phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | sarcopenia - a progressive generalised skeletal muscle disorder, now classed as a muscle disease, carrying raised risk of falls, fractures, disability and death— “Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalised skeletal muscle disorder that is associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, physical disability and mortality.” | |
| claim-type | method— “Specifically, we recommend a pathway of Find-Assess-Confirm-Severity (F-A-C-S; Figure 1) for use across clinical practices and in research studies.” | |
| method — evidence | — “EWGSOP2 was organised by the European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS) to include two groups of participants—a 16-member writing group and a 13-member extended group.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “In early 2018, the Working Group met again (EWGSOP2) to determine whether an update to the definition of sarcopenia was justified. This meeting took place 10 years after the gathering of the original EWGSOP, and an update was deemed necessary to reflect scientific evidence that has accumulated since then.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “In early 2018, the Working Group met again (EWGSOP2) to determine whether an update to the definition of sarcopenia was justified. This meeting took place 10 years after the gathering of the original EWGSOP, and an update was deemed necessary to reflect scientific evidence that has accumulated since then.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “In the updated definition of sarcopenia, EWGSOP2 elevates low strength to the forefront as a primary indicator of probable sarcopenia.” | |
| mechanism | strength before mass why the primary parameter changed: strength predicts adverse outcomes better than mass does, so putting it first is expected to speed up identification in practice - a change justified by predictive validity, not by new biology— “Second, sarcopenia is now considered a muscle disease (muscle failure), with low muscle strength overtaking the role of low muscle mass as a principal determinant [11, 28– 30]. This change is expected to facilitate prompt identification of sarcopenia in practice.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | technological limit why quantity and quality are NOT primary despite being part of the definition - they are technically difficult to measure accurately, so the constraint on the definition is instrumentation rather than concept— “Because of technological limits, muscle quantity and muscle quality remain problematic as primary parameters to define sarcopenia” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | measurement chained on measurement BIA does not measure muscle mass; it estimates it from whole-body conductivity using an equation calibrated against DXA in a specific population - so a BIA reading inherits both DXA's error and the reference population's demography— “BIA equipment does not measure muscle mass directly, but instead derives an estimate of muscle mass based on whole-body electrical conductivity. BIA uses a conversion equation that is calibrated with a reference of DXA-measured lean mass in a specific population” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | threshold silence the mechanism by which an incomplete definition damages a field: with no cut-off points advised, studies chose their own, and the resulting disputes are said to have hampered research and development— “The original EWGSOP consensus paper did not advise specific cut-off points, and disputes over cut-off points have hampered research and development in the field due to lack of study consistency.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | A REGIONAL FORK FIXED THE PARENT STANDARD AND THE PARENT ADOPTED THE FIX BACK: `The original EWGSOP consensus paper did not advise specific cut-off points, and disputes over cut-off points have hampered research and development in the field due to lack of study consistency. More recently, the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia developed an EWGSOP-based consensus that specified cut-off points ... The cut-off points in the Asian consensus proved to be very useful ... Thus, EWGSOP2 has opted to provide recommendations for cut-off points.` A derived standard added what its parent left out, the addition worked, and the parent then took it back in - a fork and a merge in the history of one definition, both steps stated in one paragraph.— “The original EWGSOP consensus paper did not advise specific cut-off points, and disputes over cut-off points have hampered research and development in the field due to lack of study consistency. More recently, the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia developed an EWGSOP-based consensus that specified cut-off points for diagnostic variables [4].… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | AND THE THRESHOLDS ARE SCOPED TO A POPULATION IN THE SAME BREATH AS THEY ARE PUBLISHED: `The current EWGSOP recommendations focus on European populations and use of normative references (healthy young ... ) ... we recommend use of regional normative populations when available.` The numbers in Table 3 are offered as universal diagnostic criteria and qualified as regional in the surrounding prose - which is exactly the condition that produced the Asian fork.— “The current EWGSOP recommendations focus on European populations and use of normative references (healthy young adults) [26] whenever possible, with cut-off points usually set at −2 standard deviations compared to the mean reference value. In specific circumstances, we advise use of −2.5 standard deviations for more conservative diagnosis… | mechanisms[5] |
| extends | EWGSOP's own 2010 definition, which added muscle function to definitions based only on low muscle mass— “The original operational definition of sarcopenia by EWGSOP was a major change at that time, as it added muscle function to former definitions based only on detection of low muscle mass [1]. In these revised guidelines, muscle strength comes to the forefront, as it is recognised that strength is better than mass in predicting adverse… | claim_relations[0] |
| qualifies | the pre-2010 definitions of sarcopenia based only on detection of low muscle mass— “The original operational definition of sarcopenia by EWGSOP was a major change at that time, as it added muscle function to former definitions based only on detection of low muscle mass [1]. In these revised guidelines, muscle strength comes to the forefront, as it is recognised that strength is better than mass in predicting adverse… | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia's EWGSOP-based consensus, which specified cut-off points and was found useful for implementation— “More recently, the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia developed an EWGSOP-based consensus that specified cut-off points for diagnostic variables [4]. The cut-off points in the Asian consensus proved to be very useful for implementation of recommended sarcopenia care. Thus, EWGSOP2 has opted to provide recommendations for cut-off points for… | claim_relations[2] |
| distinguishes-from | Fried and co-workers' physical phenotype of frailty, which overlaps sarcopenia on grip strength, gait speed and weight loss— “The physical phenotype of frailty, described by Fried and co-workers [143], shows significant overlap with sarcopenia; low grip strength and slow gait speed are characteristic of both.” | claim_relations[3] |
| distinguishes-from | the proposal that low muscle mass become part of the definition of malnutrition— “Low muscle mass has recently been proposed as part of the definition of malnutrition [152]. Also in malnutrition, low fat mass is usually present, which is not necessarily the case in sarcopenia” | claim_relations[4] |
| builds-on | expert groups worldwide who have published complementary definitions of sarcopenia in the intervening decade— “Expert groups worldwide have published complementary definitions of sarcopenia [2– 4], and researchers have made remarkable strides in understanding muscle and its roles in health and in disease” | claim_relations[5] |
| builds-on | the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia's EWGSOP-based consensus, which specified cut-off points the original EWGSOP paper omitted— “The original EWGSOP consensus paper did not advise specific cut-off points, and disputes over cut-off points have hampered research and development in the field due to lack of study consistency. More recently, the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia developed an EWGSOP-based consensus that specified cut-off points for diagnostic variables [4].… | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | sarcopenia - THREE DATED SENSES, ALL THREE NAMED IN THIS ONE SENTENCE. Before 2010 the term meant low muscle MASS alone. EWGSOP 2010 added muscle FUNCTION, which the authors call `a major change at that time`. EWGSOP2 2018 puts muscle STRENGTH at the forefront because strength predicts adverse outcomes better than mass does. A study citing `sarcopenia` without a date is citing one of three different populations— “The original operational definition of sarcopenia by EWGSOP was a major change at that time, as it added muscle function to former definitions based only on detection of low muscle mass [1]. In these revised guidelines, muscle strength comes to the forefront, as it is recognised that strength is better than mass in predicting… | senses[0] |
| sense | physical performance - ONE VARIABLE, THREE ROLES, IN ONE SENTENCE. It was part of the core definition; other groups used it as an OUTCOME MEASURE, which makes it a dependent variable rather than a criterion; EWGSOP2 now uses it to grade SEVERITY. The same measurement is a definiens, an outcome and a severity scale depending on whose paper you are reading | senses[1] |
| sense | probable sarcopenia versus confirmed sarcopenia - A TWO-STAGE DIAGNOSIS AND THE STAGES REQUIRE DIFFERENT EQUIPMENT. Low strength alone makes it PROBABLE, which a dynamometer can establish anywhere; CONFIRMED needs muscle quantity or quality, which needs DXA, BIA, CT or MRI. So a prevalence figure depends on what machines the study had, and the design makes that explicit rather than hiding it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | muscle quality - A RELATIVELY NEW TERM WITH FOUR INCOMPATIBLE OPERATIONALISATIONS LISTED IN ONE PARAGRAPH: fat infiltration and attenuation on MRI or CT, the ratio of strength to appendicular skeletal muscle mass, the ratio to muscle volume, and BIA-derived phase angle. The paper says outright there is no universal consensus on assessment. Two papers reporting `muscle quality` may share no measurement at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | cut-off point, in EWGSOP2 - A ROUND NUMBER CHOSEN FOR USABILITY, and the paper says so: `we opted to use round figures, with the confidence that the minor reduction in accuracy will be overcome by ease of use`. Grip strength <27 kg and <16 kg are not measured boundaries, they are −2 SD against a young reference, rounded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | acute versus chronic sarcopenia - A NEW DISTINCTION MADE ON DURATION ALONE, at six months, and made in order to change BEHAVIOUR rather than to describe biology: the point is to force periodic reassessment so the rate of change is visible. A category defined by a clock Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | two structured face-to-face meetings with literature searches between them, a circulated draft, email review by both groups, and a final poll of all members for agreement — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the recommendations being the view of whoever wrote the draft - every member was polled on the final content, and the disagreement had somewhere to go before publication Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | including the original EWGSOP members alongside newly recruited European researchers in a 16-member writing group and a 13-member extended group — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a revision made by a different set of people from the original, which would leave it open whether the definition changed because the evidence changed or because the committee did Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | review and endorsement by five independent scientific societies after completion — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a single society's consensus being taken for the field's - the definition carries geriatrics, nutrition, osteoporosis and gerontology bodies behind it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | setting cut-off points against normative references of healthy young adults at −2 standard deviations, with −2.5 SD available where a conservative diagnosis is wanted — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out each study picking its own threshold, which is the specific failure the authors attribute to the 2010 consensus having advised none Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| control | taking the Asian Working Group's EWGSOP-based consensus, which did specify cut-off points, as evidence that specifying them helps — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the decision to give thresholds being untested - another group had already done it and the result was reported as very useful for implementation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| control | separating sarcopenia from frailty, sarcopenic obesity and malnutrition explicitly, each in its own subsection — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the new definition absorbing its neighbours - frailty overlaps on grip strength and gait speed and is still held to be a different KIND of thing, a geriatric syndrome rather than a disease Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| control | recording that other experts argue CT psoas measurement is not representative of overall sarcopenia, and that further studies are needed to verify or reject it — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a method being adopted into the consensus on the strength of its convenience - the objection is printed rather than resolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[6] |
| note | EWGSOP's own 2010 definition, which added muscle function to definitions based only on low muscle mass — the relation is to the AUTHORS' OWN earlier consensus, and the paper is explicit that the 2010 version was itself a major change to what came before it - so this is the third position in a documented sequence, not a first revision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| note | the pre-2010 definitions of sarcopenia based only on detection of low muscle mass — AUDIT CHANGED THIS FROM 'contradicts'. Mass is not rejected here and the paper never says the old criterion was wrong - mass is DEMOTED, from the primary parameter to the confirming one, on evidence that strength predicts adverse outcomes better. It still appears in the 2018 definition as criterion 2. A demotion is a qualification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| note | the proposal that low muscle mass become part of the definition of malnutrition — the same measurement entering a SECOND definition, and the paper marks the difference by what is absent - low fat mass is usually present in malnutrition and not necessarily in sarcopenia Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| note | expert groups worldwide who have published complementary definitions of sarcopenia in the intervening decade — re-cut in the audit onto the sentence that actually says it. And the word is the paper's own: COMPLEMENTARY definitions, not competing ones - so the term had at least three more senses in circulation while this revision was being written Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| note | the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia's EWGSOP-based consensus, which specified cut-off points the original EWGSOP paper omitted — The direction is worth recording: the ASIAN group derived from EWGSOP, and EWGSOP2 then cites the derived work's success as its reason to change. Influence running from the fork back to the parent. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| note | sarcopenia —is-a→ muscle disease — the reclassification is itself one of the paper's changes - and it is what the ICD-10 code follows from, so the ontological move has a billing consequence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | sarcopenia —is-a→ muscle disease — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | frailty —is-a→ geriatric syndrome — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | sarcopenia —distinct-from→ frailty — and the distinction is made at the level of KIND, not of degree: a disease against a syndrome, even though both are diagnosed partly by grip strength and gait speed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | sarcopenia —distinct-from→ frailty — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | sarcopenia —distinct-from→ malnutrition — the discriminator the paper offers is an ABSENCE - low fat mass is usually present in malnutrition and not necessarily in sarcopenia. The shared feature, low muscle mass, is being proposed as part of the malnutrition definition too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | sarcopenia —distinct-from→ malnutrition — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | muscle strength —operationalised-as→ grip strength — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: the section is headed 'Muscle strength' (immediately before the span). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | muscle strength —operationalised-as→ grip strength — and the paper is careful about the warrant: grip correlates only MODERATELY with strength elsewhere in the body and is called a surrogate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | muscle strength —operationalised-as→ grip strength — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | muscle strength —operationalised-as→ chair stand test — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'a ... measure of strength', not 'muscle strength'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | muscle strength —operationalised-as→ chair stand test — the paper's own hedge is in the tag: the test needs endurance as well as strength, so it is 'a qualified but convenient measure' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | muscle strength —operationalised-as→ chair stand test — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | muscle mass —operationalised-as→ DXA — weight below 1.0 because the same quote that establishes the operationalisation says different DXA brands disagree Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | muscle mass —operationalised-as→ DXA — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | muscle mass —operationalised-as→ BIA — the weakest of the four and deliberately so: BIA does not measure mass, it estimates it from conductivity through an equation calibrated against DXA. The chain is conductivity -> equation -> DXA -> mass Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | muscle mass —operationalised-as→ BIA — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | ageing —causes→ sarcopenia — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but sarcopenia is DEFINED as primary when ageing is the only evident cause; causes[increases] is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| effect direction | ageing —causes→ sarcopenia — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| note | ageing —causes→ sarcopenia — and the edge is exactly as strong as the residual category allows - 'primary' means no OTHER cause was found, which is a diagnosis of exclusion rather than a demonstrated mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| weight | ageing —causes→ sarcopenia — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| effect direction | sarcopenia —causes→ frailty — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| weight | sarcopenia —causes→ frailty — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| outcome | control — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[6] |
| no type for this | cut-off points → sarcopenia — A DEFINITION DAMAGED THE FIELD BY WHAT IT LEFT OUT. The 2010 consensus advised no cut-off points, and the paper says the resulting disputes HAMPERED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT through lack of study consistency. The relation is between an ABSENCE in a definition and harm to a research literature, and there is no edge type for it - 'causes' would need the 'from' endpoint to be the missing thresholds, which are not a thing that existed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| no type for this | SARC-F → sarcopenia — A SCREEN THAT MISSES WHAT THE PAPER WANTS FOUND. SARC-F has low-to-moderate sensitivity and very high specificity, so it 'will mostly detect severe cases' - and the stated purpose of the whole revision is EARLY detection. 'operationalised-as' asserts the instrument measures the construct; the true relation is that it measures one end of it, and the schema has no way to say which end Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| limitation | the authors say their own cut-off points are ARBITRARY at this time, and that validated ones await normative data and predictive value against hard end-points Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | the cut-offs are set for European populations against healthy-young-adult references at −2 SD, with −2.5 SD offered for a more conservative diagnosis - so the boundary is a choice on a continuum, not a natural break Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | round figures were preferred to accurate ones, deliberately, for ease of use Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | gait speed and strength depend on stature, so regional normative populations are needed and are not always available Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | different DXA instrument brands do not give consistent results, and DXA is the instrument advised for confirming the diagnosis in clinical practice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | MRI and CT are the gold standards for muscle quantity and cut-off points for low muscle mass are not yet well defined for them - the best instrument has no threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | BIA prediction models belong to the populations they were derived in, and the recommended equation is based on older Europeans Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | no recommendation is made on whether to adjust muscle mass for body size, and the authors record that the choice between height-squared, weight and BMI is under debate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the recommended screening questionnaire has low-to-moderate sensitivity - it will mostly detect severe cases, so screening with it misses the mild ones the paper wants found early Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | sarcopenic obesity is declared outside the scope of the article while being acknowledged as a distinct condition with its own definitional work ongoing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | the research-gap list is the authors' own: causes and life-course intervention points, risk identification, validated cut-offs, gender- and region-specific thresholds, muscle-quality indicators, the kinetics of loss, and which outcomes measure treatment response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | muscle strength replaces muscle mass as the primary parameter, because strength predicts adverse outcomes better Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | the diagnosis becomes two-stage: low strength = PROBABLE sarcopenia; low muscle quantity or quality CONFIRMS it; adding low physical performance makes it SEVERE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | physical performance is demoted from definitional criterion to severity grader Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | sarcopenia is reclassified as a muscle disease and now carries an ICD-10-MC diagnosis code billable in some countries Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | two new subcategories on duration alone: acute under six months, chronic at six months or more Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | sarcopenia is no longer treated as beginning in old age - development is now recognised to begin earlier in life with causes beyond ageing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | the 2010 consensus advised no cut-off points and the resulting disputes are said to have hampered research and development in the field Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| variable | muscle strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | muscle quantity/quality Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | physical performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | sarcopenia Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | sarcopenia Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | primary sarcopenia Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | muscle quality Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | physical performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | Find-Assess-Confirm-Severity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| concept | sarcopenia Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | muscle strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | muscle mass Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | muscle quality Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | physical performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | grip strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | chair stand test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | gait speed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | DXA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | BIA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | SARC-F Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | anthropometry Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | cut-off points Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | frailty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | malnutrition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| concept | ageing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | muscle disease Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | geriatric syndrome Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia — not defined in this paper's own words; a REGIONAL FORK of this standard that supplied the thresholds the parent had deliberately omitted - and whose usefulness is the stated reason the parent now supplies them too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] | |
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] | |
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] | |
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] | |
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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