | as written: r 2 values (i.e., quality of linear fit) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| permutation test α | as written: a permutation test between control and light-activation trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons α | as written: Bonferroni-adjusted multiple comparisons corrections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| confidence interval | as written: 95% confidence intervals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| g-test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| rank-sum | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| sign-rank | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| claim type | critique — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | optogenetic activation of Cre-defined interneuron classes with 16-site laminar recording of tone responses, threshold-linear regression of suppressed on control responses, and a network model — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | mixtures of divisive and subtractive suppression from either interneuron class, differing between neurons recorded at the same time — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: divisive versus subtractive cortical inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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