phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | somatostatin interneuron connectivity in developing neocortex— “Here, we report that somatostatin interneurons in infragranular layers receive dense but transient innervation from thalamocortical afferents during the first postnatal week.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “These results suggest that infragranular somatostatin interneurons exhibit a transient early synaptic connectivity that is essential for the establishment of thalamic feed-forward inhibition mediated by parvalbumin interneurons.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To test whether the changes in the anatomical pattern of connectivity revealed by the rabies tracing corresponds to functional connectivity of SST interneurons, we used channelrhodopsin (ChR2) to selectively activate TC axons in acute slices from SST CRE ;RCE EGFP mice.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “By late prenatal period, the earliest generated cohorts of interneurons are already positioned within the infragranular layers and have begun to establish their afferent and efferent connectivity ( Miyoshi et al., 2007 ). However, whether they immediately integrate into their adult circuits or transiently form connectivity that aids in the… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Taken together, our observations provide anatomical evidence that the disynaptic feedback circuit motif among deep layer SST interneurons and local PNs is formed gradually during early postnatal ages. Surprisingly at early postnatal ages, SST interneurons act as an intermediate relay for TC afferent outputs to PV interneurons and PNs, prior… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Further, upon disruption of the early (but not late) somatostatin interneuron network, the synaptic maturation of thalamocortical inputs onto parvalbumin interneurons is arrested. These results suggest that infragranular somatostatin interneurons exhibit a transient early synaptic connectivity that is essential for the establishment of… | |
| transfer | from hippocampal development: the hub-cell idea - a precocious early population that scaffolds an immature network - imported and then found not to fit— “Consistent with this idea, the hippocampal network contains long range projecting SST cells that are present by P5 and particularly effective in supporting immature network synchronization ( Bonifazi et al., 2009 ; Picardo et al., 2011 ). These ‘hub’ SST interneurons in the hippocampus precociously exhibit mature structural and functional… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from virology: monosynaptic rabies tracing with pseudotyped glycoprotein-deleted virus, used to read first-order inputs at two ages— “Because after P10 rabies glycoprotein levels from the Rosa-locus are insufficient to mediate synaptic transfer, we modified our approach to examine later developmental time points. Post-P10, the conditional Rosa-TVA reporter line ( Seidler et al., 2008 ) was used to target RV-mCh infection into SST interneurons, complemented with a… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from auditory cortex development: the reported opposite developmental trajectories of somatostatin and parvalbumin thalamic drive— “Previous work by Sanes and colleagues has shown that LTS-SST interneurons in the L4 of gerbil auditory cortex display a developmental decrease in thalamic evoked synaptic potentials, in contrast to the developmental increase in thalamic synaptic potentials evoked in FS-PV interneurons ( Takesian et al., 2013 ). Here, our monosynaptic rabies… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from psychiatric genetics: the interpretation - that parvalbumin defects implicated in disease may originate in an earlier somatostatin dependency— “Given that developmental insults to interneurons (PV interneurons in particular) are implicated as the underlying etiology of psychiatric disease ( Karayannis et al., 2014 ; Marin, 2012 ; Owen et al., 2013 ), our results likely have particular importance. Specifically, they reveal the unanticipated development cooperation between SST and PV… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | Infragranular somatostatin interneurons serve as a transient intermediate relay carrying thalamic activity to parvalbumin interneurons and pyramidal cells before those cells are directly innervated by the thalamus— “Here, we provide evidence that SST interneurons within the infragranular layers act as a transient intermediate relay between the thalamus and PV interneurons and PNs and contribute to the assembly of infragranular cortical networks.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Spontaneous GABA released from somatostatin interneurons tonically activates parvalbumin interneurons, which drives the development of their thalamocortical synapses— “spontaneous GABA released from SST interneurons may tonically activate PV interneurons to promote their TC synapse development” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Somatostatin interneurons hold thalamocortical afferents as a postsynaptic placeholder, supplying trophic support that later allows those afferents to target parvalbumin interneurons— “Alternatively, SST interneurons may act as a postsynaptic placeholder for the TC afferents during first postnatal week, providing trophic support for the TC synaptic targeting of PV interneurons.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | SST interneurons act as an intermediate relay for TC afferent outputs to PV interneurons and PNs, prior to when TC afferents target these latter populations— “Taken together, our observations provide anatomical evidence that the disynaptic feedback circuit motif among deep layer SST interneurons and local PNs is formed gradually during early postnatal ages. Surprisingly at early postnatal ages, SST interneurons act as an intermediate relay for TC afferent outputs to PV interneurons and PNs, prior… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the loss of thalamic drive is only partly explained by a smaller unitary current, and the rest by a fall in the number of thalamic terminals counted as Vglut2 puncta— “The reduction of unitary EPSC amplitudes on SST interneurons in adolescent as compared to immature mice can only partially account for the decrease in thalamic inputs during development. Hence, we used immunohistochemical methods to label the synaptic contacts between thalamic afferents and SST interneurons to quantify synapse numbers (… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | spontaneous vesicular GABA diffusion, and not evoked synaptic transmission, is what parvalbumin interneurons need from them— “Finally, we tested whether disrupting outputs of SST interneurons during first postnatal week leads to defects in TC inputs onto PV interneurons, comparable to those seen in SST ablation and Satb1 loss of function experiments. Genetic manipulations of SST interneurons’ synaptic outputs were achieved by using conditional expression of tetanus… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | or alternatively the somatostatin interneurons act as a postsynaptic placeholder holding thalamic fibers until parvalbumin synapses can be established— “Alternatively, SST interneurons may act as a postsynaptic placeholder for the TC afferents during first postnatal week, providing trophic support for the TC synaptic targeting of PV interneurons. Curiously, we observed that TC-EPSCs evoked in immature PV cells as compared to SST interneurons ( Figure S5C, E ) were smaller and had a longer… | mechanisms[6] |
| extends | Takesian et al., 2013 (Sanes and colleagues), on developmentally decreasing thalamic input to LTS-SST interneurons in layer 4 of gerbil auditory cortex— “Here, our monosynaptic rabies tracing ( Figure 1 ), as well as physiological and anatomical examination of synapses ( Figure 3 , 4 ) in L5/6 of mouse S1BC are consistent with this and indicate that the strength of the thalamic input onto SST interneurons diminishes by the beginning of the second postnatal week.” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Close et al., 2012, the Satb1 conditional-knockout model in which cortical SST interneurons fail to mature— “To independently test the requirement of SST interneurons during development, we took advantage of a previously characterized mouse model in which cortical SST interneurons fail to mature properly during development upon the removal of Satb1 (special AT-rich binding protein) specifically from SST interneurons ( Close et al., 2012 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Cossart, 2014; Kanold and Luhmann, 2010; Molnar and Clowry, 2012, on global organizers of excitatory circuit assembly— “In sum, our results complement previous work examining global organizers that orchestrate the assembly of excitatory circuits ( Cossart, 2014 ; Kanold and Luhmann, 2010 ; Molnar and Clowry, 2012 ) by providing new insight into mechanisms by which inhibition is established in the cortex.” | claim_relations[2] |
| confirms | the reported developmental decrease of thalamic drive onto somatostatin cells in gerbil auditory cortex, in a different species, area and layer— “Previous work by Sanes and colleagues has shown that LTS-SST interneurons in the L4 of gerbil auditory cortex display a developmental decrease in thalamic evoked synaptic potentials, in contrast to the developmental increase in thalamic synaptic potentials evoked in FS-PV interneurons ( Takesian… | claim_relations[3] |
| distinguishes-from | hippocampal hub cells and cortical subplate neurons, the previously identified pioneer populations | claim_relations[4] |
| explains-away | the possibility that the developmental shift reflects a different starter population being sampled at the two ages Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| qualifies | the assumption that somatostatin interneurons form a single equivalent class across layers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| extends | the account of thalamocortical feed-forward inhibition, by making its assembly depend on a second interneuron class Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| builds-on | the observation that GABAergic synapses exist in neocortex before parvalbumin synapses are functional, so another source of GABA must be present Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | THE REQUIREMENT EXISTS ONLY INSIDE A WINDOW: disruption of the EARLY, but not the late, somatostatin network arrests the synaptic maturation of thalamic input onto parvalbumin interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and the late experiment is the same ablation done seven days later, with responses similar to controls at p>0.2 - so the effect is indexed to WHEN the manipulation happened, not to what it removed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | THE TOOL HAD TO BE CHANGED BETWEEN THE TWO AGES BEING COMPARED: rabies glycoprotein from the Rosa locus stops supporting synaptic transfer after P10, so the older animals were traced with a different reporter and a helper virus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | which is why the anatomical result is then validated by a second, independent method - and both agree that the input is transient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | THE GENETIC LABEL IS NOT PURE AND THE PAPER SAYS SO: the driver was not completely restricted to somatostatin interneurons, at about 86% in L5 and 83% in L6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | AND THE MARKER-NAMED CLASS IS NOT ONE THING: the possibility that all somatostatin interneurons are equivalent should be considered with caution, since the L4 X94 cells differ in function, morphology and connectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | SHARED ORIGIN AND SHARED MARKERS DO NOT MAKE A SHARED FUNCTION: despite common embryonic origin and immunohistochemical properties, these cells are quite distinct from subplate and hippocampal hub pioneers, and form no long-range projections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | THE RIVAL EXPLANATION IS NAMED BEFORE IT IS TESTED: the shift could be that the starter populations at the two ages were not identical - through cell death, or through later-born cells diluting the early ones out Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | and it is ruled out by birthdating, which finds comparable numbers at both ages Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | TWO CANDIDATE MECHANISMS ARE NAMED AND THEN SEPARATED: a smaller unitary current, a lower connection probability, or both - and the unitary change turns out to account for only part of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| sense | A DISSOCIATION BUILT FROM TWO MANIPULATIONS OF ONE PATHWAY: blocking evoked vesicular release changes nothing, while reducing presynaptic GABA reproduces the phenotype, so the spontaneous release and not the evoked transmission is what is required Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[10] |
| sense | AND THE DIRECT INPUT IS INTACT WHILE THE INHIBITION IT DRIVES IS NOT: thalamic input to pyramidal cells was unaffected, and the inhibition those same cells receive was significantly reduced Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[11] |
| sense | the same developmental decrease was reported in a different species, area and layer - somatostatin cells of gerbil auditory L4 - against a matching increase in parvalbumin cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[12] |
| sense | THE STRENGTH CHANGES AND THE TARGETS DO NOT: the efferents dramatically alter their relative strength while maintaining their target specificity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[13] |
| control | cre-negative animals put through the same AAV-hGFP-RG then RV-mCh injection protocol - the paper reports the result and marks the data itself '(data not shown)' — held — rules out rabies infection that does not depend on cre-mediated complementation - without it, labelled cells could be direct RV-mCh infection rather than monosynaptic transfer from a starter cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | hippocampal hub cells and cortical subplate neurons, the previously identified pioneer populations — THE AXIS IS WHAT IS SHARED AGAINST WHAT IS NOT. 'To our surprise, despite their common embryonic origin and immunohistochemical properties, the earliest born SST interneur[ONS] [differ].' Origin and markers are granted as shared and the functional comparison fails anyway - so the properties usually used to assign a cell to a pioneer class are exactly the ones that do not predict the behaviour. Belongs with the cell-type label-error material. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| note | SST —contrasted-with→ PV — SHARED EMBRYONIC ORIGIN AND OVERLAPPING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND DISTINCT SYNAPTIC SPECIFICITY: dendrite-targeting feedback against perisomatic feed-forward Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | SST —causes→ maturation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says SST cells support immature networks; causes 'maturation' is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | SST —contrasted-with→ PN — THE SIGN REVERSES WITH AGE: larger currents in the interneurons in week one, substantially weaker by week three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[26] |
| note | PV —contrasted-with→ PN — THE OUTPUT REVERSES TOO: equal in week one, strongly biased to the pyramidal cells by week three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[39] |
| note | SST —is-a→ relay — THE CENTRAL CLAIM: an intermediate relay for thalamic output, prior to when those afferents target the later populations directly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[40] |
| note | DTA —causes→ SST — about half the cells removed from L5/6, and not reduced further later Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[41] |
| note | Satb1 —causes→ SST — re-read worst chars/edge queue): VAGUE-ENDPOINTS - real: removal of Satb1 makes SST interneurons fail to mature, and the passage quantifies it (40% reduction at P10, 60% by P21). Endpoints should be 'Satb1' and 'SST interneuron maturation', and the edge should carry the effect direction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[45] |
| audit | spontaneous —contrasted-with→ evoked — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but spontaneous and evoked measures are compared; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[50] |
| differs in | spontaneous —contrasted-with→ evoked — THE AXIS IS SPONTANEOUS RELEASE AGAINST EVOKED TRANSMISSION. 'the spontaneous vesicular GABA diffusion into the extracellular space, but not evoked synaptic transmission from SST interneurons is required for the synaptic development of PV interneurons.' The developmental signal is carried by the mode of release nobody manipulates deliberately - so an experiment that blocks evoked transmission leaves the effective signal intact and concludes the cells are not involved. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[50] |
| note | spontaneous —contrasted-with→ evoked — A DISSOCIATION BUILT FROM TWO MANIPULATIONS OF ONE PATHWAY: blocking evoked vesicular release changes nothing, reducing presynaptic GABA reproduces the phenotype 2026-08-20 the project re-read worst chars/edge queue): VAGUE-ENDPOINTS - the contrast IS the passage's conclusion - 'spontaneous vesicular…' - but the endpoints are two bare adjectives. Re-ground on the full phrases and this becomes a good edge. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[50] |
| audit | hub —distinct-from→ pioneer — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span asks whether hub cells share properties with pioneer populations; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[54] |
| note | hub —distinct-from→ pioneer — SHARED ORIGIN AND SHARED MARKERS DO NOT MAKE A SHARED FUNCTION: quite distinct from the other pioneers despite common embryonic origin and immunohistochemistry, and no long-range projections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[54] |
| audit | X94 —part-of→ L4 — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but most L4 SST interneurons 'belong to the so called X94 class'; part-of L4 is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[64] |
| audit | barrel —same-as→ S1BC — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but barrel cortex and S1BC; same-as is implied, not stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[66] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the mechanism, not the requirement: the need for SST cells is demonstrated, but UNDERSTANDING THE PRECISE ROLE OF THEIR SYNAPTIC OUTPUTS IN THIS PROCESS WILL REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any generalisation from these cells to somatostatin interneurons as a class: THE POSSIBILITY THAT ALL SST INTERNEURONS ARE ALL EQUIVALENT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WITH CAUTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the pruning result: it is observed, but THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR SIGNALS THAT REGULATE PRUNING REMAIN TO BE DETERMINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — what the label means throughout: recombination WAS NOT COMPLETELY RESTRICTED TO SST INTERNEURONS - THE FIDELITY WAS QUITE HIGH: ~86% IN L5 AND 83% L6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — every early-versus-late comparison: AFTER P10 RABIES GLYCOPROTEIN LEVELS FROM THE ROSA-LOCUS ARE INSUFFICIENT ... WE MODIFIED OUR APPROACH, so the two ages were traced with different reagents Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the cause of the pruning: release probability and receptor composition are excluded, but THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR SIGNALS ... REMAIN TO BE DETERMINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — any functional reading of the GABA these cells release: WE DO NOT HAVE A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT ... and THE PRECISE SOURCE OF GABA ... REMAINS UNKNOWN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1], with the divergent population named: L4 SST cells of the X94 CLASS POSSESS FUNCTIONAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY PROFILES DISTINCT from the cells studied here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The specific role played by somatostatin interneuron synaptic output in driving parvalbumin interneuron maturation is not resolved by the experiments reported. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The findings come from layer 5/6 somatostatin interneurons and may not generalise across the heterogeneous somatostatin population in other layers. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The molecular mechanism that prunes the transient thalamocortical input onto somatostatin interneurons is unknown. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the genetic driver is not restricted to somatostatin interneurons, with a fidelity of about 86% in L5 and 83% in L6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the two ages could not be traced with the same reagent, because rabies glycoprotein from the Rosa locus stops supporting transfer after P10 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the signals that drive the pruning are unknown, and neither release probability nor receptor composition accounts for the change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the impact of GABA released from these cells in the immature brain is not understood, and the source of GABA in the developing cortex is still unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | and somatostatin interneurons are not one class - L4 cells of the X94 type differ in function, morphology and connectivity from those in L2/3 and L5/6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | During the first postnatal week, thalamocortical excitatory input to infragranular somatostatin interneurons is about three times larger than the input to neighbouring pyramidal neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Thalamic input to somatostatin interneurons is transient: the number of thalamic neurons projecting to them falls roughly fourfold between the first postnatal week and maturity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Unitary thalamic EPSCs onto somatostatin interneurons are larger in immature (P3-P6) than in adolescent (P18-P25) mice. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | In older animals, somatostatin interneuron output falls preferentially on pyramidal neurons (about 224 pA) rather than nearby parvalbumin interneurons (about 56 pA). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Removing somatostatin interneurons or their excitatory input early in development, but not after the first postnatal week, leaves parvalbumin interneurons with smaller-amplitude, longer-latency, slower-rising thalamocortical EPSCs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Spontaneous vesicular GABA release, but not evoked synaptic transmission, from somatostatin interneurons appears to be required for parvalbumin synaptic development. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Early-born layer 5/6 somatostatin interneurons differ from hippocampal hub neurons in that they lack dense long-range projections. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | somatostatin interneurons in deep layers receive dense but transient thalamocortical innervation during the first postnatal week Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | THE REQUIREMENT EXISTS ONLY INSIDE A WINDOW: disruption of the early, but not the late, network arrests the synaptic maturation of thalamic input onto parvalbumin interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | and the question was posed as an alternative in advance - immediate integration into adult circuits, or a transient connectivity that aids mature wiring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the two classes share an embryonic origin and overlapping transcription factors, and have distinct synaptic specificity in mature circuits Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | THE GAP THAT MOTIVATED THE STUDY: GABAergic synapses exist in neocortex before parvalbumin synapses are functional, so another source of GABA must be present Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the hippocampal hub cells provided the precedent - long-range cells present by P5 sharing a common embryonic origin with these Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | THE TOOL HAD TO BE CHANGED BETWEEN THE TWO AGES BEING COMPARED: rabies glycoprotein from the Rosa locus stops supporting synaptic transfer after P10 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | starter cells sat in L5 and L6 at both ages, with no dependence of their laminar distribution on developmental stage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | immature cells received afferents mostly from the ventrobasal and posterior medial thalamic nuclei Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | and an approximately fourfold reduction in thalamic input by adulthood, normalized to starter number, with no other source changing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the local increase in upper-layer inputs fits the inside-out model, and the large transient thalamic input to deep layers was UNANTICIPATED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | THE RIVAL EXPLANATION IS NAMED BEFORE IT IS TESTED: the starter populations at the two ages might not have been identical, through cell death or dilution by later-born cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | and birthdating argues against selective loss or dilution, with comparable numbers at both ages Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | THE GENETIC LABEL IS NOT PURE AND THE PAPER SAYS SO: fidelity of about 86% in L5 and 83% in L6, unchanged across development Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | with the anatomical conclusion then taken to a second, independent method rather than left standing alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | THE SIGN REVERSES WITH AGE: larger currents in the interneurons than in pyramidal cells in week one, substantially weaker by week three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | 155 pA against 51 pA in the first postnatal week, and 57 pA against 227 pA in the third Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | AND THE QUANTITY IS A RATIO BETWEEN TWO CELL TYPES: the ratio of excitatory charge was on average ~7 fold greater in SST interneurons compared to PNs during the initial stages of cortical development Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | with the voltage-clamp and membrane-property explanation argued against, since the changes appear concurrently in both cell types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | TWO CANDIDATE MECHANISMS ARE NAMED BEFORE EITHER IS TESTED: unitary conductance, connection probability, or a combination of both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | unitary thalamic currents were larger in immature cells, 54.89 pA against 39.15 pA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | AND THE FIRST MECHANISM ONLY PARTLY ACCOUNTS FOR IT, which is why synapse number was then counted directly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | TWO INDEPENDENT METHODS AGREE: the terminal counts independently validate the rabies tracing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | the two interneuron classes were compared directly in the same slices, and intrinsic membrane properties do not account for the difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | THE OUTPUT REVERSES TOO: equal onto both targets in week one, strongly biased to pyramidal cells by week three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | THE CENTRAL CLAIM: these cells act as an intermediate relay for thalamic output, before those afferents reach the later populations directly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | the early ablation removed about half the cells from deep layers, and did not reduce them further later Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | and the surviving parvalbumin cells showed three signs of arrest at once - smaller amplitude, longer latency, slower rise - with a prolonged integration window in pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | TWO INDEPENDENT GENETIC ROUTES TO THE SAME PHENOTYPE, the second acting on synapse number rather than cell number Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | THE SAME ABLATION, SEVEN DAYS LATER, DOES NOTHING: responses similar to control hemispheres at p>0.2 and an unchanged integration window at p=0.22 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | A DISSOCIATION BUILT FROM TWO MANIPULATIONS OF ONE PATHWAY: blocking evoked vesicular release changes nothing, while reducing presynaptic GABA reproduces the phenotype Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | SHARED ORIGIN AND SHARED MARKERS DO NOT MAKE A SHARED FUNCTION: these cells are quite distinct from subplate and hippocampal hub pioneers and form no long-range projections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | LTS-SST interneurons in the L4 of gerbil auditory cortex display a developmental decrease in thalamic evoked synaptic potentials, in contrast to the developmental increase evoked in FS-PV interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | neither presynaptic release probability nor postsynaptic receptor composition accounts for the change, and the pruning signal is left unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | THE STRENGTH CHANGES AND THE TARGETS DO NOT: the efferents alter their relative strength while maintaining their target specificity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| finding | and the physiological impact of the GABA released in the immature brain, and even its source, remain unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[42] |
| finding | THE DIRECT INPUT IS INTACT WHILE THE INHIBITION IT DRIVES IS NOT, so the deficit is in the circuit rather than in the cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[43] |
| finding | with a rival account left open - a postsynaptic placeholder holding thalamic fibers until the later synapses can be established Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[44] |
| finding | THE MARKER-NAMED CLASS IS NOT ONE THING: the L4 X94 cells differ in function, morphology and connectivity from those in L2/3 and L5/6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[45] |
| finding | and in L4 the equivalent recruitment is regulated by whisker experience through a presynaptic increase in release probability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[46] |
| finding | with the interpretation that parvalbumin defects implicated in psychiatric disease may originate in this earlier dependency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[47] |
| finding | all statistical comparisons are non-parametric and two-sided, with significance set at 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[48] |
| quantity | χ 2 ( df = 3, N = 720) = 6.507, p = 0.0894 — Laminar distribution of rabies starter cells did not differ between the immature and mature developmental stages Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | ~4-fold — Reduction, normalized to starter cell number, in thalamic neurons providing input to somatostatin interneurons from young to older mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 155.1 ± 31.3 pA vs 51.22 ± 25 pA, p<0.05 — Thalamocortical EPSC amplitude in somatostatin interneurons versus pyramidal neurons during the first postnatal week Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | ~7 fold — Ratio of optogenetically evoked excitatory charge in somatostatin interneurons relative to pyramidal neurons in early cortical development Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | ~50% — Proportion of control somatostatin cell numbers remaining in layers 5/6 of diphtheria-toxin-A ablated mice at P6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 54.89 ± 2.12 pA vs 39.15 ± 2.4 pA, p <0.0001 — Unitary thalamic EPSC amplitude in immature versus older somatostatin interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 86% — how often the genetic driver actually labels the intended cell type in L5, against 83% in L6 - the accuracy every cell-type claim here rests on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 155.1 ± 31.3 pA — thalamic input to the interneurons in week one against 51 pA to pyramidal cells, a ranking that inverts by week three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 54.89 ± 2.12 pA — the unitary current in immature cells against 39.15 pA in older ones - a real but partial account of the change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | p>0.2 — the late ablation result, and the number that turns a requirement into a windowed requirement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | ~50% — the number of SST expressing cells in the ablated animals, decreased to ~50% of controls within L5/6, and not reduced further at P11 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| variable | temporal integration window (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | amplitude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | rise time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | integration window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | puncta Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | fidelity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| definition | temporal integration window (IW) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | Rosa-HTB Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | integration window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | fidelity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | hub Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | X94 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | Vglut2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | unitary Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| key-terms | SST, PV, PN, interneuron, hub, subplate, pioneer, relay, placeholder, thalamic, afferent, efferent, innervation, transient, development, postnatal, immature, maturation, infragranular, L5, L6, L4, cortex, neocortex, barrel, S1BC, rabies, monosynaptic, starter, fidelity, optogenetic, EPSC, amplitude, latency, rise time, unitary, connection probability, charge, synapse, Vglut2, puncta, release probability, specificity, DTA, DTR, Satb1, Vgat, GABA, spontaneous, evoked, feed-forward, inhibition, integration window, heterogeneity, X94 |
| concept | SST — not defined in this paper's own words; somatostatin interneurons, the transient relay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | PV — not defined in this paper's own words; parvalbumin interneurons, whose maturation depends on them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | hub — not defined in this paper's own words; the hippocampal precedent these cells turn out not to match Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | subplate — not defined in this paper's own words; the other named pioneer population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | infragranular — not defined in this paper's own words; the deep layers where all of this happens Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| concept | X94 — not defined in this paper's own words; the L4 somatostatin type that is not the one studied here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[54] |
| chi-squared χ2 | as written: Pearson’s chi-square test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Mann-Whitney U test p | as written: Mann-Whitney test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Kolmogorov-Smirnov test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| t-test | as written: two-sample t-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| significance level / non-parametric testing p | as written: Significance level was selected as 0.05. All statistical comparisons are non-parametric (two-sided). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| chi-square test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| Mann-Whitney test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| Kolmogorov-Smirnov test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| standard error of the mean | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| non-parametric | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | monosynaptic rabies tracing at two ages, optogenetic and minimal-stimulation recording of unitary thalamic currents, synaptic puncta counts, and four genetic disruptions timed early or late — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | a transient early connectivity - dense thalamic input onto somatostatin interneurons that is pruned away by the second postnatal week — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: somatostatin interneuron connectivity in developing neocortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
· back to index
· concepts · authors
· עברית
© 2026 Shir Sivroni · ORCID 0009-0000-2597-2824