10⁹ into 109. The quotes are reproduced exactly as the extraction left them and have NOT been repaired — the meaning of such a code point belongs to the one PDF it came from, and guessing it would produce a clean, confident, unverifiable quote.phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | black hole shadow— “When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Our radiowave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We observed M87* on 2017 April 5, 6, 10, and 11 with the EHT.” | |
| mechanism | the first images are made by four teams working independently and without interaction, in the authors' words to minimize shared bias - and each team nonetheless recovered a ring of similar diameter brightened to the south— “In the first stage, four teams worked independently to reconstruct * the first EHT images of M87 using an early engineering data release. The teams worked without interaction to minimize shared bias, yet each produced an image with a similar feature: a ring of diameter ∼38–44 μas with prominent enhanced brightness to the south” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | a parameter combination is admitted to the Top-Set only if it both fits the observed data AND reconstructs four known geometries - ring, crescent, filled disk, asymmetric double - from synthetic data, so the imaging parameters are validated against ground truth and not only against the object under study— “We determined a “Top- Set” of parameter combinations that both produced images of M87* that were consistent with the observed data and that reconstructed accurate images from synthetic data sets corresponding to four known geometric models (ring, crescent, filled disk, and asymmetric double source).” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | because the reconstructed resolutions differ between pipelines, each image is blurred with a circular Gaussian to one common and deliberately conservative resolution before use— “Because the angular resolutions of the reconstructed images vary among the pipelines, we blurred each image with a circular Gaussian to a common, conservative angular resolution of 20 μas.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | systematic baseline error is measured rather than assumed: three independent fringe-fitting pipelines, two polarizations and two frequency bands are compared against each other, and the residual disagreement between them IS the quoted systematic— “Comparisons between the three independent pipelines, the two polarizations, and the two frequency bands enabled estimation of systematic baseline errors of around 1° in visibility phase and 2% for visibility amplitudes.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the two frequency bands are correlated on two separate software correlators at two institutions, and a few identical scans are passed through both so that any difference between the correlators would show up as a disagreement on the same input— “Correlation of the data was carried out using a software correlator (Deller et al. 2007) at the MIT Haystack Observatory and at für Radioastronomie, each handling one of the two frequency bands. Differences between the two independent correlators were shown to be negligible through the exchange of a few identical scans for cross… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | one highly sensitive station is used as the array's reference station, which is what enabled the ionospheric and tropospheric corrections at the other sites— “Using ALMA as a highly sensitive reference station enabled critical corrections for ionospheric and tropospheric distortions at the other sites.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the absolute flux scale is refined using the array's own redundancy - pairs of telescopes that sit at the same site and therefore see the same baseline - rather than resting on each telescope's independently estimated sensitivity— “By assuming total flux density values derived from ALMA interferometric data (Goddi et al. 2019) and utilizing array redundancy via III), we refined the absolute network calibration (Paper amplitude calibration of telescopes that are colocated and have redundant baselines, i.e., ALMA/APEX and JCMT/SMA.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the simulated images are put through the same VLBI simulation, the same observing schedule and weather, the same calibration and the same imaging pipeline as the real data, so that model and observation are compared after identical processing rather than before it— “For these models we produced simulated visibilities for the April 11 schedule and weather parameters and calibrated them with a synthetic data generation and calibration pipeline (Blecher et al. 2017; Janssen et al. 2019; Roelofs et al. 2019a). The simulated data were then imaged with the same pipeline used for the observed images.” | mechanisms[7] |
| builds-on | general relativity (Kerr black hole shadow prediction)— “the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Doeleman et al. 2012; Akiyama et al. 2015 (earlier 1.3 mm VLBI measurements of M87*)— “These observations, however, were not able to image the black hole shadow due to limited baseline coverage.” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Falcke et al. 2000a (prediction that a black hole shadow plus emission ring should be detectable with VLBI)— “For accreting black holes embedded in a geometrically thick, optically thin emission region, as in LLAGNs, the combination of an event horizon and light bending leads to the appearance of a dark “shadow” together with a bright emission ring that should be detectable through very long baseline interferometery (VLBI) experiments (Falcke et al.… | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | emission ring - the bright ring of radiation that appears alongside the dark shadow, and is what the instrument resolves— “the combination of an event horizon and light bending leads to the appearance of a dark “shadow” together with a bright emission ring” | senses[0] |
| sense | shadow - what the observed image is said to be consistent with, rather than what was directly measured— “Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity.” | senses[1] |
| sense | photon ring - the lensed orbit at the critical impact parameter, which supplies most of the radiation in the observed ring— “are captured on an unstable circular orbit and produce what is commonly referred to as the lensed “photon ring.”” | senses[2] |
| sense | Event horizon - one-way causal boundary in spacetime from which not even light escapes— “A defining feature of black holes is their event horizon, a one-way causal boundary in spacetime from which not even light can escape” | senses[3] |
| sense | Active galactic nucleus - central bright region that can outshine its host galaxy's stars— “Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are central bright regions that can outshine the entire stellar population of their host galaxy. Some of these objects, quasars, are the most luminous steady sources in the universe” | senses[4] |
| sense | Low-luminosity AGN - local nucleus fed by a hot, tenuous, low-rate accretion flow— “In contrast, most AGNs in the local universe, including the Galactic center and M87, are associated with supermassive black holes fed by hot, tenuous accretion flows with much lower accretion rates” | senses[5] |
| sense | Photon-capture radius - critical radius larger than the Schwarzschild event-horizon radius— “The photon capture radius is larger than the Schwarzschild radius RS that marks the event horizon of a nonrotating black hole, RS ≡ 2 rg. Photons approaching the black hole with an impact parameter b<Rc are captured and plunge into the black hole (Hilbert 1917); photons with b>Rc escape to infinity; photons with b=Rc are captured… | senses[6] |
| sense | Photon ring - lensed feature produced at the unstable critical photon orbit— “The photon capture radius is larger than the Schwarzschild radius RS that marks the event horizon of a nonrotating black hole, RS ≡ 2 rg. Photons approaching the black hole with an impact parameter b<Rc are captured and plunge into the black hole (Hilbert 1917); photons with b>Rc escape to infinity; photons with b=Rc are captured… | senses[7] |
| sense | Dark shadow / bright emission ring - paired appearance caused by event horizon plus light bending— “the combination of an event horizon and light bending leads to the appearance of a dark “shadow” together with a bright emission ring that should be detectable through very long baseline interferometery (VLBI) experiments (Falcke et al. 2000a). Its shape can appear as a “crescent” because of fast rotation and relativistic beaming” | senses[8] |
| sense | Crescent - ring appearance shaped by rapid rotation and relativistic beaming— “the combination of an event horizon and light bending leads to the appearance of a dark “shadow” together with a bright emission ring that should be detectable through very long baseline interferometery (VLBI) experiments (Falcke et al. 2000a). Its shape can appear as a “crescent” because of fast rotation and relativistic beaming” | senses[9] |
| sense | Event Horizon Telescope - global 1.3-mm VLBI array for imaging M87* and Sgr A* shadows— “the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration was established to assemble a global VLBI array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm with the required angular resolution, sensitivity, and baseline coverage to image the shadows in M87* and Sgr A” | senses[10] |
| sense | Complex visibility - Fourier component of the sky brightness distribution at a sampled spatial frequency— “The final calibrated complex visibilities V(u, v) correspond to the Fourier components of the brightness distribution on the sky” | senses[11] |
| sense | Inverse problem - image reconstruction under-constrained by sparse EHT spatial-frequency sampling— “First, EHT baselines sample a limited range of spatial frequencies, corresponding to angular scales between 25 and 160 μas. Because the (u, v) plane is only sparsely sampled (Figure 2), the inverse problem is under-constrained” | senses[12] |
| sense | CLEAN - inverse-modeling deconvolution of the interferometer point-spread function— “CLEAN is an inverse-modeling approach that deconvolves the interferometer point-spread function from the Fourier-transformed visibilities” | senses[13] |
| sense | RML - forward-modeling search favoring data-consistent smooth or compact images— “RML is a forward-modeling approach that searches for an image that is not only consistent with the observed data but also favors specified image properties (e.g., smoothness or compactness)” | senses[14] |
| sense | Top-Set - cross-pipeline images consistently showing an asymmetric ring near 40 microarcseconds— “For all pipelines, the Top-Set images showed an asymmetric ring with a diameter of ∼40 μas, with differences arising primarily in the effective angular resolutions achieved by different methods” | senses[15] |
| sense | GRMHD simulation - turbulent magnetized Kerr-disk model predicting a shadow and asymmetric emission ring— “The appearance of M87* has been modeled successfully using GRMHD simulations, which describe a turbulent, hot, magnetized disk orbiting a Kerr black hole. They naturally produce a powerful jet and can explain the broadband spectral energy distribution observed in LLAGNs. At a wavelength of 1.3 mm, and as observed here, the simulations also… | senses[16] |
| sense | SANE flow - Standard and Normal Evolution accretion with moderate magnetic flux | senses[17] |
| sense | MAD flow - Magnetically Arrested Disk comparison regime with stronger field and larger funnel | senses[18] |
| sense | Geometric crescent model - direct visibility fit for ring diameter and fractional width Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[19] |
| sense | Kerr-metric null hypothesis - assumption that the M87* black hole is described by Kerr geometry Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[20] |
| control | three independent imaging pipelines run on the same data, cross-compared against each other and against the two polarizations and the two frequency bands — held — rules out an artefact of one reduction chain - a ring produced by the algorithm rather than present in the sky. Three teams that never shared a pipeline have to agree before the image stands Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | a Top-Set of imaging parameter combinations kept only if they BOTH fitted the observed data AND recovered accurate images from synthetic data with a known answer — held — rules out parameters tuned until the expected picture appears - the synthetic data has a ground truth, so a setting that flatters the real data but fails the known case is discarded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| edge | photon ring —part-of→ emission ring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | emitting regions —distinct-from→ shadows — RE-GROUNDS the record's 'emission ring --distinct-from--> black hole shadow', whose span named neither endpoint. Endpoints are the words of the sentence that states the distinction; 'normalised' maps them onto the concepts the record already has. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| relation | emitting regions —distinct-from→ shadows — what was measured is the size of the EMITTING REGION, not the size of the shadow Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | photon capture radius —distinct-from→ Schwarzschild radius — The paper explicitly states that the photon-capture radius is larger than the Schwarzschild radius. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | unstable circular orbit —causes→ photon ring — Photons on the unstable critical orbit are said to produce the lensed photon ring. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | event horizon and light bending —causes→ dark “shadow” — The paper states that event horizon plus light bending leads to the dark shadow's appearance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | event horizon and light bending —causes→ emission ring — The same unhedged mechanism is stated to lead to the accompanying bright emission ring. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | CLEAN —is-a→ inverse-modeling approach — The paper explicitly states that CLEAN is an inverse-modeling approach. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | RML —is-a→ forward-modeling approach — The paper explicitly states that RML is a forward-modeling approach. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | SANE accretion flows —distinct-from→ MAD flows — The paper distinguishes the two regimes by magnetic flux, initial field strength, and funnel opening angle. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every reconstructed image: BECAUSE THE (u, v) PLANE IS ONLY SPARSELY SAMPLED, THE INVERSE PROBLEM IS UNDER-CONSTRAINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the visibility data underlying it: THE MEASURED VISIBILITIES LACK ABSOLUTE PHASE CALIBRATION AND CAN HAVE LARGE AMPLITUDE CALIBRATION UNCERTAINTIES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every diameter quoted from the crescent fits: THEY MEASURE THE CHARACTERISTIC SIZES OF THE EMITTING REGIONS THAT SURROUND THE SHADOWS AND NOT THE SIZES OF THE SHADOWS THEMSELVES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any inference from goodness of fit to physics: ALTHOUGH THE FIT TO THE OBSERVATIONS IS EQUALLY GOOD IN THE THREE CASES, THEY REFER TO RADICALLY DIFFERENT PHYSICAL SCENARIOS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the illustrative thin-ring model: IT IS ONLY ILLUSTRATIVE AND DOES NOT FIT ALL FEATURES IN THE DATA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the mass value as one measurement: it is the average of geometric models, GRMHD models and image domain ring extraction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — a single ring-diameter value: the paper states the value depends on the extraction method and gives a range accordingly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — converting the observed diameter directly to a mass: it also depends on observing resolution, spin vector, inclination, and the size and structure of the emitting region Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the result as excluding alternatives to black holes generally: only some exotic compact objects are excluded, and that rests on the maximum mass prior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the mass as independent of external inputs: the distance is adopted from three stellar population measurements reported elsewhere Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| evidence status note | mechanism — 2026-08-16: THE STAGED TEXT SCRAMBLES A NAME INSIDE THIS QUOTE. It reads "at the MIT Haystack Observatory and at fur Radioastronomie" - the words "the Max-Planck-Institut" were displaced by the extraction and appear roughly 400 characters later, mid-sentence, in "At correlation, signals were aligned ... the Max-Planck-Institut". The two institutions are MIT Haystack and the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie. The quote is an exact substring of the staged file and the file is wrong here, not the tag. NOT a furniture crossing - the extraction reordered words WITHIN a sentence, which no guard in our tools can see, because the result is contiguous, unique and verbatim. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[4] |
| evidence status note | mechanism — 2026-08-16: THE STAGED TEXT SCRAMBLES A CITATION INSIDE THIS QUOTE. It reads "utilizing array redundancy via III), we refined the absolute network calibration (Paper amplitude calibration of telescopes" - the parenthetical "(Paper III)" has been split and its halves interleaved with the surrounding clause. Read as: "utilizing array redundancy via network calibration (Paper III), we refined the absolute amplitude calibration of telescopes that are colocated...". Verbatim of the file, and the file is wrong. Same class as [4]: a within-sentence reordering, invisible to every guard. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | SANE accretion flows → Standard and Normal Evolution — SANE expands to Standard and Normal Evolution. Acronym-expansion fits none of the eight relation types. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| no type for this | MAD flows → Magnetically Arrested Disk — MAD expands to Magnetically Arrested Disk. Acronym-expansion fits none of the eight relation types. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| limitation | The interferometric sampling is sparse, so image reconstruction is an under-constrained inverse problem requiring extra assumptions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Visibility data lack absolute phase calibration and carry potentially large amplitude calibration uncertainties. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The geometric crescent fits measure the size of the emitting region, not the size of the shadow itself, and may be biased. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Physically very different theoretical models fit the data equally well, so a good fit does not select a preferred model. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The illustrative thin-ring model used to interpret the visibility amplitudes does not account for all features of the data. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | The headline mass is an average across three different modelling methods, not a single measurement. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | The ring diameter depends on which extraction method is used, and the paper gives a range for that reason. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | The observed ring diameter tracks the mass only up to several other factors, including instrument resolution and the structure of the emitting region. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | Only some exotic alternatives to a black hole are excluded, and the exclusion depends on an assumed maximum-mass prior. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | The distance to M87 is adopted from other work rather than measured here, and it enters the mass. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | the image matches the shadow of a Kerr black hole predicted by GR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | ring brightness asymmetry is explained by relativistic beaming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | the result is powerful evidence for supermassive black holes in galaxy centers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | the ring diameter scales with the capture radius and so with the black hole's mass, but also depends on observing resolution, spin, inclination and the emitting region Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| quantity | 1.3 mm — EHT observing wavelength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 42±3 μas — diameter of the bright emission ring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 10:1 flux ratio — ring brightness vs central depression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | (6.5±0.7)e9 solar masses — derived central black-hole mass of M87 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 4 observations — days over which the ring stayed stable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 230 GHz — observing frequency equivalent to 1.3 mm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| variable | projected diameter (observable proportional to black-hole mass) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | central mass (quantity derived from the ring size) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| evidence status note | variable — THE NUMBER IN THIS QUOTE IS CORRUPTED IN THE STAGED TEXT AND THE TRUE VALUE IS NOT WHAT IT READS. The superscript was flattened into the line: the paper says 6.5 x 10^9 solar masses and the staged text says 'x 109'. 'Me' is 'M_sun' with the solar-mass symbol rendered as an 'e', and each '\uf0a0' is a private-use non-breaking space. The quote was previously cut at 'mass of M', immediately before the value - extended here so the phrase is complete, and annotated because a variables tag that carries a wrong number silently is worse than one that carries none. Repair needs the source PDF. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | photon capture radius (sets the shadow size, larger than R_S) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | impact parameter b (determines whether a photon is captured) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| definition | event horizon Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | dark shadow Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | Event Horizon Telescope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | active galactic nuclei (AGNs) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| key-terms | black hole, event horizon, shadow, supermassive, accretion, general relativity, very long baseline interferometry, photon ring, emission ring, relativistic beaming, M87 |
| concept | emission ring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | photon ring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | black hole shadow Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | maximum mass prior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | emitting regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | shadows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | one-way causal boundary — not defined in this paper's own words; one-way spacetime boundary from which not even light can escape Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | Active galactic nuclei — not defined in this paper's own words; central bright galactic regions capable of outshining their host stellar populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | central bright regions — not defined in this paper's own words; the class description the paper gives active galactic nuclei Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | low-luminosity active galactic nuclei — not defined in this paper's own words; local low-luminosity nuclei fed by hot, tenuous, low-rate accretion flows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| concept | hot, tenuous accretion flows — not defined in this paper's own words; low-rate accretion mode feeding local low-luminosity nuclei such as M87 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | photon capture radius — not defined in this paper's own words; critical impact radius larger than the Schwarzschild event-horizon radius Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | Schwarzschild radius — not defined in this paper's own words; radius marking the event horizon of a nonrotating black hole Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | unstable circular orbit — not defined in this paper's own words; critical photon orbit producing the lensed photon ring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| concept | event horizon and light bending — not defined in this paper's own words; joint mechanism producing a dark shadow and bright emission ring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| concept | dark “shadow” — not defined in this paper's own words; central dark feature appearing with the bright emission ring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[20] |
| concept | crescent — not defined in this paper's own words; apparent asymmetric ring shape created by rotation and relativistic beaming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[21] |
| concept | Event Horizon Telescope — not defined in this paper's own words; collaboration and instrument assembled as a global 1.3-mm VLBI array Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[22] |
| concept | global VLBI array — not defined in this paper's own words; Earth-scale array built to image the shadows of M87* and Sgr A* Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[23] |
| concept | complex visibilities — not defined in this paper's own words; calibrated interferometric data corresponding to Fourier components of sky brightness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[24] |
| concept | Fourier components — not defined in this paper's own words; spatial-frequency representation of the sky brightness distribution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[25] |
| concept | inverse problem — not defined in this paper's own words; image-reconstruction problem under-constrained by sparse spatial-frequency sampling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[26] |
| concept | CLEAN — not defined in this paper's own words; radio-interferometric inverse-modeling reconstruction method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[27] |
| concept | inverse-modeling approach — not defined in this paper's own words; deconvolution approach applied by CLEAN to Fourier-transformed visibilities Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[28] |
| concept | RML — not defined in this paper's own words; forward-modeling image search balancing data consistency with preferred image properties Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[29] |
| concept | forward-modeling approach — not defined in this paper's own words; image-search approach used by RML Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[30] |
| concept | Top-Set — not defined in this paper's own words; cross-pipeline image set consistently showing an asymmetric ring of about 40 microarcseconds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[31] |
| concept | geometric models — not defined in this paper's own words; ring, crescent, filled-disk, and asymmetric-double synthetic validation targets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[32] |
| concept | GRMHD simulations — not defined in this paper's own words; simulations of a turbulent magnetized disk around a Kerr black hole predicting the shadow and ring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[33] |
| concept | turbulent, hot, magnetized disk — not defined in this paper's own words; hot turbulent accretion structure described by GRMHD simulations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[34] |
| concept | SANE accretion flows — not defined in this paper's own words; moderate-magnetic-flux accretion flows with smaller magnetic funnels than MAD flows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[35] |
| concept | MAD flows — not defined in this paper's own words; magnetically arrested comparison flow with stronger initial fields and larger funnels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[36] |
| concept | Standard and Normal Evolution — not defined in this paper's own words; phrase expanded by the acronym SANE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[37] |
| concept | Magnetically Arrested Disk — not defined in this paper's own words; phrase expanded by the acronym MAD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[38] |
| concept | moderate dimensionless magnetic flux — not defined in this paper's own words; dimensionless magnetic-flux regime characterizing SANE accretion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[39] |
| concept | geometric crescent models — not defined in this paper's own words; visibility-domain models for directly estimating asymmetric-ring parameters Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[40] |
| concept | ring diameter — not defined in this paper's own words; principal angular-size parameter inferred from the crescent fits Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[41] |
| concept | null hypothesis of the Kerr metric — not defined in this paper's own words; assumption that the M87* black hole is described by the Kerr metric Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[42] |
| Bayesian | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| correlation r | as written: correlation coefficient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| hypothesis-testing | as written: hypothesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| evidence status note | hypothesis-testing — THE QUOTE CONTINUES A SENTENCE THAT THIS COPY CUTS IN TWO - a page footer stands between it and the words it follows, which read 'Third, because'. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| mean μ | as written: average of Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| median | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| evidence status note | median — THE QUOTE CONTINUES A SENTENCE THAT THIS COPY CUTS IN TWO - the caption of Figure 1 and a page footer stand between it and the words it follows, which read 'Weather was uniformly good to excellent with nightly'. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| null-hypothesis H0 | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| evidence status note | null-hypothesis — THE QUOTE CONTINUES A SENTENCE THAT THIS COPY CUTS IN TWO - a page footer stands between it and the words it follows, which read 'Third, because'. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| variance σ² | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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