Work-Related Health Literacy: A Scoping Review to Clarify the Concept. — TEI-tagged view

Anna T. EhmannpersName, Eylem ÖgpersName, Monika A. RiegerpersName, Achim SiegelpersName (2021date). “Work-Related Health Literacy: A Scoping Review to Clarify the Concept..” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthtitle·j.

Object of study — individual work-related health literacyterm·dom as a concept

Research question — how individual work-related health literacyterm·dom is defined or conceptualized

Contribution — workplaceterm·key health literacyterm·key as an individual competence is knowledge applied to actions for safety and health at work

Full text — tagged

Work-Related Health Literacyterm·dom: A Scoping Reviewterm·key to Clarify the Concept.

Abstract The overall aim of this scoping reviewterm·key is to outline the current state of research on health literacyterm·key (HL) in the workplaceterm·key: the primary objective is to clarify the concept of individual work-related HL; the secondary aims are to report on interventions that promote individual work-related HL and to present respective measurement instruments validated to date. A high level of work-related HL could support work abilityterm·dom and in the longer run employabilityterm·key. These topics are becoming increasingly important in current circumstances and in view of ongoing developments (e.g., digitalization and “new” work). A basic understanding and measurement of HL as an individual competence in the context of working life is necessary to develop future interventions to promote HL among people of working age. According to the participants, concept, and contextterm (PCCterm) framework, we included articles on health literacyterm·key (concept) in the target group of people of working age in the workplaceterm·key (population and context). Key information sources were the databases PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and PSYNDEX. A total of 30 articles were included. There are several terms for “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key” (including individual work-related or occupational HL). The conceptualizations of the individual employee’s competence covered all aspects of HL (“access”, “understand”, “appraise”, and “apply” health information). The conceptualizations differed, among others, in the covered time horizon (referring either only to employees’ current work situation or additionally to their employabilityterm·key in the lifespan) or whether they referred also to the viability of the respective company. Published interventions attempting to promote individual work-related HL seem mostly to be targeted at the promotion of mental HL. A variety of outcomes have been measured in intervention studies, while specific measurement instruments for individual work-related HL seem to be scarce. We recommend the development of country-specific instruments for the assessment of individual work-related health literacyterm·dom and to measure mental and physical work-related health literacyterm·dom.

Keywords: health literacyterm·key, employees, work abilityterm·dom, employabilityterm·key, workplaceterm·key setting 1. Introduction Individuals’ participation in the workforce plays a central role in providing them a livelihood and a basis for social insurances and social participation. Work is an influential factor during the life course and has a potentially large impact on one’s health and well-being [ 1 ]. At work, increasing complexity, rapid changes, and the altered working environment as a result of globalization and digitalization are causing—amongst other things—an increase in self-employed people and the blurring of work–life and other areas of life [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. As a consequence, state-imposed occupational health and safety measures that are established by companies at workplacesterm·key reach employees even less well during their “new” or mobile workterm·dom [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], since even the implementation of legally prescribed measures for occupational health and safety in workplacesterm·key can be deficient [ 6 ]. In consideration of changes in work environments, including tendencies toward greater flexibility and altered employment biographies, managing one’s own health is increasingly gaining in importance [ 7 , 8 ]. In Germany, with its 83 million inhabitants, there was a workforce of more than 46 million people in 2019 and 2020 [ 9 ].

1.1. Health Literacyterm·key Enhanced individual health literacyterm·key of employees can enable them to independently shape working conditions (hazards as well as protective measures) as a behavioral preventive measure and, thus, contribute to the implementation of structural preventive measures [ 10 ]. From the original use of the term “health literacyterm·key” in the 1970s in the context of education [ 11 ], the numerous publications and ongoing research in the field of public health demonstrate the increasing importance and relevance of health literacyterm·key. A comprehensive definition or conceptualization of health literacyterm·key synthesizing previous literature was developed by Sørensen et al. [ 12 ]. Thus, health literacyterm·key “entails people’s knowledge, motivation and competences to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information in order to make judgments and take decisions in everyday life concerning healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion to maintain or improve quality of life during the life course” [ 12 ].

1.2. Health Literacyterm·key in the Context of Employment Individuals’ health-related decisions based on relevant information can also be beneficial in the context of work and health, such as in questions regarding recovery after illness, sickness absence, and rehabilitation [ 13 ] back into community and working life. Limited health literacyterm·key among employees can also be one of the factors limiting the understanding and training effectiveness of occupational health and safety [ 14 ]. In occupational settings, health literacyterm·key can be allocated to these two components of workplaceterm·key health management in Germany: “occupational health and safety” as well as “workplaceterm·key health promotion” [ 4 ]; however, especially with regard to longer working lives and the blurring of work and other areas of life, employees’ own contributions to maintaining their work abilityterm·dom are becoming increasingly important in order to ensure that the living and working conditions of employees are safe and healthy [ 4 ]. Work abilityterm·dom is defined as the potential of the individual to fulfil his or her work tasks, considering personal health, working conditions as well as mental resources [ 15 , 16 ]. Work abilityterm·dom comprises individual as well as work-related factors [ 17 ]. Given that these various factors (such as health problems or physical and psychological demands of the work) change with age, work abilityterm·dom is determined by the work environment, the contents of the work, and social relationships as part of the work as well as by the individual factors of the employee [ 17 ].

1.3. Relevance of Health Literacyterm·key in the Context of Employment and Current Importance Additionally, in consideration of the workforce’s aging, employees’ health literacyterm·key is of growing importance [ 4 ]. In order to maintain overall productivity and competitiveness, enterprises are required to develop measures to promote the work abilityterm·dom of their employees [ 18 , 19 ]. However, young employees’ health literacyterm·key is also of growing importance [ 20 ]. Stassen et al. demonstrated the significant influence of health literacyterm·key domains on work abilityterm·dom in young employees [ 20 ].

The promotion of health literacyterm·key, and especially of health literacyterm·key addressing knowledge and skills in occupational settings, can lead to improved individual skills, less occupational hazards and injuries, and to the maintenance and promotion of work abilityterm·dom. In the past five years, interdisciplinary collaborations in health literacyterm·key research evolved between, for example, environmental or occupational health, public health, and nursing [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].

At the beginning of 2020, the disease COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, developed into a pandemic [ 25 ]. Mobile workterm·dom, as work that is not performed at a workplaceterm·key, but where professionals work at any other location (e.g., their home) [ 26 ], increased in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic as measure for the infection protection [ 27 ]. These current circumstances may lead to a greater relevance of the individual employees’ awareness and ability to contribute to staying safe and healthy at work. Work-related health literacyterm·dom may contribute considerably to this.

1.4. Operational Definition of Work-Related Health Literacyterm·dom and Scoping Reviewterm·key Objective Our operational definition of work-related health literacyterm·dom refers to employees’ knowledge of one’s own work-related risks, threats, and requirements. This includes knowledge of one’s own working conditions, needs, and knowing about available support inside and outside the workplaceterm·key. An example for “support outside the workplaceterm·key” is the awareness of social insurance offers that are available for one’s own. As we consider work-related health literacyterm·dom to be an individual competence, we excluded articles on organizational health literacyterm·dom that conceptualized “health literacyterm·key” as a property of organizations and not of individuals. The objective of this reviewterm·mth is to provide an overview of the current state of research on individual health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key and to contribute to clarifying the concept of work-related health literacyterm·dom. This goal can be achieved very well with a scoping reviewterm·key [ 28 ]. Since scoping reviewsterm·key have a wide range of uses [ 29 , 30 , 31 ] and aim to provide an overview on a topic or to develop a mapping of the literature [ 29 , 31 , 32 ], we opted for this method.

2. Methods First of all, we conducted a preliminary literature search. Based on a first search in the databases of Joanna Briggs Institute (Systematic Reviewterm·mth Register) [ 22 ] and the Cochrane Library [ 23 ], there were no current or ongoing reviewsterm·mth on the topic, and the database search for measurement instruments (Health Literacyterm·key Tool Shed [ 24 ]) measuring health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key revealed no results, too.

2.1. Reviewterm·mth Question To elaborate the reviewterm·mth question, we used the PCCterm (participants, concept, and contextterm) framework [ 32 ]: focusing on employees in the workplaceterm·key setting, we combined participants and context, while “health literacyterm·key” was our relevant concept.

The main research question (RQ 1) is: How is individual work-related health literacyterm·dom defined or conceptualized?

In addition, we answer the following two questions: RQ 2: What measures or interventions are available to promote work-related health literacyterm·dom in individual employees?

RQ 3: How can individual work-related health literacyterm·dom be measured?

2.2. Eligibility Criteria 2.2.1. Participants and Context Articles on individual work-related health literacyterm·dom or—as a synonym—occupational health literacyterm·dom in the target group of employed people of working age were included. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines people of working age usually as persons at the age of 15 and over [ 33 ]. No particular professional groups were excluded.

2.2.2. Concept We included articles that contributed to the conceptualization of individual work-related health literacyterm·dom, reported on interventions to promote individual work-related health literacyterm·dom, or presented measurement instruments for individual work-related health literacyterm·dom. Articles lacking work-relatedness, i.e., missing a link to the maintenance of work abilityterm·dom or employabilityterm·key, were excluded. Articles that focused on promoting health in general (e.g., nutrition or exercise programs) and only made use of the workplaceterm·key setting (e.g., to easily recruit study participants) were excluded.

2.2.3. Types of Sources RQ 1: For the first research question, this scoping reviewterm·key considered all types of articles, e.g., case studies, qualitative studies, theoretical articles, and reports. Chapters of books were also included, while individual opinion papers, brochures, research programs, announcements, articles in newspapers, and congress proceedings such as abstracts or presentations were excluded.

RQ 2: For the second research question, intervention studies were included. In the iterative process of the scoping reviewterm·key in gathering measures of work-related health literacyterm·dom, we only included studies providing quantitative outcomes after the implementation of the measures. Thus, for RQ 2, we omitted process evaluations or impressions on the implementation of measures. Interventions aiming to reduce the sick days of employees—without surveying aspects of work-related health literacyterm·dom—were not included. For the presentation of intervention studies, study protocols and articles with exclusively descriptive contents were excluded.

RQ 3: For the third research question, we considered studies that reported on the development and validation of instruments that survey individual work-related health literacyterm·dom. Instruments for healthcare professionals aiming at improving patient care were excluded from this scoping reviewterm·key, as well as instruments that predominantly asked about knowledge of how to recognize health problems in colleagues.

This scoping reviewterm·key was registered on Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/8dsmf , registered on 10 September 2020, accessed on 20 Septmeber 2021) [ 34 ] and is conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviewsterm·key [ 32 ]. We used the preferred reporting items for systematic reviewsterm·mth and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviewsterm·key (PRISMA-ScR) [ 30 ] (see Supplementary Materials Table S1 ). The a priori protocol of this scoping reviewterm·key has not been published.

2.3. Search Strategy The search strategy aimed to locate both published and unpublished articles. An initial limited search of PubMed and SpringerLink was undertaken to identify the first articles on the topic. The text words contained in titles and abstracts of relevant articles as well as index terms to describe the articles were used to develop a full search strategy for PubMed. The creation and editing of the search string for PubMed was done in exchange with the Medical Library of Tuebingen (D.M., see acknowledgements section). Furthermore, feedback was provided according to the PRESS Guideline [ 35 ] by a health services researcher with experience in conducting reviewsterm·mth (A.W.) [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The developed PubMed search string was adapted to each of the other databases CINAHL, PsycInfo, and PSYNDEX (see Appendix A ). Another search strategy was implemented for the hand search (German language). Sources of unpublished studies/gray literature included articles of the Joint German Occupational Safety and Health Strategy (Gemeinsame Deutsche Arbeitsschutzstrategie, GDA) [ 39 ], the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, BAuA) [ 40 ], and SpringerLink. For information sources and search strategy, see Appendix A . Articles published in English or German were included, and there was no restriction on the publication date. The databases to be searched included PubMed as well as CINAHL, PsycInfo, and PSYNDEX via the EBSCOhost interface. All of these last three databases were searched separately via the EBSCOhost interface. Moreover, the reference lists of all included articles were screened for additional sources of evidence.

2.4. Source of Evidence Selection Following the search, in August 2020, all identified citations were collected and uploaded into CITAVI (Swiss Academic Software GmbH, Version 6.3/2020, Switzerland), and duplicates were removed. After a pilot test, titles and abstracts were screened by two reviewers for assessment against the inclusion criteria for the reviewterm·mth. Using the software Rayyan (Qatar Computing Research Institute (Data Analytics), Doha, Qatar) [ 41 ], the titles and abstracts were screened independently by the two reviewers (A.T.E., E.O.). Any disagreements that arose between the reviewers at each stage of the selection process were resolved through discussion and, in some cases, the involvement of a third scientist (A.S.). Potentially relevant sources were retrieved in full. The full text of selected citations was assessed in detail. Reasons for the exclusion of sources of evidence at the stage of full-text analysis were recorded. To include newly added articles as well, the search was rerun in the specified sources on 14 January 2021.

2.5. Data Extraction Data of included articles were extracted by the two reviewers (A.T.E., E.O.) using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers. We started the data extraction independently, adapted the tools for each research question, and then, jointly discussed the completed tools. The data extracted included specific details about the study participants and context, the conceptualization of “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key”, type of article, study methods, and key findings relevant to the research questions. The extraction tool was modified during the screening process and adjusted to the needs of both reviewers.

2.6. Data Analysis and Presentation The results of the three research questions are presented below. First, we present the results on definitions of “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key” in the form of a table ( Table 1 ). We show the characteristics of further conceptional articles in a “patterning chart” [ 42 ] ( Table 2 ). One ingredient of the patterning chart of Table 2 was the four aspects “access”, “understand”, “appraise”, and “apply” health information of Sørensen et al.’s conceptualization of health literacyterm·key [ 12 ]. The complete frame for Table 2 was developed by the authors themselves on the basis of the included literature.

Definition of health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key as individual competence(s).

Patterning chart: main components addressed in theoretical statements on individual work-related health literacyterm·dom (HL = health literacyterm·key).

Results for the other two research questions follow in two further tables ( Table 3 and Table 4 ).

Interventions for the promotion of individual work-related health literacyterm·dom with quantitative evaluation results (RQ 2).

Development and validation of measurement instruments for individual work-related health literacyterm·dom (RQ 3).

3. Results The literature search resulted in a total of 4345 hits. After removing duplicates, 3461 articles remained for the screening by titles and abstracts. The two reviewers (A.T.E., E.O.) agreed in approximately 95% of the decisions (k = 0.948). The results of the search and the study inclusion process are reported and presented in the flow chart ( Figure 1 ) [ 43 ]. After the joint discussion, we included 91 publications for full-text analysis. As part of the full-text analysis, additional articles were excluded or also added (via the snowball system or as newly published articles in the rerun of the search) for the results presented in this scoping reviewterm·key.

PRISMA flow chart for the study selection process [ 43 ].

We identified a total of 30 articles answering our three research questions ( Figure 1 ) in our search up to mid-January 2021. The included articles were published between 2005 and 2020.

3.1. Characteristics of Included Studies Main Reviewterm·mth Question (RQ 1)—Conceptualization Within the scope of answering RQ 1, we first extracted all definitions for “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key” from the included publications. These definitions are presented in Table 1 .

These six articles published between 2010 and 2020 define health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key explicitly as an individual competence. Four of the six definitions source from German-language articles and define “work-related health literacyterm·dom” [ 19 ] or “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key/among employees” [ 4 , 44 , 47 ], respectively. Wong [ 45 ] and Rauscher and Myers [ 46 ] define “occupational health literacyterm·dom”.

Since not all articles define those key terms explicitly, we also extracted and categorized theoretical statements or conceptualizations (nine articles [ 3 , 7 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]) in addition to explicit definitions (six articles [ 4 , 19 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]). All articles directly or indirectly address the aspects “access”, “understand”, “assess”, and “apply” that Sørensen et al. [ 12 ] synthesized in their conceptualization of health literacyterm·key.

Further components of theoretical statements for “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key” are shown in Table 2 with examples in the footnote of Table 2 .

The different approaches to the conceptualization of “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key” as an individual competence are based on similarities or overlaps of the main components ( Table 2 shows which components are addressed in the theoretical articles). Additionally, according to all articles, both individual and work-related factors affect individual work-related health literacyterm·dom, which in all cases concerns the current work situation. Reference objects of conceptualizations are characteristics of individuals (such as practical use of knowledge and skills or personal values), circumstances of the immediate work environment (such as social relationships in the workplaceterm·key or the possibility of informal learning at work) as well as aspects of social security (such as the protection or promotion of employee health by governmental or legally prescribed occupational health and safety measures). Another aspect of conceptualizations is the time horizon to which “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key” refers: all articles refer to the current work situation of employees (work abilityterm·dom) [ 3 , 4 , 7 , 19 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ], while some approaches also have a longer-term perspective, on the one hand the entire working life of an employee (employabilityterm·key) [ 3 , 7 , 19 , 50 , 54 ] and/or on the other hand also the future viability (competitiveness) of companies [ 3 , 7 , 19 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Moreover, we have the works of Long and Richter [ 53 ] (visual ergonomics health literacyterm·key) as well as Mårtensson and Hensing [ 48 ] (health literacyterm·key in the context of rehabilitation and return to work) and Ståhl et al. [ 54 ] (social insurance health literacyterm·key) expressing further possible reference objects of “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key”. In view of more flexible, mobile workplacesterm·key that are increasingly characterized by advances in digitalization and in view of demographic and disease dynamics outlined in the introduction, we included these components in the presentation of individual “work-related” or “occupational health literacyterm·dom” in Figure 2 .

Possible subjects of the concept “individual work-related health literacyterm·dom” (“occupational health literacyterm·dom”)—research question 1.

Included literature for RQ 1 dealing with health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key conceptualizes health literacyterm·key exclusively as an individual competence of employees and is referred to as “work-related” or “occupational health literacyterm·dom”. In the following of this text, we refer to this individual health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key as work-related health literacyterm·dom.

Literature not originating from Germany, such as Wong [ 45 ], Rauscher and Myers [ 46 ], and Larsen et al. [ 49 ], contextualize this individual competence in a larger framework, i.e., a company as a whole organization.

Bringing our working definition of work-related health literacyterm·dom together with the extracted literature on health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key, the term “occupational health literacyterm·dom” is to date primarily used outside of Germany. The overview of definitions and theoretical statements shows that all aspects of the conceptualization of health literacyterm·key developed by Sørensen et al. (“access”, “understand”, “appraise”, and “apply” health information) [ 12 ] appear in some way, even if these aspects were not labeled in exactly the same way: health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key is concerned with knowledge and the application of this knowledge to actions related to safety and health at work. Depending on the research purpose, a definition of individual health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key can either refer to the current work situation only or also include future viability, i.e., employees’ employabilityterm·key or companies’ competitiveness. The relevance of individual work-related health literacyterm·dom for companies is emphasized by the connection with the long-term viability and competitiveness of companies [ 3 , 7 , 19 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].

3.2. Interventions for the Promotion of Work-Related Health Literacyterm·dom (RQ 2) For RQ 2, in the iterative process of this scoping reviewterm·key, we only included studies on health literacyterm·key interventions in the workplaceterm·key setting for employees as individuals if they provided quantitative results after the implementation of the intervention. Studies reporting only qualitatively on strategies to improve individual work-related health literacyterm·dom were not included. The work-relatedness of the interventions had to be apparent. Interventions primarily aiming at the workplaceterm·key, e.g., “mental health first aid”, helping employees recognize health problems in their colleagues (rather than in themselves) were also not included; articles dealing with job-specific safety culture were excluded, too.

Table 3 shows interventions that support work-related health literacyterm·dom. In view of the variety of outcomes of the interventions and the different types of measurement in different studies (e.g., single self-developed items or (items from) established scales), we report the main outcome and measurement of the interventions. The exact results can be found in the individual studies. The interventions can be categorized into two domains: (a) general work-related health literacyterm·dom and (b) work-related mental health literacyterm·dom. There are two studies referring to the same interventions in the same line.

The interventions presented here mostly target one aspect of health literacyterm·key (e.g., knowledge, understanding health information or coping skills, applying acquired health information), which can be seen in the different approaches and results. We included two reviewterm·mth articles. Often, in nine of the 12 studies, interventions aimed to promote mental health literacyterm·dom. Many of the studies included here and further studies that provide qualitative results make statements about the feasibility of interventions in the workplaceterm·key. Interventions promoting more general aspects of health literacyterm·key may not have been included because they took place in the context of workplaceterm·key health promotion and only targeted specific aspects such as nutrition and exercise and, thus, were not work-related. The measurement methods and instruments of the intervention studies proved to be very heterogeneous. The overview of specific measurement instruments of work-related health literacyterm·dom is presented in the results for RQ 3 below.

3.3. Measurement Instruments for Work-Related Health Literacyterm·dom (RQ 3) Continuing with health literacyterm·key as an employee’s individual competence, we present instruments for the measurement of individual work-related health literacyterm·dom (RQ 3) as result of our literature search. The three self-administered questionnaires were developed and validated within different working populations in the languages Persian [ 67 ], English [ 68 ], and Thai [ 69 ]. Qualitative and quantitative methods were applied for the development and validation of the measurement instruments. Table 4 provides further information on the instruments.

Next to these three studies providing sufficient information on the developed measurement instruments for work-related health literacyterm·dom according to our definition, there are two studies also reporting on the measurement of occupational health literacyterm·dom (OHL). Rauscher and Myers [ 46 ] surveyed adolescents in telephone interviews about their safety in the workplaceterm·key with two contributing factors: “OSH [occupational safety and health] information and training” and “OSH [occupational safety and health] knowledge and awareness”. Furthermore, Yusida et al. [ 70 ] surveyed occupational health literacyterm·dom among informal sector workers in Indonesia using 30 items. However, the instruments used in these two studies were not tested for validity and reliability.

4. Discussion The aim of this scoping reviewterm·key was to present the current state of research on health literacyterm·key as an employee’s competence. The main research question relates to conceptualizations of health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key. We started from a working definition of work-related health literacyterm·dom as an individual competence in relation to one’s own work abilityterm·dom and employabilityterm·key. This scoping reviewterm·key offered the opportunity to bundle articles using different country-specific terminologies (e.g., work-related health literacyterm·dom or occupational health literacyterm·dom). The literature search revealed different terms for health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key and different approaches that overlap in main components (e.g., the time horizon). The synthesis led us to the result that health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key, as individual competence is about knowledge and its application to actions related to safety and health at work. Depending on the research purpose, a definition (or conceptualization) of individual health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key can either refer to the current work situation only or also include future viability. We continue to refer to this individual competence as work-related heath literacy. Individual work-related health literacyterm·dom is a resource for employees and is linked to the economic viability of companies [ 3 , 7 , 19 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].

Regarding interventions to promote individual work-related health literacyterm·dom, several interventions were identified that provided quantitative results after being implemented. Examples for these interventions are group trainings, workshops, and educational interventions. In the literature selection process, there were also articles describing (e.g., [ 71 , 72 , 73 ]) or qualitatively evaluating health literacyterm·key interventions in workplacesterm·key (e.g., [ 74 ])—these insights are important for the implementation of future interventions, but are not covered in this scoping reviewterm·key. Interventions addressing employees’ general health literacyterm·key were directed at specific groups of employees: the management level [ 64 ], employees in nursing homes [ 65 ], or agricultural workers [ 66 ]. One intervention targeted employees with mental health problems and addressed partly the general health literacyterm·key [ 60 ] and partly the mental health literacyterm·dom of the participating employees [ 59 ]. However, most of the interventions included in this scoping reviewterm·key aim at the promotion of mental health literacyterm·dom. This finding is in line with a recent literature reviewterm·mth on the application of the concept “health literacyterm·key” in companies [ 75 ]. Interventions targeting general health literacyterm·key were also less numerous than interventions targeting mental health literacyterm·dom [ 75 ]. In recent years, mental health literacyterm·dom was the area of most research activities in health literacyterm·key research [ 21 ]. Mental health literacyterm·dom refers to the knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders that support their detection, management, or prevention [ 76 ]. Mental health literacyterm·dom is, therefore, often considered in the context of the public or in relation to the corporate workforce; mental health literacyterm·dom interventions must be developed and applied in a context-specific manner [ 77 ]. A well-known example for the promotion of mental health literacyterm·dom in the workplaceterm·key are the mental health first aid training courses [ 78 ]. Since 2000, the training courses have spread out from Australia and are now available in many countries around the world [ 78 ]. These training courses are also offered for the workplaceterm·key but are not primarily related to individual work-related health literacyterm·dom, so they are not included in the results section of this scoping reviewterm·key. However, these interventions can also have a positive effect on one’s own mental health literacyterm·dom, as Kitchener and Jorm identified [ 79 ]. In some cases, mental health literacyterm·dom interventions showed significant effects on the primary outcome [ 55 , 59 , 61 , 63 ] or improvements in other outcomes [ 56 , 57 , 62 ]. However, all interventions contributed to raise awareness of mental health in the workplaceterm·key and to changes in attitudes toward mental health [ 56 , 57 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. It was found generally that interventions increasing one’s own abilities should be more focused on the work or the working conditions and that health literacyterm·key can be improved through targeted interventions [ 55 , 60 , 75 ]. Other interventions to promote health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key are interventions that are directed at specific employees (e.g., managers), but whose effects primarily affect the workplaceterm·key (i.e., structural preventive measures) rather than employees themselves. An example that illustrates this aspect is a training for managers helping to support the mental health needs of their employees (but not their own) [ 80 ]. Lack of work-relatedness was a frequent exclusion criterion ( n = 28). Interventions to promote health literacyterm·key in general but only using the workplaceterm·key setting (e.g., workplaceterm·key health promotion offers) were excluded because the immediate objective of the activities was not to maintain (or restore or improve) work abilityterm·dom. In our literature search, the term “health literacyterm·key” was required in the title or abstract; otherwise, articles were not included, which may have resulted in some articles with relevant content not being considered in this scoping reviewterm·key.

Interestingly, in none of the intervention studies reported (see Table 3 ) a comprehensive instrument to measure work-related health literacyterm·dom was applied. Beyond the validation studies described in Table 4 , we found two publications reporting on measurement instruments for measuring individual work-related health literacyterm·dom or occupational health literacyterm·dom. To date, there have been no publications evaluating interventions using any of these instruments. The various measures of outcomes in intervention studies promoting individual work-related or occupational health literacyterm·dom ( Table 3 ), and the measurement instruments available to date ( Table 4 ) indicate a need for validated measurement instruments designed for the workplaceterm·key context. Because no specific measurement instrument was available, in an intervention study among casting factory workers, general health literacyterm·key was measured and linked to workers’ perceptions of occupational health and safety training [ 14 ]. Suthakorn et al. [ 69 ] recommend the development of occupational health literacyterm·dom measurement instruments tailored to specific work settings in different cultures.

In addition to the instruments presented in Table 4 , there are two other measurement instruments, including a German one [ 81 ] translated from the original English version [ 82 ]. These instruments assess only the knowledge aspect of mental health literacyterm·dom in respect of one’s colleagues at work and, for this reason, were not included as measurement instruments in this reviewterm·mth. Furthermore, there is an instrument that asks educators about their knowledge regarding the mental health of their students [ 83 ]. This shows that “mental health literacyterm·dom” as a defined term has received attention and finds application in the context of employment.

For future instruments measuring individual work-related or occupational health literacyterm·dom, we recommend assessing all aspects of Sørensen et al.’s conceptualization [ 12 ]. Since more flexible career paths may be possible nowadays, we recommend also including relevant aspects of new forms of work to cover the individual aspect of employabilityterm·key into the development of instruments.

The relevance and the advantage of the issue “health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key” may be found in relation to peoples’ changing work environments and employment biographies. [ 25 , 26 , 27 ] The COVID-19 pandemic imposes far-reaching impacts on societies, health care systems, workplacesterm·key, and individuals [ 84 ]. Changes in the nature of work, the use of technologies at work, business structures, status of employment, hierarchies as well as relationships at work as outlined in a report of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work [ 2 ] are accelerating due to the COVID-19 pandemic and also affect workplacesterm·key where consequences of increasing digitalization had previously been slower [ 85 ].

As described in the background, health literacyterm·key can be valuable in promoting work abilityterm·dom. Work abilityterm·dom is the basis for employabilityterm·key and employment [ 17 ] and is becoming more important in view of changes in working and living conditions. Living conditions are also affected, as constant accessibility increases and the boundaries between work and private life can become increasingly blurred [ 2 ]. Interventions that are tailored to the needs of employees in companies may have a more successful implementation because they are close to the company, the sense of responsibility is given, and an added value can be seen for both employees and employers. For this reason, interventions to promote individual work-related health literacyterm·dom might be better accepted than offers (e.g., workplaceterm·key health promotion) to promote general health literacyterm·key in the company.

4.1. Limitations of the Study We aimed to identify all relevant articles on employee health literacyterm·key. However, there were more measures and interventions described or in planning not only for employees themselves. Articles on organizational health literacyterm·dom—in which health literacyterm·key is conceived of an attribute belonging to organizations or companies (and not to working individuals) [ 86 ]—were not included because we started from an individual characteristic with our working definition and the outcome “work abilityterm·dom” or “individual employabilityterm·key”; we wanted to address employees with their abilities to stay safe and healthy during their working life. We narrowed the inclusion criteria for articles on interventions. For example, our scoping reviewterm·key does not address what experience has been gained in implementing interventions to promote work-related or occupational health literacyterm·dom. There may be quantitative intervention studies that promote one aspect of health literacyterm·key without mentioning “health literacyterm·key” in the title/abstract; these articles were not retrieved via the literature search. Another limitation of this scoping reviewterm·key relates to the inclusion criteria. Thus, articles that focus on general health literacyterm·key and articles that focus on work–life balance were excluded. Articles on these areas may have an indirect impact on the individual work-related health literacyterm·dom and the maintenance of work abilityterm·dom or employabilityterm·key. In particular, articles on work–life balance are of special importance in a pandemic situation such as the current COVID-19 crisis with increased offers of mobile working. Additionally, emerging requirements regarding work-related health literacyterm·dom, such as those resulting from the pandemic, have not yet been considered in this scoping reviewterm·key.

Only articles in German and English were included, leaving some activities from other language countries out of the scope of this reviewterm·mth. In addition, due to the breadth of the research questions, relevant articles on a particular research question may not have been found and may not have received attention in this reviewterm·mth.

4.2. Future Research In this scoping reviewterm·key, we focused on an occupational work environment with employees working within an organization. Mobile workterm·dom and forms of more flexible work including self-employed or platform work [ 87 ] require a more detailed consideration.

We can confirm that there is a lack of reliable and valid measurement instruments for work-related or occupational health literacyterm·dom. To date, there is no standardized measurement instrument for individual health literacyterm·key that has been designed specifically for workplacesterm·key in general.

5. Conclusions and Recommendations The strength of individual work-related or occupational health literacyterm·dom is its direct relation to one’s own work abilityterm·dom and employabilityterm·key. Workplacesterm·key, where most people spend a significant proportion of their lives, can be advantages in terms of acceptance and implementation of measures. It can be suspected that the degree of acceptance of measures to increase work-related health literacyterm·dom will be higher than the acceptance of measures to promote general health literacyterm·key in the workplaceterm·key setting.

Considering the components of individual work-related health literacyterm·dom and the country- or environment-specific characteristics of workplacesterm·key, the applicability of the conceptualization of work-related health literacyterm·dom from other countries and different workplacesterm·key is not without obstacles. Social security and health care systems as well as labor market characteristics vary between countries. Thus, we recommend the development of country-specific instruments for the assessment of individual work-related health literacyterm·dom and to measure both mental and physical work-related health literacyterm·dom. In our view, a recommendation for future research is also to consider precarious working conditions as one aspect of working conditions.

The occupational safety and health of the future should also focus more on strengthening health literacyterm·key, but at the same time, should not consider itself released from the task of structural prevention [ 66 ], e.g., by fostering occupational safety culture [ 38 ]. Especially in awareness of the continuing shortages of skilled workers, demographic developments, and new, changed working conditions, individual health literacyterm·key is of growing importance. We encourage the development of targeted interventions with the aim of maintaining and promoting work abilityterm·dom as well as participation in employment.

Acknowledgments We acknowledge Anke Wagner (Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen) and Diana Mader (Medical Library of Tuebingen) for their valuable advice on the search strategy. We further acknowledge support by Open Access Publishing Fund of University of Tübingen. We further acknowledge support by Open Access Publishing Fund of University of Tübingen.

Supplementary Materials The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijerph18199945/s1 , Table S1: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviewsterm·mth and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviewsterm·key (PRISMA-ScR) checklist [ 30 ].

Click here for additional data file.

Appendix A Search strategy for PubMed and adapted search strategies.

Search strategy for additional hand search (For all sources except SpringerLink: Two independent searches for the German and English term were performed).

Author Contributions Conceptualization, M.A.R., A.S. and A.T.E.; methodology, A.T.E.; screening, A.T.E. and E.Ö.; analysis, A.T.E. and E.Ö.; writing—original draft preparation, A.T.E.; writing—reviewterm·mth and editing, E.Ö., A.S. and M.A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding The study was financed by the institutes’ own resources. The work of the Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research Tübingen is supported by an unrestricted grant of the Employers’ Association of the Metal and Electric Industry Baden-Württemberg (Südwestmetall).

Institutional Reviewterm·mth Board Statement Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes References Associated Data Supplementary Materials Click here for additional data file.