phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | personal relevance in human medial temporal lobe single-neuron responses— “Here, we address the question of whether individual neurons in the MTL show a preference for personally relevant pictures.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Our findings indicate that personally relevant photographs are indeed more likely to elicit selective responses in MTL neurons than photographs of individuals with whom the patients have had no personal contact.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To address this issue, we recorded the activity of 2,330 neurons in the human MTL while patients viewed photographs of varying personal relevance: previously unknown faces and landscapes, familiar but not necessarily personally relevant faces and landscapes, and finally, photographs of the patients themselves, their families, and the… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here, we address the question of whether individual neurons in the MTL show a preference for personally relevant pictures.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “does a feature such as personal relevance, which may be related to the incidental recollection of autobiographically significant information ( 3 ), make a stimulus more likely to elicit a selective excitatory response from a cell?” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Our findings indicate that personally relevant photographs are indeed more likely to elicit selective responses in MTL neurons than photographs of individuals with whom the patients have had no personal contact.” | |
| transfer | from cognitive psychology of memory: the self-reference effect, imported as the motivating prediction that personally relevant stimuli should recruit more neurons— “One virtually infallible method of enhancing memory is simply to relate the to-be-remembered information to one's self.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from rodent hippocampal electrophysiology: the sparse-coding expectation, carried across from animal MTL recordings and used to frame what a human selective response means— “In animals, selective sparse coding has also been observed in recordings from the MTL ( 15 , 16 ).” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from clinical neuropsychology of temporal lobe epilepsy: famous faces and names as a probe of semantic memory integrity, reused here as a graded familiarity stimulus set— “Furthermore, famous faces and names have long been used to query the integrity of recent and remote semantic memory in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) ( 3 , 6 – 11 ).” | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Personally relevant images are linked to more, and more varied, past experiences, so a larger number of MTL neurons are recruited to encode them— “Taken together, these findings suggest that personally relevant photographs are encoded by a larger number of neurons than photographs of unfamiliar people, because these photographs are associated with a larger number and perhaps wider variety of experiences.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Viewing a familiar face activates a richer network of associations than an unfamiliar one, and that richer network is what drives extra MTL cells into responding— “The images of experimenters and family members and, to a lesser degree, famous people, are all likely to elicit a richer network of associations than unknown faces, and thus recruit more MTL neurons.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Incidental (unintentional) recollection of the autobiographical network attached to an item is the route by which personal relevance enhances encoding— “One mechanism by which the self-referent effect might operate is via the incidental recollection of a rich network of information related to past experiences with that particular item.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | In the amygdala the driver is not personal relevance but a combination of novelty and emotional significance, which is why recently met experimenters outrank long-known family members there— “Notably, in the amygdala, photographs of the experimenters generated the largest proportion of responses, suggesting that these cells may represent other related variables, such as a combination of novelty and emotional significance.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the experimenters themselves are used as a stimulus category, which manufactures personal relevance the authors control rather than having to find it— “pictures of the researchers performing the experiments at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), who had daily contact with the patients” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | relevance is turned into an ordered scale — unknown, famous, family, experimenter — so the prediction is a gradient rather than a single contrast— “Overall, we found that the different categories of faces (unknown, famous, family, and experimenters) generated different proportions of responses across the MTL [χ 2 (3) = 28.2, P < 0.001].” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | selectivity is defined by an exclusion rule rather than by a positive criterion: cells responding to more than five image sets are dropped so that promiscuous units cannot dominate the counts | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | responsiveness requires three conditions together — a five-SD threshold, a minimum absolute spike count, and a significance test — so no single loose criterion carries a unit through | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the recency contrast is built into the stimulus set: experimenters are recent acquaintances and family remote ones, which turns the design into a test bearing on consolidation theory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the counterargument to their own consolidation inference is written out by the authors rather than left to a critic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | duplicate views of the same person or landmark are dropped so that no category can win by being represented more often Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | because image counts differ by patient and category, the metric is the proportion of images that elicited a response rather than the count Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | a trivial face/non-face judgment is imposed purely to guarantee attention, not to measure anything Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | the amygdala result is read against the grain of the paper's own thesis, as novelty and emotional salience rather than relevance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[13] |
| mechanism | single units are separated from multiunits by four spike-train criteria including an explicit refractory-period check Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[14] |
| builds-on | Quian Quiroga, Reddy, Kreiman, Koch and Fried (2005), Nature 435(7045):1102-1107, on selective invariant MTL responses to famous people Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | multiple trace theory (MTT) of medial temporal lobe memory function Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | Quian Quiroga et al. 2005, that individual MTL neurons respond selectively and invariantly to famous people Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| builds-on | the self-reference effect literature on encoding enhancement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | multiple trace theory over the standard consolidation model, on the reading that recent and remote acquaintances alike drive hippocampal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | models in which MTL cortex supports familiarity while the hippocampus supports recollection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| builds-on | evidence that hippocampal cells code relative familiarity after a single presentation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| critiques | the state of the MTL regional division of labour, as unresolved despite extensive study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | personal relevance — as connection to the self versus as accumulated shared experience; the paper opens on the first and its result rests on the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | familiarity — as long-standing acquaintance (family) versus as recent daily contact (experimenters); the design treats both as personal relevance and finds them equal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | familiarity versus recollection — in the models discussed, MTL cortex can support the first alone while the hippocampus is required for the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | selective — as the cell's own tuning versus as an analysis threshold; here it is the latter, five image sets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | MTL selectivity — as coding a person versus as coding the associations that person carries; the paper argues for the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | amygdala responsiveness — as personal relevance versus as novelty and emotional salience, which order the same stimuli differently Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | anatomical electrode locations verified by post-placement MRI and by fusing implantation CT with high-resolution imaging — held — rules out attributing a response to the wrong medial temporal structure - the verification is imaging taken after the electrodes are in, not the plan they were placed from Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | the order of the pictures and their repetition randomised — held — rules out order and repetition effects - a fixed sequence would confound picture identity with when it appeared and how often Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| weight | personal relevance —causes→ selective responsiveness — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | familiarity —distinct-from→ recollection — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'Several current theoretical models suggest' the split; attributed. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| differs in | familiarity —distinct-from→ recollection — THE AXIS IS WHICH STRUCTURE IS NECESSARY FOR WHICH KIND OF RETRIEVAL. 'Several current theoretical models suggest that MTL CORTEX ALONE CAN SUPPORT FAMILIARITY-BASED MEMORY, WHEREAS THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS NECESSARY FOR THE RETRIEVAL OF EPISODIC INFORMATION, OR RECOLLECTION.' The two processes are not distinguished behaviourally here but by a NECESSITY claim about different tissue - so a lesion that spares MTL cortex is the test, and a task that does not separate the two processes cannot run it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | familiarity —distinct-from→ recollection — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| differs in | multiple trace theory —contrasted-with→ standard model of consolidation — THE AXIS IS WHETHER HIPPOCAMPAL INVOLVEMENT DEPENDS ON THE AGE OF THE MEMORY. 'Whereas the standard model of consolidation (MCT) PREDICTS that over long periods of time, memories eventually become independent of the hippocampus, the idea that this structure is involved in episodic memory retrieval without regard to the age of the memory [is the alternative].' Both models agree the hippocampus retrieves episodic memories; they differ on whether that stops. A bare 'contrasted-with' loses the variable - memory age - that any experiment would have to manipulate to tell them apart. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| edge | hippocampus —part-of→ medial temporal lobe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · experimenters —contrasted-with→ famous faces — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but familiar individuals versus famous faces; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · experimenters —contrasted-with→ famous faces — RE-GROUNDED. The old span was about familiarity in general. This sentence names both and carries the contrast WITH ITS STATISTICS AND ITS DIRECTION - family members and experimenters 'DID NOT DIFFER (P > 0.5), though together they were more…'. It states a non-difference and a difference in one sentence, and the edge records the second. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| edge | single units —distinct-from→ multiunits Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | landmarks —contrasted-with→ famous faces — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span contrasts cell responses to famous landmarks and famous faces; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| differs in | landmarks —contrasted-with→ famous faces — THE AXIS IS WHETHER FAME MODULATES THE RESPONSE, AND ONE SIDE IS A NULL. 'In contrast to cellular responses to faces, WHICH SHOWED A significant preference for famous faces, as compared with unknown faces, there was no difference in the proportion of cells responding to famous versus unknown landmarks (P = 0.27).' Both categories are represented; only one is sensitive to familiarity, and the evidence for the difference is a significant test on one side and a null on the other. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | landmarks —contrasted-with→ famous faces — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the recent-versus-remote memory question: BECAUSE WE DID NOT ASK OUR PATIENTS IF THE IMAGES WE SHOWED THEM GENERATED EPISODIC MEMORIES, WE CANNOT ADDRESS THIS ISSUE DIRECTLY WITH OUR CURRENT STUDY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the regional comparisons: response counts per MTL region were low Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the landmark null: THOUGH WE DID NOT FIND ANY SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OF FAMILIARITY WITH RESPECT TO LANDMARKS, WE DID NOT INCLUDE PERSONALLY FAMILIAR LANDMARKS SUCH AS THE PATIENT'S HOME, SCHOOL, OR WORK Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - incidental recollection, the mechanism the account rests on, was never measured because patients were not asked Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the faces-versus-landmarks asymmetry may be a property of the stimulus set rather than of the regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the regional comparisons: THE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT RESPONSES IN EACH AREA WAS RELATIVELY LOW, AND THEREFORE THESE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES MUST BE INTERPRETED WITH CAUTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — every result reported for the family category, which silently contains the self: WE FOUND ONLY 3 UNITS THAT RESPONDED TO IMAGES OF THE PATIENTS THEMSELVES. THEREFORE, WE DID NOT DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN PICTURES OF THE SELF AND PICTURES OF FAMILY MEMBERS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the recollection interpretation of the hippocampal responses: FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD ADDRESS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE SPECIFIC PHOTOGRAPHS ... WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCIDENTAL RECOLLECTION OF PERSONAL MEMORIES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — which structures could be observed: PATIENTS WERE STEREOTACTICALLY IMPLANTED WITH 6-14 DEPTH ELECTRODES ... AIMING AT TARGETS SELECTED USING CLINICAL CRITERIA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Patients were never asked whether the images evoked episodic memories, so the recent-versus-remote memory question cannot be settled by the data. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Response counts per MTL region were low, so the regional differences must be read cautiously. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The null result for landmarks is inconclusive because no personally familiar landmarks were included in the stimulus set. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the mechanism the whole account rests on — incidental recollection — was never measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the faces-versus-landmarks asymmetry may be an artefact of the stimulus set, because no personally familiar landmarks were included Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the regional comparisons rest on small response counts and the authors say they must be read with caution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | images of the patients themselves produced almost nothing, so the self category had to be merged into family Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | whether the famous-face responses in hippocampus involve personal recollection is left for future work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | electrode placement was set by clinical criteria Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Photographs of the experimenters were the most likely to elicit a response (22%), followed by photographs of the patients and their families (17%). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Family members and experimenters were statistically indistinguishable from each other but together beat celebrities, and celebrities in turn beat unknown faces, giving a graded ladder of personal relevance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Familiarity produced no such effect for places: famous landmarks (14%) and unknown landmarks (11%) elicited statistically indistinguishable proportions of responses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Selective excitatory responses were not spread evenly over the MTL: entorhinal cortex yielded fewer responses than either the hippocampus or the parahippocampal cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The four MTL regions differed significantly from one another in how they distributed responses across the four face categories. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The hippocampus was the one region where celebrities behaved like personally known people, responding more to famous than to unknown faces while family, experimenters and celebrities did not differ from each other. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | In entorhinal cortex no unit at all responded to unknown faces. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | In the amygdala the ordering reversed at the top end: experimenters elicited responses more often than family members. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Only 3 units responded to images of the patients themselves. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Overall, personally relevant photographs are more likely to elicit selective MTL responses than photographs of people the patient has never met. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | response likelihood was ordered by personal relevance: experimenters 22%, family 17%, celebrities 9%, unknown faces 5% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | family and experimenters were indistinguishable, but together beat celebrities, which in turn beat unknown faces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the familiarity effect held for faces but not for landmarks — 14% famous against 11% unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | only 3 units responded to images of the patients themselves, so self and family were merged Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the four MTL regions differed in their category response patterns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | the hippocampus was the only region where famous faces beat unknown faces, with family, experimenters and celebrities not differing from each other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | entorhinal cortex produced no responses at all to unknown faces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | in parahippocampal cortex family and experimenters together beat famous faces strongly, and famous did not beat unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | in the amygdala experimenters beat family, and neither the celebrity nor the unknown contrast held — the familiarity ordering broke down Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | selective responses were unevenly distributed across MTL, with entorhinal cortex responding less than hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | an amygdala unit responded to one researcher's photograph and to none of 100+ perceptually similar images Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | the selectivity exclusion removed only 7% of responsive units Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| quantity | 2,330 — total units recorded from 16 patients over 34 sessions across four MTL regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 153 units — units meeting the selective-responsiveness criterion and entering the category comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 7% — share of the 165 responsive units discarded by the selectivity criterion (12 units responding to more than 5 pictures) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 22% — proportion of experimenter photographs that generated a selective response, the highest of any category Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 9% — proportion of famous-face images generating responses, versus 5% for unknown faces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 14% — proportion of famous landmarks generating responses, statistically indistinguishable from the 11% for unknown landmarks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | χ 2 (9) = 32.3, P < 0.0001 — test statistic for the region-by-category interaction showing regions differ in their response patterns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 28 kHz — digital sampling rate of the microwire signals, bandpass filtered between 1 and 9 kHz Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 2,330 units — total recorded, 874 single and 1,456 multiunits Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 153 units — selective responsive units after the five-set exclusion, from 165 responsive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 22% / 17% / 9% / 5% — response rates for experimenters, family, celebrities, unknown faces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 14% vs 11% — famous against unknown landmark response rates, not significantly different Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 3 units — responses to images of the patients themselves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | sixteen patients, 34 sessions — the sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 6–14 depth electrodes — electrodes implanted per patient, sited by clinical criteria Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | nine 40-μm microwires — microwires per electrode tip, the ninth serving as reference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | 28 kHz, 1 to 9 kHz — sampling rate and bandpass filter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | 5 standard deviations — the responsiveness threshold above baseline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| quantity | 6 times for 1 s — repetitions and duration per image Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[18] |
| quantity | 1.5° — visual angle subtended by each image Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[19] |
| quantity | <1% spikes within less than 3 ms ISI — the refractory-period criterion for classifying a cluster as a single unit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[20] |
| quantity | 1 and 2 weeks — how long patients remained implanted on the ward Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[21] |
| quantity | 100+ — perceptually similar stimuli the example amygdala unit did not respond to Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[22] |
| variable | categories of images (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | category of stimuli Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | proportions of images eliciting responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | MTL region Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | median number of spikes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | baseline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | self-reference effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | criterion of selective responsiveness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | response to a picture Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | responsive unit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | multiple trace theory (MTT) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | sparse code Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | The self-reference effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | selective responsiveness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | baseline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | multiple trace theory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | standard model of consolidation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| key-terms | personal relevance, self-reference effect, incidental recollection, medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, sparse code, selective responsiveness, single units, multiunits, familiarity, recollection, declarative memory, multiple trace theory, autobiographical memory, famous faces, unknown faces, experimenters, landmarks, Wave_Clus, peri-stimulus time histograms, depth electrodes, epilepsy, interspike interval, temporal lobe epilepsy |
| chi-squared test χ 2 | as written: χ 2 test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test P | as written: a t test comparing the baseline and response period Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| median | as written: the median number of spikes across trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| standard deviation | as written: the average baseline (for all repetitions of an image) plus 5 standard deviations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| planned comparisons | as written: 3 planned comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| post-hoc tests χ 2 | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| p-value P | as written: P < 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| χ 2 | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| planned comparisons | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| post-hoc tests | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| t test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| median number of spikes | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| 4(region) × 4(category) χ 2 analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | single- and multi-unit recording from depth microwires in four MTL regions while patients viewed images graded by personal relevance, with responsiveness defined by a three-part criterion — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | sparse selective coding of familiar people by human medial temporal lobe neurons — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: personal relevance in human medial temporal lobe single-neuron responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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