phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | hippocampal high-resolution binding— “The aim of the current paper is to examine these new findings in light of our current understanding of the role of the hippocampus in supporting long-term memory via recollection of episodic details, and to argue that the hippocampus is essential in representing complex high-resolution associative information in service of cognitive functions… | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “In the current paper, I propose that the hippocampus supports the generation and utilization of complex high-resolution bindings that link together the qualitative aspects that make up an event; these bindings are essential for recollection, and they can also contribute to performance across a variety of tasks including perception and working… | |
| method — evidence | — “An examination of the existing patient literature provides support for this proposal by showing that hippocampal damage leads to impairments on perception and working memory tasks that require complex high-resolution bindings.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “As described below, a number of these studies have shown that hippocampal patients exhibit deficits on associative working memory tasks, but paradoxically, other studies that have used similar procedures have found no evidence of a deficit. A careful examination of the existing literature suggests that a key to understanding when working… | |
| research question — evidence | — “The aim of the current paper is to examine these new findings in light of our current understanding of the role of the hippocampus in supporting long-term memory via recollection of episodic details, and to argue that the hippocampus is essential in representing complex high-resolution associative information in service of cognitive functions… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “An examination of the existing patient literature provides support for this proposal by showing that hippocampal damage leads to impairments on perception and working memory tasks that require complex high-resolution bindings. Conversely, hippocampal damage is much less likely to lead to impairments on tasks that require only low-resolution… | |
| transfer | from signal detection theory: receiver operating characteristics used to split a perceptual judgement into two processes rather than score it as one— “The results of that study highlight the importance of examining the separate processes underlying perception, using methods such as ROC analysis, rather than simply treating perception as a unitary phenomenon.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from visual working memory psychophysics: the continuous colour wheel, which separates precision from capacity where an accuracy score cannot— “Further support for the notion that the hippocampus is involved in supporting high-resolution binding comes from a recent study conducted by WeiWei Zhang (in preparation; Society for Neuroscience Abstracts), in which we made use of a color wheel task developed by Zhang and Luck (2008) . On each trial, individuals were first presented with 4… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Over long delays only the hippocampus can hold complex high-resolution bindings, so its necessity grows as the delay lengthens and other cortical stores drop out— “This likely reflects the fact that the hippocampus is unique in supporting complex high-resolution bindings over long delay periods, but that as the delay is decreased, other cortical processes can begin to support performance, at least temporarily.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Cortical perceptual binding regions lose their representations as delay grows, presumably through interference from incoming sensory input, shifting the load onto the hippocampus— “However, as the delay increases, the cortical regions that support these perceptual bindings are no longer able to maintaining those representations, presumably because of interference from other sensory input.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | The participant's strategy determines hippocampal recruitment: a single-feature search bypasses high-resolution hippocampal representations, whereas configural matching requires them— “Thus, if individuals adopt a feature search strategy, there is no need for the high-resolution representations of the hippocampus, and thus the hippocampus may not be involved in task performance.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Pattern separation in dentate gyrus and CA3 rapidly builds distinct representations of complex configurations, the substrate the account requires— “For example, the Complementary Learning Systems (CLS) model ( Norman & O'Reilly, 2003 ) assumes that the pattern separation abilities of the dentate gyrus and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus allow for the rapid formation of distinct representations for complex configurations.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | pattern separation in dentate gyrus and CA3 allows rapid formation of distinct representations for complex configurations, which is the neurobiological form of the proposal— “For example, the Complementary Learning Systems (CLS) model ( Norman & O'Reilly, 2003 ) assumes that the pattern separation abilities of the dentate gyrus and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus allow for the rapid formation of distinct representations for complex configurations.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the same representations should be available without any long delay, which is why they could serve working memory and perception too— “I suggest that the role of the hippocampus is to support the generation and utilization of complex high-resolution bindings, and this function will be important across the domains of perception, working memory, and long-term memory.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | over short delays other cortical mechanisms can hold such bindings, so the hippocampal contribution only becomes visible as the delay grows— “This likely reflects the fact that the hippocampus is unique in supporting complex high-resolution bindings over long delay periods, but that as the delay is decreased, other cortical processes can begin to support performance, at least temporarily.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the domain matters as well as the resolution: simple associations need the hippocampus in long-term memory but not in working memory, and in perception only complex materials do— “That is, in long-term memory tests, simple associations typically do require the hippocampus (e.g., simple source memory tests), whereas in working memory, simple associations do not necessarily require the hippocampus. In addition, in perception tests, the hippocampus is most often involved only when the materials are highly complex (e.g.… | mechanisms[7] |
| builds-on | dual-process models of recollection and familiarity (Atkinson & Juola, 1974; Yonelinas 1994)— “The high-resolution account of hippocampal function presented here builds on earlier dual-process models of recollection and familiarity (e.g., Atkinson & Juola, 1974 ; Yonelinas 1994 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | relational/binding models of hippocampal function (Cohen, Poldrack & Eichenbaum, 1997; Eichenbaum, Ranganath & Yonelinas, 2007)— “The high-resolution approach is closely related to models that assume that the hippocampus is critical in forming relational memories, or in binding aspects of an episode together (e.g., Cohen, Poldrack & Eichenbaum, 1997 ; Eichenbaum, Ranganath & Yonelinas, 2007 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | traditional memory-systems models in which the MTL is specialised for long-term memory (Squire, 1994; Schacter & Tulving, 1984; Tulving, 1982)— “The current approach is quite different from several traditional memory systems models, particularly those that assume that the MTL is specialized for long-term memory whereas other cortical systems are responsible for working memory and perception (e.g., Squire, 1994 ; Schacter & Tulving, 1984; Tulving, 1982).” | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | accounts of a selective hippocampal role in spatial processing (Lee et al. 2005; O'Keefe & Nadel, 1978)— “The current approach also differs from accounts that assume that the hippocampus plays a selective role in spatial processing (e.g., Lee et al. 2005 ; O'Keefe… | claim_relations[3] |
| contradicts | the claim that the hippocampus is required for any relational information or association (Konkel, Warren, Duff, Tranel, & Cohen, 2008) | claim_relations[4] |
| contradicts | the account in which the hippocampus is necessary for relational or associative information as such Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| contradicts | memory systems models in which the medial temporal lobe is specialised for long-term memory while other systems handle working memory and perception Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| contradicts | accounts assigning the hippocampus a selective role in spatial processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| reconciles | studies reporting hippocampal deficits in associative working memory and studies reporting none Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| builds-on | dual-process models of recollection and familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| supports | the Complementary Learning Systems model's account of pattern separation in dentate gyrus and CA3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[10] |
| sense | ASSOCIATIVE is the wrong key: the literature disagrees when studies are grouped by whether a task requires associations, because patients often pass low-resolution associative tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | HIGH-RESOLUTION is the proposed replacement key, and the paper's whole evidence is that regrouping the same studies by it removes the contradiction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | a test of associative memory is not a process-pure measure of recollection, because familiarity and implicit memory can carry simple associations too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the same task can require the hippocampus or not depending on the STRATEGY the participant adopts - feature search needs no high-resolution representation, configural matching does Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | whether a study finds an impairment at all can depend on the participants' response criterion, which binary same/different designs never measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | the deficit is in PRECISION, not capacity: patients remember roughly which colour, and not exactly which - so an accuracy score conflates two things the account separates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| differs in | traditional memory-systems models in which the MTL is specialised for long-term memory (Squire, 1994; Schacter & Tulving, 1984; Tulving, 1982) — THE AXIS IS THE PRINCIPLE OF DIVISION. The models contradicted 'assume that the MTL is specialized for long-term memory whereas other cortical systems are responsible for working memory and perception' - a division by PROCESS. The current approach divides by representational resolution instead, so the same MTL findings are partitioned differently rather than disputed. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in | the claim that the hippocampus is required for any relational information or association (Konkel, Warren, Duff, Tranel, & Cohen, 2008) — the RESOLUTION of the association, not its existence: NOT THAT THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS NECESSARY FOR ANY TYPE OF RELATIONAL INFORMATION OR ASSOCIATION, BUT RATHER THAT IT WILL BE PARTICULARLY CRITICAL FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION ASSOCIATIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | the account in which the hippocampus is necessary for relational or associative information as such — the RESOLUTION of the association: A SIMPLE RELATIONAL OR ASSOCIATIVE ACCOUNT IN AND OF ITSELF is not what is claimed - the division is high-resolution against low Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | memory systems models in which the medial temporal lobe is specialised for long-term memory while other systems handle working memory and perception — what the hippocampus is a component OF: THE CURRENT THEORY SUGGESTS THAT THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS NOT JUST A COMPONENT OF A SPECIALIZED LONG-TERM MEMORY SYSTEM, BUT RATHER IT SUPPORTS HIGH-RESOLUTION BINDINGS THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR LONG-TERM MEMORY AS WELL AS WORKING MEMORY AND PERCEPTION - the older models divide by TIMESCALE, this one by RESOLUTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| differs in | accounts assigning the hippocampus a selective role in spatial processing — whether the material is spatial: ALTHOUGH SPACE/SCENE INFORMATION OFTEN DOES RELY ON COMPLEX HIGH-RESOLUTION ASSOCIATIVE INFORMATION... THE ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS NOT EXPECTED TO BE LIMITED TO TASKS THAT INVOLVE SPATIAL MATERIALS - space is a special case of resolution, not the criterion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| differs in | studies reporting hippocampal deficits in associative working memory and studies reporting none — which binding tasks: IT IS NOT SIMPLY THAT THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS NECESSARY FOR WORKING MEMORY TASKS THAT REQUIRE BINDING OR ASSOCIATIVE INFORMATION BECAUSE NOT ALL TASKS THAT REQUIRE BINDING ARE DISRUPTED BY HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| note | high-resolution —contrasted-with→ low-resolution — THE PROPOSED JOIN KEY. Regrouping the same patient studies on this distinction is the paper's entire evidence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | recollection —contrasted-with→ familiarity — CRITERION: whether specific qualitative details come back, or only a sense of having seen it before Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | state-based —contrasted-with→ strength-based — CRITERION: whether the observer can say WHAT differed, or only that something did Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| differs in | feature search —contrasted-with→ configural — THE AXIS IS WHETHER ONE FEATURE SUFFICES. 'in the perceptual matching task, the materials have been such that accurate discriminations can be based on searching for A SINGLE FEATURE that differentiates the two choice items from one another, rather than processing the overall [configuration].' The axis is a property of THE MATERIALS, not of the subjects or the task name - which is why a null on such a task is not evidence about configural processing. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| note | feature search —contrasted-with→ configural — STRATEGY, NOT TASK: the same materials engage the hippocampus or not depending on how the participant chooses to solve them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| differs in | precision —distinct-from→ capacity — THE AXIS IS PRECISION AGAINST CAPACITY. 'Critically, the deficits were found to reflect reductions in the precision of the memories rather than in the capacity to remember a given number of items.' Both are ways of being worse at a memory task and a summary score cannot tell them apart - so a deficit reported without this distinction is compatible with two different accounts of what the hippocampus does. Cowan2008 in this corpus reports the same literature unable to decide whether its limit is time or capacity; here a third quantity is separated from capacity by measurement. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | precision —distinct-from→ capacity — the patients keep the second and lose the first, which an overall accuracy score would merge Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| audit | color wheel —operationalised-as→ precision — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but a color-wheel task measured precision; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| audit | pattern separation —part-of→ CLS — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the CLS model 'assumes' the pattern-separation abilities of DG and CA3; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| audit | perceptual matching —causes→ feature search — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the matching task's materials ALLOW a feature-search strategy; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| note | perceptual matching —causes→ feature search — the task's materials permitted a single-feature solution, which is the proposed reason its results conflict Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| weight | perceptual matching —causes→ feature search — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| audit | digit span —distinct-from→ high-resolution — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but digit span requires 'neither associative nor high-resolution information'; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| note | digit span —distinct-from→ high-resolution — so its long-standing preservation in amnesia is a PREDICTION of the account rather than an anomaly for it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| differs in | working memory —contrasted-with→ long-term memory — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS REQUIRED FOR A SIMPLE ASSOCIATION. 'whereas in working memory, simple associations do not necessarily require the hippocampus.' The same associative content is involved on both sides; what changes is whether the structure is needed to hold it - a claim about the memory system rather than about the material. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[17] |
| note | working memory —contrasted-with→ long-term memory — the same resolution demand has different consequences in each, because over short delays other regions can carry the binding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[17] |
| for which use | limitation — the scope of the account: HOW THE CURRENT IDEAS RELATE TO SEMANTIC LONG-TERM MEMORY OR REMOTE MEMORY is not addressed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the computational support: FUTURE WORK WILL BE NECESSARY TO DETERMINE IF THE SAME MODEL PARAMETERS ARE CAPABLE OF ACCURATELY ACCOUNTING FOR OTHER ASPECTS OF THE WORKING MEMORY AND PERCEPTUAL LITERATURE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the hippocampal-dependence claim for working-memory recollection: THE EXISTING RESULTS ARE NOT YET ENTIRELY CLEAR, BUT THERE IS INDIRECT EVIDENCE THAT RECOLLECTION IN WORKING MEMORY CAN ARISE INDEPENDENTLY OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0], with the difficulty named: INDIVIDUALS CAN ALSO DEVELOP HIGH-RESOLUTION SEMANTIC OR REMOTE MEMORIES, which the account does not cover Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the evidence against hippocampal necessity here is indirect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the high/low resolution distinction itself: WHETHER EXPERTISE CAN INFLUENCE WHETHER A STIMULUS CHARACTERISTIC IS PROCESSED AS A HIGH OR LOW-RESOLUTION FEATURE is open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the small-set-size evidence specifically: HIPPOCAMPAL PATIENTS WERE IMPAIRED EVEN WITH SET SIZES AS SMALL AS 2, 3 AND 4 ITEMS (EXPERIMENT 2, ALTHOUGH NOTE THAT NO STATISTICAL COMPARISONS WERE PROVIDED) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[4] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[3] |
| replication | contested | |
| limitation | The account does not address semantic or remote long-term memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The supporting computational simulations are preliminary and not yet shown to cover the working memory and perceptual literature. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Whether recollection in working memory can occur without the hippocampus is only indirectly supported. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | whether high-resolution semantic or remote memories depend on the hippocampus is stated to be unclear, and they differ in being learned gradually Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | there is indirect evidence that recollection in working memory can arise without the hippocampus, which the account does not yet explain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | whether expertise turns a high-resolution feature into a low-resolution one is raised as an open question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | one supporting study is cited with the note that it provided no statistical comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Reviewing the patient literature, hippocampal damage impairs perception and working memory precisely on tasks demanding complex high-resolution bindings. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Hippocampal damage is much less likely to impair tasks that need only low-resolution or simple associations. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | In working memory, hippocampal damage reduced the precision of the memories rather than the number of items retained. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | In a same/different scene task the patients' perceptual deficit was confined to strength-based (relational match) responses, while state-based responses using local feature detail were intact. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | In healthy participants, hippocampal fMRI activation scaled linearly with strength-based perceptual confidence and showed no extra rise for state-based responses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Merely requiring an association does not predict hippocampal involvement, since some object-colour associative working memory tasks are performed normally after hippocampal damage. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Hippocampal involvement is not restricted to complex scene material: precise colour memory for coloured squares also depends on the hippocampus. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | The threshold of complexity at which the hippocampus becomes necessary differs across domains: simple associations need it in long-term memory but not in working memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | In long-term memory, selective hippocampal damage removes recollection while leaving familiarity-based recognition intact. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | At a one-second delay hippocampal patients failed on object-location pairings while remaining normal for the objects and the locations on their own. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | THE LITERATURE CONTRADICTS ITSELF: some studies find hippocampal deficits on associative working memory tasks and others using similar procedures find none Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | Olsen's object-location task showed a deficit at a 1 second delay for pairings but not for objects or locations alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | patient Jon performed normally on colour, shape, colour-shape and object-spoken-name working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the early-damage objection to that case was answered by patients damaged later in life showing the same preservation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | THE OLD KEY FAILS: requiring binding is not sufficient to predict a hippocampal deficit, because not all binding tasks are disrupted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | the tasks that found nothing may not have drawn heavily on high-resolution binding; studies requiring precise object locations do show a hippocampal role Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | CEILING EXCLUDED EXPLICITLY: preservation held across set sizes and therefore across a range of performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the tasks were designed to be equally hard for controls, so patient-control differences could not reflect difficulty or ceiling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | A CITED STUDY FLAGGED: one supporting result is reported with the note that no statistical comparisons were provided Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | patients' location errors were small displacements rather than random, so the memory was present but less precise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | PRECISION NOT CAPACITY: patients were no less likely to remember a colour, but when they did their memory was less precise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | and the effect appears with simple coloured squares, so the hippocampal role is not limited to complex scenes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | in oddity judgement hippocampal patients were impaired for scenes but not objects, faces or colours Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | perceptual matching results conflict: some studies find scene deficits and others find normal performance on the same task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | THE PROPOSED RESOLUTION IS STRATEGY: if the materials allow a single-feature solution the hippocampus is not needed, if they force configural matching it is Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | perceptual judgements split into a discrete state with access to specific details and a graded strength of overall match Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | the patients' deficit was confined to the strength-based half and left the state-based half untouched Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | and hippocampal activation in healthy imaging tracked strength-based perception linearly without rising for state-based Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | AN ARTEFACT THAT COULD DECIDE A LITERATURE: with a strict response criterion the same data would show no impairment, with a liberal one a significant impairment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | the shortcoming named in earlier perception work is that it measured perception as a unitary phenomenon Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | the account is distinguished from a relational one: patients often pass associative tests needing only low-resolution associations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | and from memory-systems models that confine the medial temporal lobe to long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | and from spatial accounts: the role of the hippocampus is not expected to be limited to tasks that involve spatial materials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | the allocentric-versus-egocentric debate is recast as a question about how many bindings a task demands Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | the hippocampus is proposed to be unique over long delays; as the delay shortens, other cortical processes can support performance, at least temporarily Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | digit span requires neither association nor resolution, so its preservation in amnesia is predicted rather than anomalous Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | A PROGRAMME FOR RE-EXAMINING OLD NULLS: earlier studies that found no deficit are worth rerunning with higher resolution demands Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | the unifying principle proposed is the demand for representing, maintaining and retrieving complex high-resolution bindings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| quantity | 2, 3 and 4 items — the small set sizes at which hippocampal patients were already impaired on precise object placement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 180 ms to 1.5 seconds — range of stimulus presentation rates over which the same/different perception results replicated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 4 colored squares for 250 ms, followed by a 1 s blank screen — stimulus timing of the colour-wheel working memory task used with hippocampal patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 1 to 7 objects — set sizes in the precise-placement task where patients failed from two items up Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| variable | high-resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | precision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | response criterion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| definition | familiarity-based recognition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | receiver operating characteristics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | strength-based perception Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | recollection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | state-based Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | CLS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | high-resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | hippocampus, high-resolution, low-resolution, recollection, familiarity, working memory, perception, binding, state-based, strength-based, ROC, response criterion, precision, capacity, scenes, digit span |
| receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis | as written: The confidence data were used to plot receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| signal detection model fit (unequal variance model) | as written: the unequal variance signal detection model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| receiver operating characteristics | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| claim type | critique — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | review — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | hippocampal patients failing and passing structurally similar associative tasks in different studies — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: hippocampal high-resolution binding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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