phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | spontaneous cortical population activity and trial-to-trial response variability— “Neuronal populations in sensory cortex produce variable responses to sensory stimuli, and exhibit intricate spontaneous activity even without external sensory input.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Recording over 10,000 neurons in mouse visual cortex, we observed that spontaneous activity reliably encoded a high-dimensional latent state, which was partially related to the mouse’s ongoing behavior and was represented not just in visual cortex but across the forebrain.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We simultaneously recorded from 11,262 ± 2,282 (mean ± s.d.) excitatory neurons, over nine sessions in six mice using 2-photon imaging of GCaMP6s in an 11-plane configuration ( 29 ) ( Fig. 1A,B , Movie S1 ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Neuronal populations in sensory cortex produce variable responses to sensory stimuli, and exhibit intricate spontaneous activity even without external sensory input.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Cortical variability and spontaneous activity have been variously proposed to represent random noise, recall of prior experience, or encoding of ongoing behavioral and cognitive variables.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Thus, visual cortical population activity, despite its apparently noisy structure, reliably encodes an orthogonal fusion of sensory and multidimensional behavioral information.” | |
| transfer | from machine learning / cross-validation practice: a train-test split applied simultaneously along two axes - cells and time - to define which variance counts as signal rather than relying on a noise model— “We divided the recorded neurons into two spatially segregated sets, and divided the recorded timepoints into two equal halves (training and test; Fig. 1I ). The training timepoints were used to find the dimensions in each cell set’s activity that maximally covary with each other. These dimensions are termed Shared Variance Components (SVCs).… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from computer vision: motion energy and its principal components, used to turn a video of a face into a thousand-dimensional behavioural regressor without deciding in advance which movements matter— “We extracted a 1,000-dimensional summary of the motor actions visible on the mouse’s face by applying principal component analysis to the spatial distribution of facial motion at each moment in time ( 36 ).” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from multivariate statistics: reduced rank regression, used to ask how few behavioural dimensions suffice rather than how much total variance behaviour explains— “This multidimensional behavior measure predicted approximately twice as much variance as the three arousal variables ( Fig. 2D-J , Movie S3 ).” | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Behavioural and state variables reach primary sensory cortex through neuromodulatory input carrying arousal state and top-down input from higher-order cortices carrying fine-grained motor variables, so sensory and motor information are integrated already at V1— “This is consistent with neuroanatomy: primary sensory cortex receives innervation both from neuromodulatory systems carrying state information, and from higher-order cortices which can encode fine-grained behavioral variables” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | The apparent similarity between spontaneous and stimulus-evoked population activity arises because a single common mean-rate dimension fluctuates in both conditions, not because cortex replays past sensory experience— “This dimension summarized the mean activity of all cells in the population, and variations along it reflected both spontaneous alternation of up and down phases and differences in mean population response between stimuli.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | reliable variance is defined by double cross-validation: neurons split into two spatially separate sets, timepoints split into train and test, and only variance that covaries across both splits counts— “We divided the recorded neurons into two spatially segregated sets, and divided the recorded timepoints into two equal halves (training and test; Fig. 1I ). The training timepoints were used to find the dimensions in each cell set’s activity that maximally covary with each other. These dimensions are termed Shared Variance Components (SVCs).… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the behavioural regressor is not chosen in advance but discovered, by taking a thousand principal components of facial motion rather than naming which movements should matter— “We extracted a 1,000-dimensional summary of the motor actions visible on the mouse’s face by applying principal component analysis to the spatial distribution of facial motion at each moment in time ( 36 ).” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the hand-picked arousal variables are shown to be redundant once the video is used, which is how the paper argues the old low-dimensional accounts were glimpses of something larger— “Moreover, adding these three explicit predictors to the video signal increased the explained variance by less than 1% ( Fig. 2I ), even though the running signal provided information not derived from video.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the paper states what its own method cannot see, and distinguishes its phenomenon from the fast one by a timescale its sampling rate excludes | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the claim of high dimensionality is stress-tested against sample size: reliability of higher components rises with neuron count, so the reported dimensionality is a floor | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | decoding is used as the check on the subspace geometry - if stimulus information really is confined to one subspace, a classifier reading the others should fail Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the imaging result is repeated in a different preparation and a different recording modality, eight probes across forebrain, before the brain-wide claim is made Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | a spatial null is run on the sorted activity continuum: position on it does not track position in the tissue, so the structure is not topographic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | trial-to-trial variability is decomposed into a multiplicative part inside the stimulus subspace and an additive part outside it, which is what lets a long-running either/or dispute be answered with both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | the multiplicative gain is not left as a fitted nuisance parameter but predicted from the behavioural video, tying the statistical model back to an observable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | the affine model is tested and rejected, so the absence of additive variability within the stimulus subspace is a checked result rather than an assumption Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| extends | Previous reports of low-dimensional locomotion and arousal correlates in visual cortex (refs 8, 10-16, 33) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | Studies reporting similarity between spontaneous activity and sensory responses as evidence for recapitulation of sensory experience (refs 2-7) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | Conflicting prior findings on whether cortical variability is additive or multiplicative (refs 39-42) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| critiques | studies inferring recapitulation of sensory experience from statistical similarity between spontaneous and evoked activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | reports of low-dimensional locomotion and arousal correlates in visual cortex, which the paper recasts as glimpses of a much larger set Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | the resolution of the additive-versus-multiplicative dispute about cortical variability, by assigning each to a different subspace Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| contradicts | the view that trial-to-trial variability in sensory cortex is primarily unstructured noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | the anatomical fact that primary sensory cortex receives both neuromodulatory state input and higher-order cortical input Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | cortical variability - as random noise, as recapitulation of prior experience, or as encoding of behaviour; three incompatible readings of one measured quantity, named together by the authors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | variability - independent across cells (harmless to coding) versus correlated (harmful or not, depending on its geometry); the distinction that makes the orthogonality result matter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | correlated variability - mimicking stimulus differences, and so corrupting the code, versus lying orthogonal to them, and so carrying something else Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | slow multi-second alternation between two sub-populations versus fast up/down phases modulating all neurons together; the same raster read at two timescales Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | similarity between spontaneous and evoked activity - as evidence of replayed experience versus as a mean-rate artefact; the paper argues the statistic cannot distinguish them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | arousal as three hand-picked variables versus behaviour as a thousand videographic dimensions; the first turns out to be a projection of the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | reliable variance - defined operationally as what survives a split across both cells and time, not as what exceeds a noise threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| control | comparing recordings made in complete darkness against recordings made with a gray screen — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out that the spontaneous population activity is driven by visual input from the gray screen rather than being genuinely spontaneous Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | cross-validated stimulus decoding from the stimulus subspace compared against the spontaneous-only and behaviour-only subspaces — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out that the spontaneous and behavioural dimensions carry the stimulus information, rather than being orthogonal to it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| audit | spontaneous activity —distinct-from→ recapitulation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the similarity 'need not imply recapitulation'; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | spontaneous activity —distinct-from→ recapitulation — 0.75 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| edge | reliable variance —operationalised-as→ Shared Variance Component Analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · stimulus-only subspace —distinct-from→ behavior-only subspace — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither subspace. This clause names both and states their independence, which is the distinctness the edge records. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · stimulus-only subspace —distinct-from→ behavior-only subspace — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | facial motion —causes→ multiplicative gain — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the gain 'could be predicted from' facial motion energy; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | facial motion —causes→ multiplicative gain — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | Shared Variance Components —operationalised-as→ reliable variance — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'the first SVC'; the endpoint is a variant, and operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| weight | Shared Variance Components —operationalised-as→ reliable variance — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| audit | thalamus —part-of→ forebrain — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span lists recorded regions; part-of 'forebrain' is not stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| weight | thalamus —part-of→ forebrain — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the dimensionality figure, which is bounded by the recording and not by the brain: THE ESTIMATED RELIABILITY OF HIGHER SVCs INCREASED WITH THE NUMBER OF NEURONS ANALYZED ... RECORDINGS OF LARGER POPULATIONS WOULD IDENTIFY YET MORE DIMENSIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any statement about up/down dynamics from this dataset: UP/DOWN PHASES COULD NOT EVEN HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN OUR RECORDINGS, WHICH SCANNED THE CORTEX EVERY 400 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the behavioural account of the variance: THE REMAINING DIMENSIONS AND VARIANCE MIGHT IN PART REFLECT MOTOR ACTIVITY NOT VISIBLE ON THE FACE ... OR THEY MIGHT REFLECT INTERNAL COGNITIVE VARIABLES SUCH AS MOTIVATIONAL DRIVES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the scan rate excludes the phenomenon rather than measuring it as absent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - most of the reliable variance is unexplained, with two very different candidates offered and neither tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - more neurons would give more dimensions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the recapitulation literature: OUR RESULTS DO NOT EXCLUDE THAT GENUINE RECAPITULATION COULD OCCUR IN OTHER BEHAVIORAL CIRCUMSTANCES, but EVEN A SINGLE DIMENSION OF COMMON RATE FLUCTUATION IS SUFFICIENT FOR SOME PREVIOUSLY-APPLIED STATISTICAL METHODS TO REPORT it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The dimensionality estimate is bounded by the number of neurons recorded; larger populations would reveal still more dimensions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The imaging frame rate (400 ms per cortical scan) makes fast up/down phases undetectable in this dataset. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The unexplained dimensions of reliable variance are not identified; they may be motor activity invisible on the face or internal cognitive variables. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the recording rate makes the fast up/down phenomenon undetectable in the imaging data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | most of the reliable variance is still unexplained, and the paper offers two quite different candidates without deciding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the dimensionality reported is bounded by the number of neurons recorded, not by the brain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the recapitulation account is not excluded, only shown to be unsupported by the similarity statistic on its own Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Ongoing population activity in mouse visual cortex reliably encoded a latent signal of at least 100 linear dimensions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The single largest dimension of ongoing activity tracks arousal and drives roughly half the neurons up while driving the other half down, so it is not a global rate increase. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | A high-dimensional description of facial movement predicts about twice as much neural variance as the three standard arousal measures (running, pupil diameter and whisking) combined. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The same multidimensional behaviour-related activity structure is not confined to visual cortex but is present in neurons sampled across the forebrain. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The stimulus and behaviour subspaces overlap primarily because both can change the population mean rate; the finer patterns of increase and decrease were essentially orthogonal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Stimulus identity can be decoded accurately from the stimulus-only subspace but not at all from the behaviour-only or spontaneous-only subspaces, which perform no better than random dimensions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Trial-to-trial response variability decomposes into multiplicative gain modulation inside the stimulus subspace plus additive ongoing activity in dimensions orthogonal to it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Thalamic neurons are the most strongly behaviour-modulated population recorded, with 35.7% of their total variance predictable from facial video. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | 97% of the variance in the first shared component was reliable, leaving 3% for independent noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | reliable spontaneous variance decayed across dimensions as a power law of exponent 1.14, steeper than for stimulus responses but still high-dimensional Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the three explicit arousal variables together explained about half the variance of the first neural principal component Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | about 57% of neurons correlated positively with the first PC and the rest negatively, so two sub-populations alternate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | multidimensional facial behaviour predicted roughly twice the variance the three arousal variables did Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | prediction kept improving up to at least 16 behavioural dimensions, suggesting visual cortex encodes at least that many motor dimensions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | those dimensions captured 21% of total population variance against 11% for the three-variable model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | adding running, pupil and whisking to the video improved prediction by less than 1%, even though running is not visible in the face video Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | every recorded brain area contained neurons across the whole activity continuum, so the structure is distributed rather than localised Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | thalamic neurons were the best predicted by behaviour, at 35.7% of total variance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | behavioural prediction was best at zero lag and decayed over seconds, full width at half maximum 2.5 s Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | stimulus and behaviour subspaces overlapped in essentially one dimension, which is the population mean rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | a classifier decoded stimuli at 10% error from the stimulus subspace and at chance from the behaviour or spontaneous subspaces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | the behaviour subspace was active before the stimulus and continued unchanged through it, while the stimulus subspace was silent then active Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | a purely multiplicative trial-varying gain accounted for 89% of the variance in the stimulus subspace Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | that gain was predictable from facial motion at r = 0.61 cross-validated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | adding an additive term to the multiplicative model did not significantly improve it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | stimulus and behaviour representations were mixed in the same neurons rather than carried by separate populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | recordings in darkness and with a gray screen did not differ Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | position on the sorted activity continuum bore little relation to position in the tissue Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| quantity | 11,262 ± 2,282 — mean and s.d. of the number of excitatory neurons simultaneously imaged, over nine sessions in six mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 97% — fraction of the variance along the first shared variance component that was reliable rather than independent noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 1.14 — exponent of the power law by which reliable spontaneous variance decays across dimensions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 21%± 1% SE — share of total population variance captured by the 16 predictive facial-behaviour dimensions (31% of the reliable variance) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 10.1 ± 4.0 % — cross-validated error rate for decoding which of 32 natural images was shown, from the stimulus subspace Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 89% ± 0.1% SE — variance in the stimulus subspace explained by a purely multiplicative trial-gain model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | r = 0.61 ± 0.02 SE — cross-validated correlation between the per-trial multiplicative gain and its prediction from facial motion energy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | less than 1% — extra explained variance gained by adding running, pupil and whisking to the facial video predictors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 11,262 ± 2,282 neurons — excitatory neurons imaged per session, over nine sessions in six mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 97% — reliable variance fraction of the first shared variance component Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | exponent 1.14 — power law decay of reliable spontaneous variance across dimensions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 16 dimensions — behavioural dimensions at which neural prediction saturated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 21% ± 1% SE against 11% ± 1% SE — total variance explained by videographic behaviour versus the three arousal variables Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 35.7% — thalamic variance predicted from behaviour, the highest of any region Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 2.5±0.4 s — full width at half maximum of the behavioural prediction across time lags Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 10.1 ± 4.0 % — stimulus decoding error from the stimulus subspace, against 53% and 57% from the others Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | 89% ± 0.1% SE — variance in the stimulus subspace captured by a multiplicative gain model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | r = 0.61 ± 0.02 SE — cross-validated prediction of the trial gain from facial motion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| quantity | 2,296, 2,668 and 1,462 units — units held stable for about an hour in the three electrophysiology mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[18] |
| quantity | 57% ± 6.7% SE — share of neurons positively correlated with the first principal component Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[19] |
| variable | visual stimulation (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | dimensions of the video signal (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | population activity (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | running speed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | facial motion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | reliable variance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | time lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | multiplicative gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | pupil area (covariate) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | whisking (covariate) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| definition | Shared Variance Component Analysis (SVCA) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | Shared Variance Components (SVCs) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | motion energy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | Shared Variance Component Analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | up and down phases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | facial motion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| key-terms | spontaneous activity, ongoing activity, cortical variability, random noise, recapitulation, Shared Variance Component Analysis, reliable variance, Shared Variance Components, arousal, facial motion, reduced rank regression, stimulus-only subspace, behavior-only subspace, multiplicative gain, up and down phases, power law, principal component, Neuropixels, visual cortex, thalamus, forebrain, locomotion, pupil diameter, whisking, orientation tuning, two-photon, GCaMP6s, motion energy |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test p | as written: two-sided Wilcoxon sign-rank test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Wilcoxon rank-sum test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| correlation r | as written: Spearman’s rank correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| correlation | as written: Pearson correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| principal component analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| regression N | as written: reduced rank regression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| cross-validation | as written: cross-validated error rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| linear classification | as written: linear classifier Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard deviation s.d. | as written: mean ± s.d. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| Shared Variance Component Analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| reduced rank regression | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| power law | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| two-sided Wilcoxon sign-rank test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| Wilcoxon rank-sum test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| cross-validated | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| method | two-photon calcium imaging of over 10,000 neurons with simultaneous facial videography, cross-validated by a purpose-built shared-variance method, and replicated with eight simultaneous Neuropixels probes — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: calcium-imaging Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | spontaneous cortical activity and trial-to-trial variability of sensory responses — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: spontaneous cortical population activity and trial-to-trial response variability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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